Polarimetric remote sensing offers the potential to provide a new dimension for observations of the Earth. This book takes a systems approach to the physical processes involved with formation, collection, and analysis of polarimetric remote sensing data in the visible through longwave infrared. The emphasis is on Earth observation at human scales (ground sample distances of fractions of a meter to tens of meters) where the contrast between manmade objects and natural backgrounds are typical subjects of interest. This text is targeted at individuals with a sound quantitative understanding of remote sensing who need an introduction to polarimetric signals as they relate to remote sensing. It includes a brief review of the polarized nature of electromagnetic energy and radiometry and introduces ways to characterize a beam of polarized energy (Stokes vectors) and polarized energy matter interactions (Mueller matrices). The polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) is introduced as a way to characterize the reflective and emissive polarimetric behavior of materials. The goal is to provide the reader with an introduction to the topic, an appreciation of the issues, and the tools to begin to work in this field. Contents: - Review of Radiometry - Wave Nature of EM Energy and Introduction of the Polarization Ellipse - Ways to Represent the Polarimetric State of a Beam- Polarimetric Interactions: Reflection and Transmission- Polarimetric Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (BRDF) - Polarized Form of the Governing Equation Including Atmospheric Scattering Terms - Sensors for Measuring the Polarized State of a Beam - Processing and Display Algorithms - Measurements and Modeling of the pBRDF of Materials - Longwave Infrared pBRDF Principles - LWIR pBRDF Measurements and Modeling
Author(s): John R. Schott
Series: SPIE Tutorial Text TT81
Publisher: SPIE Publications
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 263
Tags: Приборостроение;Обработка сигналов;
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
1.1 Scope......Page 19
1.2 Perspective on the Field......Page 20
1.3 Structure of the Book......Page 22
References......Page 23
2.1 Radiometric Terms......Page 25
References......Page 38
3.1 Wave Nature of EM Energy......Page 39
3.2 The Polarization Ellipse......Page 45
3.3 Special (Degenerate) Forms of the Polarization Ellipse......Page 49
References......Page 50
4.1 The Stokes Parameters......Page 51
4.2 Stokes Vector Representation......Page 53
4.3 Methods to Characterize and Interpret Stokes Vectors......Page 56
4.4 Parameters of the Polarization Ellipse and the Poincaré Sphere......Page 62
References......Page 67
5.1 Fresnel Specular Reflection......Page 69
5.2 Polarized Transmission and Polarizing Materials......Page 72
5.3 The Mueller Matrix: Polarimetric Energy-Matter Interactions......Page 75
References......Page 79
6.1 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions......Page 81
6.2 Polarimetric Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (pBRDF)......Page 85
6.3 Reflectance Variability or Texture......Page 94
6.4 BRDF Measurement......Page 95
6.5 BRDF Models......Page 106
6.6 Summary of pBRDF Concepts......Page 114
References......Page 119
7.1 Governing Polarized Radiance Equation......Page 125
7.2 Atmospheric Scattering and the Polarized State of the Terms in the Governing Equation......Page 130
7.3 Predicting the Polarimetric Radiance at the Sensor......Page 146
References......Page 150
8.1 Sensing of Polarization Contrast......Page 153
8.2 Generalized Stokes Vector Polarimeters......Page 156
8.3 Polarimetric Imaging Sensors......Page 162
8.4 Issues Related to Polarimetric Imaging Sensors......Page 167
References......Page 169
9.1 Display of Polarimetric Images......Page 171
9.2 Data Processing and Analysis......Page 178
References......Page 180
10.1 Polarimetric BRDF Measurement Approach......Page 183
10.2 Incorporation of pBRDF Models in Synthetic Scene Generation Models......Page 193
10.3 End-to-End Passive Polarimetric Scene Simulation......Page 198
References......Page 205
11.1 Background on Polarimetric Remote Sensing in the Thermal Infrared......Page 209
11.2 Applications of Polarimetric Infrared Imaging......Page 213
11.3 Polarized BRDF and Emissivity Model......Page 217
11.4 Polarized Emissivity......Page 220
References......Page 226
12.1 Measurement of Polarized Emissivity and pBRDF Estimation......Page 229
12.2 Thermal Infrared Polarimetric Scene Simulation......Page 245
References......Page 257
E......Page 259
N......Page 260
S......Page 261
Z......Page 262
