Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice (Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing)

FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
About the Series Editors......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Part One: INTRODUCTION......Page 21
1 Motivation for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes......Page 23
1.1.1 Sensing and Sensors......Page 24
1.1.2 Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 27
1.2 Challenges and Constraints......Page 29
1.2.1 Energy......Page 30
1.2.3 Wireless Networking......Page 31
1.2.5 Design Constraints......Page 32
1.2.7 Other Challenges......Page 33
Exercises......Page 34
References......Page 35
2.1 Structural Health Monitoring......Page 37
2.1.1 Sensing Seismic Events......Page 38
2.1.3 Multiple Damage Detection Using Natural Frequencies......Page 39
2.1.4 Multiple Damage Detection Using Mode Shapes......Page 40
2.1.5 Coherence......Page 41
2.1.6 Piezoelectric Effect......Page 42
2.1.7 Prototypes......Page 44
2.2.1 The Sensing Task......Page 46
2.3 Health Care......Page 50
2.3.2 Prototypes......Page 52
2.4.1 Prototype......Page 55
2.5 Precision Agriculture......Page 56
2.5.1 Prototypes......Page 57
2.6 Active Volcano......Page 58
2.6.1 Prototypes......Page 59
2.7 Underground Mining......Page 60
2.7.1 Sources of Accidents......Page 61
Exercises......Page 62
References......Page 64
3 Node Architecture......Page 67
3.1.1 Analog-to-Digital Converter......Page 68
3.2 The Processor Subsystem......Page 71
3.2.1 Architectural Overview......Page 72
3.2.3 Digital Signal Processor......Page 74
3.2.4 Application-Specific Integrated Circuit......Page 75
3.2.5 Field Programmable Gate Array......Page 76
3.2.6 Comparison......Page 77
3.3.1 Serial Peripheral Interface......Page 78
3.3.2 Inter-Integrated Circuit......Page 79
3.3.3 Summary......Page 81
3.4 Prototypes......Page 82
3.4.1 The IMote Node Architecture......Page 83
3.4.2 The XYZ Node Architecture......Page 84
3.4.3 The Hogthrob Node Architecture......Page 85
Exercises......Page 86
References......Page 88
4 Operating Systems......Page 89
4.1.2 Scheduling......Page 90
4.1.5 Handling Interrupts......Page 91
4.1.7 Thread-Based vs Event-Based Programming......Page 92
4.2.1 Separation of Concern......Page 93
4.2.4 Dynamic Reprogramming......Page 94
4.3.1 TinyOS......Page 95
4.3.2 SOS......Page 98
4.3.3 Contiki......Page 100
4.3.4 LiteOS......Page 105
4.4 Evaluation......Page 108
Exercises......Page 110
References......Page 111
Part Two: BASIC ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK......Page 113
5.1 Basic Components......Page 115
5.2 Source Encoding......Page 116
5.2.1 The Efficiency of a Source Encoder......Page 118
5.2.2 Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation......Page 120
5.3 Channel Encoding......Page 121
5.3.1 Types of Channels......Page 123
5.3.2 Information Transmission over a Channel......Page 124
5.4.1 Modulation Types......Page 126
5.4.2 Quadratic Amplitude Modulation......Page 134
5.5 Signal Propagation......Page 137
Exercises......Page 139
References......Page 143
6.1 Overview......Page 145
6.1.2 Contention-Based Medium Access......Page 147
6.2 Wireless MAC Protocols......Page 148
6.2.2 Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) and MACAW......Page 149
6.2.4 IEEE 802.11......Page 150
6.2.5 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee......Page 152
6.3.1 Energy Efficiency......Page 153
6.3.3 Adaptability......Page 154
6.4 Contention-Free MAC Protocols......Page 155
6.4.2 Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access......Page 156
6.4.3 Y-MAC......Page 157
6.4.4 DESYNC-TDMA......Page 159
6.4.5 Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy......Page 160
6.4.6 Lightweight Medium Access Control......Page 163
6.5.1 Power Aware Multi-Access with Signaling......Page 164
6.5.3 Timeout MAC......Page 166
6.5.4 Pattern MAC......Page 168
6.5.5 Routing-Enhanced MAC......Page 169
6.5.6 Data-Gathering MAC......Page 171
6.5.7 Preamble Sampling and WiseMAC......Page 172
6.5.8 Receiver-Initiated MAC......Page 173
6.6.1 Zebra MAC......Page 174
6.6.2 Mobility Adaptive Hybrid MAC......Page 176
Exercises......Page 177
References......Page 181
7.1 Overview......Page 183
7.2 Routing Metrics......Page 185
7.2.1 Commonly Used Metrics......Page 186
7.3 Flooding and Gossiping......Page 188
7.4.1 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation......Page 190
7.4.2 Directed Diffusion......Page 192
7.4.3 Rumor Routing......Page 194
7.4.4 Gradient-Based Routing......Page 195
7.5.1 Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector......Page 196
7.5.2 Optimized Link State Routing......Page 197
7.6.1 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector......Page 198
7.6.2 Dynamic Source Routing......Page 199
7.7 Hierarchical Routing......Page 200
7.8.1 Unicast Location-Based Routing......Page 203
7.8.2 Multicast Location-Based Routing......Page 208
7.8.3 Geocasting......Page 209
7.9.1 Sequential Assignment Routing......Page 212
7.9.2 SPEED......Page 213
7.9.3 Multipath Multi-SPEED......Page 214
7.10 Summary......Page 216
Exercises......Page 217
References......Page 223
Part Three: NODE AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT......Page 225
8 Power Management......Page 227
8.1.1 Processor Subsystem......Page 228
8.1.2 Communication Subsystem......Page 229
8.1.4 Active Memory......Page 230
8.1.5 Power Subsystem......Page 232
8.2.1 Dynamic Operation Modes......Page 236
8.2.2 Dynamic Scaling......Page 239
8.3 Conceptual Architecture......Page 242
8.3.1 Architectural Overview......Page 243
Exercises......Page 245
References......Page 247
9.1 Clocks and the Synchronization Problem......Page 249
9.2.1 Reasons for Time Synchronization......Page 251
9.2.2 Challenges for Time Synchronization......Page 252
9.3.1 Synchronization Messages......Page 254
9.3.2 Nondeterminism of Communication Latency......Page 256
9.4.1 Reference Broadcasts Using Global Sources of Time......Page 257
9.4.2 Lightweight Tree-Based Synchronization......Page 258
9.4.3 Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks......Page 259
9.4.4 Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol......Page 260
9.4.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization......Page 262
9.4.6 Time-Diffusion Synchronization Protocol......Page 264
9.4.7 Mini-Sync and Tiny-Sync......Page 265
Exercises......Page 266
References......Page 267
10.1 Overview......Page 269
10.2.1 Time of Arrival......Page 270
10.2.3 Angle of Arrival......Page 271
10.3.1 Triangulation......Page 272
10.3.2 Trilateration......Page 273
10.3.3 Iterative and Collaborative Multilateration......Page 275
10.3.4 GPS-Based Localization......Page 276
10.4.1 Ad Hoc Positioning System (APS)......Page 278
10.4.2 Approximate Point in Triangulation......Page 279
10.4.3 Localization Based on Multidimensional Scaling......Page 280
10.5.1 The Lighthouse Approach......Page 282
10.5.2 Multi-Sequence Positioning......Page 283
Exercises......Page 284
References......Page 286
11.1 Fundamentals of Network Security......Page 287
11.2 Challenges of Security in Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 289
11.3.1 Denial-of-Service......Page 290
11.3.3 Attacks on Transport Layer......Page 292
11.3.5 Privacy Attacks......Page 293
11.4.2 Key Management......Page 294
11.4.3 Defenses Against DoS Attacks......Page 295
11.4.4 Defenses Against Aggregation Attacks......Page 296
11.4.5 Defenses Against Routing Attacks......Page 297
11.4.6 Security Protocols for Sensor Networks......Page 298
11.4.7 TinySec......Page 299
11.5 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Security......Page 300
11.6 Summary......Page 301
Exercises......Page 302
References......Page 303
12.1 Challenges in Sensor Network Programming......Page 305
12.2.1 nesC Language......Page 306
12.2.2 TinyGALS......Page 309
12.2.3 Sensor Network Application Construction Kit......Page 311
12.2.4 Thread-Based Model......Page 312
12.3.2 EnviroTrack......Page 313
12.3.3 Database Approaches......Page 314
12.4 Dynamic Reprogramming......Page 315
12.5.1 Network Simulator Tools and Environments......Page 317
Exercises......Page 319
References......Page 320
Index......Page 323