Fundamentals of Pediatric Imaging, 3e

FUNDAMENTALS OF PEDIATRIC IMAGING
Copyright
Copyright
Contributors
Contributors
Preface
Preface
Chapter-1---Special-Considerations
1. Special Considerations in Pediatric Imaging
PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY AS A POTENTIAL CAREER
INTRODUCTION: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC IMAGING
Relationship Between Imager and Parents
Professionalism and Effective Communication
Inability to Cooperate
Variable Size and Physiology
Age-Related Changes in Imaging Appearance
Age-Related Differential Diagnoses
Quality, Safety, Service, and Improvement
RADIATION SAFETY
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter-2---Airway
2. Airway
Acute Upper Airway Obstruction
Croup
Epiglottitis
Exudative Tracheitis
Retropharyngeal Cellulitis and Abscess
Lower Airway Obstruction
Extrinsic Lower Airway Compression
Double Aortic Arch
Anomalous Origin of the Left Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary Sling)
Right Aortic Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery
Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome
Intrinsic Lower Airway Obstruction
Airway Foreign Body
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Recurrent and Enlarged Adenoid Tonsils
Enlarged Palatine Tonsils
Enlarged Lingual Tonsils
Glossoptosis
Hypopharyngeal (Retroglossal) Collapse
Abnormal Soft Palate
Congenital Airway Obstruction
Suggested Reading
Chapter-3---Chest
3. Chest
Neonatal Chest
Diffuse Pulmonary Disease in the Newborn
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
Neonatal Pneumonia
Surfactant-Deficient Disease
Surfactant Replacement Therapy
Group B Streptococcal Pneumonia
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Support Apparatus
Umbilical Arterial and Venous Catheters
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Children
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Types of Ventilation: High-Frequency Oscillator versus Conventional Ventilation
Complications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Causes of Acute Diffuse Pulmonary Consolidation
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Focal Pulmonary Lesions in the Newborn
Congenital Lobar Overinflation
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Sequestration
Bronchogenic Cyst
Roles of Imaging in Pediatric Pneumonia
Confirmation or Exclusion of Pneumonia
Characterization and Prediction of Infectious Agent
Exclusion of Other Pathologic Processes
Failure to Resolve
Complications of Pneumonia
Primary Evaluation of Parapneumonic Effusions
Evaluation of Persistent or Progressive Symptoms
Lung Parenchymal Complications
Chronic Lung Complications of Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Common Chronic or Recurrent Pulmonary Problems in Special Populations
Pneumonia in Immunodeficient Children
Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
High-Resolution Computed Tomography in Children
High-Resolution Computed Tomography in Questioned Chronic Aspiration
Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease
Trauma
Rib Fractures and Lung Contusion
Mediastinal Injury
Hydrocarbon Ingestion
Mediastinal Masses
Anterior Mediastinum
Normal Thymus
Lymphoma
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Neuroblastoma
Pediatric Chest Wall Masses
Suggested Reading
Chapter-4---Cardiac
4. Cardiac
Imaging Modalities in Congenital Heart Disease
Echocardiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Catheter Angiography
Approach to the Chest Radiograph in Congenital Heart Disease
Pulmonary Vascularity
Cardiac Size
Situs
Position of Aortic Arch
Categorization of Congenital Heart Disease
Blue, Decreased Pulmonary Arterial Flow, Mild Cardiomegaly
Tetralogy of Fallot
Blue, Decreased Pulmonary Arterial Flow, Massive Cardiomegaly
Ebstein Anomaly
Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum
Blue, Increased Flow
Truncus Arteriosus
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Blue, Variable Pulmonary Arterial Flow
D-Transposition of the Great Arteries
Tricuspid Atresia
Pink, Increased Pulmonary Arterial Flow
Pink (or Dusky) With Increased Pulmonary Venous Flow
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Pink, Normal Pulmonary Arterial Flow
Obstructive Lesions
Aortic Stenosis
Pulmonic Stenosis
Coarctation of the Aorta
Abnormalities of Conotruncal Rotation
Surgeries for Congenital Heart Disease
Acquired Heart Disease
Kawasaki Disease
Cardiac Masses
Suggested Reading
Chapter-5---Gastrointestinal
5. Gastrointestinal
Neonatal
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Intestinal Obstruction in Neonates
Proximal Intestinal Obstruction in Neonates
Duodenal Atresia, Stenosis, and Web
Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus
Performing an Upper Gastrointestinal Series in an Infant
Distal Intestinal Obstruction in Neonates
Ileal Atresia and Meconium Ileus
Hirschsprung Disease
Meconium Plug Syndrome
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Abnormalities of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
The Vomiting Infant
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Intestinal Obstruction in Children
Appendicitis
Intussusception
Imaging-Guided Reduction of Intussusception
Meckel Diverticulum
Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts
Swallowed Foreign Bodies
Abnormalities of the Pediatric Mesentery
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
Neonatal Jaundice
Biliary Atresia versus Neonatal Hepatitis
Choledochal Cyst
Liver Masses
Hepatoblastoma
Childhood Liver Hemangiomas
Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Liver
Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Solid Organ Injuries
Bowel Injury
Pancreatic Trauma
Hypoperfusion Complex
The Immunocompromised Child
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Neutropenic Colitis
Graft-versus-Host Disease
Mucositis
Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Complications Related to Cystic Fibrosis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children
Pediatric Obesity
Suggested Reading
Chapter-6---Genitourinary
6. Genitourinary
Imaging Modalities
Renal Ultrasound
Voiding Cystourethrogram
Nuclear Medicine
Magnetic Resonance Urography
Urinary Tract Infection
Acute Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Postnatal Evaluation of Prenatal Hydronephrosis
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Megaureter
Ureterocele
Posterior Urethral Valves
Congenital Renal Anomalies
Renal Ectopia and Fusion
Ureteropelvic Duplications
Prune-Belly Syndrome
Renal Cystic Disease
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Renal Tumors
Wilms Tumor
Nephroblastomatosis
Pediatric Cystic Nephroma
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Other Malignant Renal Tumors
Angiomyolipoma
Urachal Abnormalities
Hydrometrocolpos
Adrenal Glands
Neuroblastoma
Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
Pelvic Masses
Pelvic Rhabdomyosarcoma
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Acute Pelvic Pain in Older Girls and Adolescents
Ovarian Masses
Scrotum
Tumors
Testicular Microlithiasis
Acute Scrotum
Suggested Readings
Chapter-7---Musculoskeletal
7. Musculoskeletal
Normal Variants and Common Benign Entities
Apophyseal and Epiphyseal Irregularity
Distal Femoral Metaphyseal Irregularity
Benign Fibrous Cortical Defects
Trauma
Involvement of the Physis
Commonly Encountered Fractures by Anatomic Location
Wrist
Elbow
Ankle
Toddler Fracture
Avulsion Fractures in Adolescents
Child Abuse
Periosteal Reaction in the Newborn
TORCH Infections
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Syphilis
Caffey Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis)
Lucent Permeative Lesions in Children
Osteomyelitis
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Ewing Sarcoma
Metastatic Disease
Focal Sclerotic Lesions in Children
Osteoid Osteoma
Stress Fracture
Osteosarcoma
Multifocal Bone Lesions in Children
Constitutional Disorders of Bone
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteopetrosis
Skeletal Dysplasias
Achondroplasia
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Hip Disorders
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Chronic Hip Subluxation
Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency
Septic Arthritis
Toxic Synovitis
Legg-Calve´-Perthes Disease
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Metabolic Disorders
Rickets
Lead Poisoning
Miscellaneous Disorders
Scoliosis
Osteochondral Lesions
Panner Disease
Abnormalities of Skeletal Maturity: Bone Age
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Anemia and Thalassemia
Radial Dysplasia
Blount Disease
Neurofibromatosis
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
Tarsal Coalition
Disorders Affecting Primarily Soft Tissues
Vascular Anomalies
Vascular Tumors
Vascular Malformations
Dermatomyositis
Soft Tissue Malignancies
Mimickers of Soft Tissue Malignancies
Myositis Ossificans
Chronic Foreign Body
Posttraumatic Fat Necrosis
Fibromatosis Colli
Suggested Reading
Chapter-8---Neuro
8. Neuro
PEDIATRIC NEUROIMAGING MODALITIES: MAGNETIC RESONANCE, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND ULTRASOUND
BASIC REVIEW OF ADVANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN PEDIATRIC NEUROIMAGING
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography
Perfusion
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NEONATAL HEAD ULTRASOUND
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Benign Enlargement of Extraaxial Spaces
NORMAL MYELINATION
White Matter Injury of Prematurity and Hypoxic Ischemic Insult
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
Porencephaly and Encephalomalacia
Hydranencephaly
Chiari
CHIARI TYPE 1
CHIARI TYPE 2
Holoprosencephaly
Septo-optic Dysplasia
Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum
Posterior Fossa Anomalies with Enlarged Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces
Molar Tooth Malformation
Rhombencephalosynapsis
Microlissencephaly
Lissencephaly (Agyria-Pachygyria)
Gray Matter Heterotopias
Schizencephaly
Polymicrogyria
Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Megalencephaly
Vein of Galen Malformation
NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous Sclerosis
Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Von Hippel–Lindau
METABOLIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
INFECTION
Congenital Infections
Encephalitis
TUMORS
Posterior Fossa Tumors
CEREBELLAR ASTROCYTOMA
MEDULLOBLASTOMA
ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR
BRAINSTEM GLIOMA
EPENDYMOMA
Supratentorial Tumors
Intraventricular Tumors
Sellar and Suprasellar Tumors
OPTIC AND HYPOTHALAMIC ASTROCYTOMA
GERM CELL TUMORS
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA
HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA
PINEAL TUMORS
MISCELLANEOUS
TRAUMA
Abuse
HYDROCEPHALUS AND VENTRICULAR SHUNTS
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
LACUNAR SKULL
CONGENITAL EAR MALFORMATIONS
External Auditory Canal Atresia
Inner Ear Anomalies
Cochlear Nerve Aplasia/Hypoplasia
ORBITAL AND FACIAL DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
HEAD AND NECK INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS PROCESSES
Orbital Cellulitis
Acute Otomastoiditis
Suppurative Adenitis
RETINOBLASTOMA
NECK MASSES
CONGENITAL VERTEBRAL ANOMALIES
SPINAL DYSRAPHISM
SPINAL TRAUMA
NORMAL VARIANTS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
ATLANTOAXIAL INSTABILITY
SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
Spinal Tumors
SUGGESTED READING
Index
Index
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