This book examines some issues involving climate change, human trafficking, and other serious world challenges made worse by climate change. Climate change increases the risk of natural disasters and thus creates poverty and can cause situations of conflict and instability. Displacement can occur giving traffickers an opportunity to exploit affected people. In the fuzzy graph theory part of the book, the relatively new concepts of fuzzy soft semigraphs and graph structures are used to study human trafficking, as well as its time intuitionistic fuzzy sets that have been introduced to model forest fires. The notion of legal and illegal incidence strength is used to analyze immigration to the USA. The examination of return refugees to their origin countries is undertaken. The neighborhood connectivity index is determined for trafficking in various regions in the world. The cycle connectivity measure for the directed graph of the flow from South America to the USA is calculated. It is determined that there is a need for improvement in government response by countries. Outside the area of fuzzy graph theory, a new approach to examine climate change is introduced. Social network theory is used to study feedback processes that effect climate forcing. Tipping points in climate change are considered. The relationship between terrorism and climate change is examined. Ethical issues concerning the obligation of business organizations to reduce carbon emissions are also considered. Nonstandard analysis is a possible new area that could be used by scholars of mathematics of uncertainty. A foundation is laid to aid the researcher in the understanding of nonstandard analysis. In order to accomplish this, a discussion of some basic concepts from first-order logic is presented as some concepts of mathematics of uncertainty. An application to the theory of relativity is presented.
Author(s): John N. Mordeson, Sunil Mathew, G. Gayathri
Series: Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, 424
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 264
City: Cham
Preface I
Preface II
Contents
About the Authors
1 Preliminaries
1.1 Fuzzy Sets and Relations
1.2 Fuzzy Graphs
1.3 Fuzzy Incidence Graphs
References
2 Nonstandard Analysis
2.1 First Order Logic
2.2 Ultrafilters
2.3 Structure of Ultraproducts
2.4 Hyperreals
2.5 Fuzzy Numbers
2.6 Continuity and Differentiability
2.7 Relativity
2.8 The Nonstandard Interval ]-0,1+[
2.9 Nonstandard Fuzzy Numbers
References
3 Social Networks and Climate Change
3.1 Feedback in the Climate System
3.2 Tipping Points
3.3 Social Networks
3.4 Positive Feedback Loops
3.5 General Theory
3.6 Impacts on Humans
3.7 Business, Ethics, and Global Climate Change
3.8 Application
References
4 Climate Change and Consequences
4.1 Climate Change
4.2 Terrorism
References
5 Fuzzy Soft Semigraphs and Graph Structures
5.1 Fuzzy Soft Sets
5.2 Semigraphs
5.3 Soft Semigraphs
5.4 Fuzzy Soft Semigraphs
5.5 Soft Fuzzy Sets
5.6 Fuzzy Semigraphs
5.7 Generalized Graph Structures
5.8 Fuzzy Graph Structures
5.9 Fuzzy Incidence Graph Structures
References
6 Directed Fuzzy Incidence Graphs
6.1 Directed Fuzzy Incidence Graphs (DFIG)
6.2 Application of DFIG in the Migration of Refugees
References
7 Max-flow Min-cut Theorem for Directed Fuzzy Incidence Networks
7.1 Directed Fuzzy Incidence Networks and Legal Flows
7.2 Algorithm to Find a Maximum Legal Flow in a DFIN
References
8 Cycle Connectivity of Fuzzy Graphs with Applications
8.1 Cycle Connectivity of Fuzzy Graphs
8.2 Cyclically Balanced and Cyclically Fair Fuzzy Graphs
8.3 Cycle Cogency of Fuzzy Graphs
8.4 Application to Human Trafficking
References
9 Neighborhood Connectivity in Fuzzy Graphs
9.1 Neighborhood Connectivity Index of Fuzzy Graphs
9.2 Fuzzy Graph Operations and Neighborhood Connectivity Index
9.3 Algorithm to Compute NCI
9.4 Application
References
10 Cyclic Connectivity Status and Integrity Index of Fuzzy Graphs
10.1 Cyclic Connectivity Status of Fuzzy Graphs
10.2 CCS Analysis for Fuzzy Graphs
10.3 Cyclic Status Sequence of a Fuzzy Graph
10.4 Algorithms
10.5 Integrity Index of Fuzzy Graphs
10.6 Integrity Analysis of Vertices in a Fuzzy Graph
10.7 Applications to Human Trafficking and Internet
10.7.1 Application to Human Trafficking
10.7.2 Application to Internet
References
Index
