This book assesses the nature and extent of the project of deracialisation required to counter the contemporary dynamics of racialisation across four varieties of modernity: Sweden, South Africa, Brazil and the UK, based on original research on each of the four country contexts. Since racism began to be recognised or identified as a problem, an assemblage of supra-national initiatives have been devised in the name of combatting, dismantling or reducing it. There has been a recent shift whereby such supra-national bodies move toward embedding strategies against racism within the framework of human rights and devolving such responsibility to other bodies at a national level.
The authors bring together a team of international experts in this field, in order to compare the priorities and effectiveness of current strategic approaches in each national context, examining their relationalities and connecting these cases within a joint theoretical and methodological framework. Thus, this book contributes to theoretical knowledge on racialisation and deracialisation, produce a new data set on contemporary interventions and institutions and establish new principles and practice for national projects of deracialisation and anti-racism, building on cross-national learning.
Author(s): Nikolay Zakharov, Shirley Anne Tate, Ian Law, Joaze Bernardino-Costa
Series: Mapping Global Racisms
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 302
City: Cham
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Contributors
List of Tables
1: Introduction
South Africa: Deracialization and Decolonization
Brazil: Competing ‘Mixing’ and Affirmation
The UK: Aggressive Racial Majoritarianism
Sweden: Paradoxes of Racialization
2: South Africa and the Struggle for Racial Equality: Debating Deracialization, Non-racialism, Decolonization, and Africanization
Introduction
Non-racialism: From 1930s’ Cape Town to Twenty-First-Century South Africa
Anti-racism: Constitution and Legislation Do Not Work
Decolonization and Its Possibilities
The Promise of Social Justice Transformation: Decolonization, Non-racialism, and Africanization for a Deracialized South Africa?
Structure-Environment and Institutions
Law
Economy
Society
Knowledge and Minds
Cross-racial Solidarities to Support Deracialization
Conclusion
3: The Dynamics of Racialization and Anti-racism in Contemporary Brazil
Introduction
Brazil: A Racial State
Mulatto Woman and Mulatto Man as a National Symbol
Brazilian Foreign Policy
Racism in Brazil: ‘Racismo Cordial’ and Ostensive Racism
Racism and Whiteness
SEPPIR: Anti-racism and the Promotion of Racial Equality
The Background of the Special Secretariat of Policies for the Promotion of Racial Equality (SEPPIR)
The SEPPIR
SEPPIR During the Golden Period: The Construction of Racial Equality Policies
Laws 10,639/2003 and 11,645/2008: Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture
Affirmative Actions in Higher Education
Law 12,990/2014: Quotas in Public Service
Decree 4887/2003: Demarcation and Titling of Quilombola (Maroon) Lands
National Plan for Integral Health of the Black Population (PNSIPN)
Racial Equality Statute and the National Policy System for the Promotion of Racial Equality
SEPPIR in the Decadent Period: The Dismantling of Racial Equality Policies
SEPPIR’s Announced Death and New Racialization Processes
Contemporary Forms of Racialization
The Rising of a Conservative Far-Right Agenda: The Bolsonaro Government
The Ambiguity Between Anti-racialism and Racist Racialism
The Genocide of the Black Population
The Future of Anti-racism: Racialization or Deracialization?
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4: The Retreat from Deracialization in the UK
Introduction
The Dynamics of Racialization, Post-imperial Loss, the Rejection of Anti-racism, and the Making of Contemporary Racism in the UK
Perspectives on the Transition from Race Relations Legislation to Equality Legislation
Contemporary Forms of Racialization
Approaches to Challenging Racialization in the UK
Cabinet Office Race Disparity Unit
Devolution, Race Equality Strategy, and the Northern Ireland Case
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
Paradoxes of Challenging Racialization
Postscript
5: Challenging Racism in Sweden
Introduction
Swedes and Immigrants: Legal and Sociological Perspectives
Exceptions to the Rule: Minority Groups and Nordic Migrants
Mapping Definitions: Immigrants, Census Categories, and Critiques
The Dynamics of Racialization and the Logics of the Contemporary Racial State
Anti-racism in Sweden: Civil Society and State Policies
Actors
State Measures
Knowledge, Education, and Research
Coordination and Monitoring Efforts
Civil Society Measures
Future of Anti-racisms and Deracialization in Sweden and Proposed Strategies
The Swedish Debate on Equality Statistics
Work with Legislation
Cooperation with and Support to Civil Society
Active Measures When It Comes to Combatting Racism and Hate Crime
Conclusion
6: Conclusion: Operationalizing Deracialization—Paradoxes and Lessons
Introduction
Old and New Approaches in the North: UK and Sweden
Racial Inequality and Anti-racism in the South: Brazil and South Africa
Cross-national Implications for Deracialization Projects
Paradoxes of Challenging Racialization
Conclusion: Decolonization, Deracialization, and Anti-racism
Ian Law and Mapping Global Racisms
References
Index
