Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, Third Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
Contents......Page 17
List Of Symbols......Page 25
1 Introduction......Page 29
1.1 Historical Persperctive......Page 30
1.2 Materials Science And Engineering......Page 31
1.4 Classification Of Materials......Page 33
1.5 Advanced Materials......Page 38
1.6 Modern Materials Needs......Page 41
Question......Page 42
2 Atomics Structure And Interatomic Bonding......Page 43
2.2 Fundamental Concepts......Page 44
2.3 Electrons In Atoms......Page 45
2.4 The Periodic Table......Page 51
2.5 Bonding Forces And Energies......Page 52
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds......Page 55
2.7 Secondary Bonding Or Van Der Waals Bonding......Page 59
Summary......Page 62
Questions And Problems......Page 63
3 Structures Of Metals And Ceramics......Page 65
3.2 Fundamental Concepts......Page 66
3.3 Unit Cells......Page 67
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures......Page 68
3.5 Densite Computations—metals......Page 72
3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures......Page 73
3.7 Density Computations—ceramics......Page 80
3.8 Silicate Ceramics......Page 82
3.9 Carbon......Page 86
3.11 Crystal Systems......Page 89
3.12 Point Coordinates......Page 92
3.13 Crystallographic Directions......Page 94
3.14 Crystallographic Planes......Page 98
3.15 Linear And Planar Densities......Page 103
3.16 Close-packed Crystal Structures......Page 105
3.18 Polyctrystalline Materials......Page 108
3.19 Anisotropy......Page 110
3.20 X-ray Diffraction: Determination Of Crystral Structures......Page 111
3.21 Noncrystalline Solids......Page 115
Summary......Page 117
Important Terms And Concepts......Page 119
Questions And Problems......Page 120
4 Polymer Structures......Page 125
4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules......Page 126
4.3 Polymer Molecules......Page 128
4.4 The Chemistry Of Polymer Molecules......Page 129
4.5 Molecular Weight......Page 134
4.6 Molecular Shape......Page 136
4.7 Molecular Structure......Page 137
4.8 Molecular Configurations......Page 139
4.9 Thermoplastic And Thermosetting Polymers......Page 143
4.10 Copolymers......Page 144
4.11 Polymer Crystallinity......Page 145
4.12 Polymer Crystals......Page 149
Summary......Page 151
References......Page 152
Questions And Problems......Page 153
5 Imperfections In Solids......Page 155
5.2 Point Defects In Metals......Page 156
5.3 Point Defects In Ceramics......Page 158
5.4 Impurties In Solids......Page 161
5.6 Specification Of Composition......Page 164
5.7 Dislocations—linear Defects......Page 168
5.8 Interfacial Defects......Page 172
5.10 Atomic Vibrations......Page 175
5.11 General......Page 177
5.12 Microscopic Techniques......Page 178
5.13 Grain Size Determination......Page 183
Summary......Page 184
Questions And Problems......Page 186
Design Problems......Page 188
6 Diffusion......Page 189
6.1 Introduction......Page 190
6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms......Page 191
6.3 Steady-state Diffusion......Page 193
6.4 Nonsteady-state Diffusion......Page 195
6.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion......Page 199
6.7 Diffusion In Ionic And Polymeric Materials......Page 205
Summary......Page 209
Questios And Problems......Page 210
Design Problems......Page 212
7 Mechanical Properties......Page 214
7.1 Introduction......Page 215
7.2 Concepts Of Stress And Strain......Page 216
7.3 Stress–strain Behavior......Page 220
7.5 Elastic Properties Of Materials......Page 224
Mechanical Behavior—metals......Page 227
7.6 Tensile Properties......Page 228
7.7 True Stress And Strain......Page 235
7.8 Elastic Recovery Afterplastic Deformation......Page 238
7.10 Flexural Strength......Page 239
7.12 Influence Of Porosity On The Mechanical Properties Of Ceramics......Page 241
7.13 Stress–strain Behavior......Page 243
7.14 Macroscopic Deformation......Page 245
7.15 Viscoelactic Deformation......Page 246
7.16 Hardness......Page 250
7.18 Tear Strength And Hardness Of Polymers......Page 256
7.19 Variability Of Material Properties......Page 257
7.20 Design/safety Factors......Page 260
Summary......Page 261
References......Page 263
Questions And Problems......Page 264
8 Deforamtion And Strengthening Mechanisms......Page 270
Deformation Mechanisms For Metals......Page 271
8.3 Basic Concepts Of Dislocations......Page 272
8.4 Characteristic Of Dislocations......Page 274
8.5 Slip Systems......Page 276
8.6 Slip In Single Crystals......Page 278
8.7 Plastic Deformation Of Polycrystalline Metals......Page 281
8.8 Deformation By Twinning......Page 283
8.9 Strengthening By Grain Size Reduction......Page 285
8.10 Solid-solution Strengthening......Page 287
8.11 Strain Hardening......Page 288
Recovery, Recrystallization, And Grain Growth......Page 291
8.13 Recrystallization......Page 292
8.14 Grain Growth......Page 297
Deformation Mechanisms For Ceramic Materials......Page 298
8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics......Page 299
8.17 Deformation Of Semicrystalline Polymers......Page 300
8.18 Factors That Influence The Mechanical Properties Of Semicrystalline Polymers......Page 302
8.19 Deformation Of Elastomers......Page 306
Summary......Page 309
References......Page 311
Questions And Problems......Page 312
9 Faillure......Page 316
9.2 Fundamentals Of Fracture......Page 317
9.3 Ductile Fracture......Page 318
9.5 Principles Of Fracture Mechanics......Page 321
9.6 Brittle Fracture Of Ceramics......Page 332
9.7 Fracture Of Polymers......Page 336
9.8 Impact Fracture Testing......Page 337
Fatigue......Page 342
9.9 Cyclic Stresses......Page 343
9.10 The S–n Curve......Page 345
9.11 Fatigue In Polymeric Materials......Page 347
9.12 Crack Initiation And Propagation......Page 348
9.13 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life......Page 350
9.14 Environmental Effects......Page 353
9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior......Page 354
9.16 Stress And Temperature Effects......Page 356
9.17 Data Extrapolation Methodes......Page 357
9.19 Creep In Ceramic And Polymeric Materials......Page 359
Summary......Page 360
Reference......Page 362
Questions And Problems......Page 363
10 Phase Diagrams......Page 367
Definitions And Basic Concepts......Page 368
10.3 Phases......Page 369
10.5 Phase Equilibria......Page 370
10.6 One-component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams......Page 371
10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems......Page 373
10.8 Interpretation Of Phase Diagrams......Page 375
10.9 Development Of Microstructure In Isomorphous Alloys......Page 379
10.10 Mechanical Properties Of Isomorphous Alloys......Page 383
10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems......Page 384
10.12 Development Of Microstructurein Eutectic Alloys......Page 389
10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases Or Compounds......Page 397
10.14 Eutectoid And Peritectic Reactions......Page 399
10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations......Page 400
10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams......Page 401
10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule......Page 406
10.19 The Iron–iron Carbide (fe–fe3c) Phase Diagram......Page 408
10.20 Development Of Microstrucure In Iron–carbon Alloys......Page 412
10.21 The Ingluence Of Other Alloying Elements......Page 419
Summary......Page 420
Questions And Problems......Page 422
11 Phase Transformations......Page 428
Phase Transformations In Metals......Page 429
11.3 The Kinetics Of Phase Transformations......Page 430
11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States......Page 441
11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams......Page 442
11.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams......Page 454
11.7 Mechanical Behavior Of Iron–carbon Alloys......Page 458
11.8 Tempered Martensite......Page 462
11.9 Review Of Phase Transformations And Mechanical Properties For Iron–carbon Alloys......Page 465
Precipitation Hardening......Page 466
11.10 Heat Treatments......Page 469
11.11 Mechanism Of Hardening......Page 471
Crystallization, Melting, And Glass Transition Phenomena In Polymers......Page 474
11.13 Crystallization......Page 475
11.15 The Glass Transition......Page 476
11.16 Melting And Glass Transition Temperatures......Page 477
11.17 Factors That Influence Melting And Glass Transition Temperatures......Page 478
Summary......Page 480
Questions And Problems......Page 482
12 Electrical Properties......Page 488
12.2 Ohm’s Law......Page 489
12.3 Electrical Conductivity......Page 490
12.5 Energy Band Structures In Solids......Page 491
12.6 Conduction In Terms Of Bandand Atomic Bonding Models......Page 494
12.7 Electron Mobility......Page 495
12.8 Electrical Resistivity Of Metals......Page 497
12.9 Electrical Characteristics Of Commercial Alloys......Page 499
12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction......Page 502
12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction......Page 505
12.12 The Temperature Dependence Of Carrier Concentration......Page 509
12.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility......Page 511
12.14 The Hall Effect......Page 516
12.15 Semiconductor Devices......Page 517
Electrical Conduction In Ionic Ceramics And In Polymers......Page 524
12.17 Electrical Properties Of Polymers......Page 525
12.18 Capacitance......Page 526
12.19 Field Vectors And Polarization......Page 528
12.20 Types Of Polarization......Page 532
12.21 Frequency Dependence Of The Dielectric Constant......Page 533
12.22 Dielectric Strength......Page 534
12.24 Ferroelectricity......Page 535
12.25 Piezoelectricity......Page 536
Summary......Page 537
References......Page 539
Questions And Problems......Page 540
13 Types And Applications Of Materials......Page 544
13.2 Ferrous Alloys......Page 545
13.3 Nonferrous Alloys......Page 558
Types Of Ceramics......Page 568
13.5 Glass–ceramics......Page 569
13.7 Refractories......Page 571
13.8 Abrasives......Page 573
13.9 Cements......Page 574
13.10 Advanced Ceramics......Page 575
13.11 Diamond And Graphite......Page 578
13.13 Elastomers......Page 580
13.15 Miscellaneous Applications......Page 585
13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials......Page 587
Summary......Page 591
References......Page 593
Questions And Problems......Page 594
14 Synthesis, Fabrication, And Processing Of Materials......Page 596
14.2 Forming Operations......Page 597
14.3 Casting......Page 599
14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques......Page 601
Thermal Processing Of Metals......Page 602
14.5 Annealing Processes......Page 603
14.6 Heat Treatment Of Steels......Page 605
14.7 Fabrication And Processing Of Glasses And Glass–ceramics......Page 617
14.8 Fabrication And Processing Of Clay Products......Page 622
14.9 Powder Pressing......Page 628
14.10 Tape Casting......Page 630
14.11 Polymerization......Page 631
14.12 Polymer Additives......Page 634
14.13 Forming Techniques For Plastics......Page 635
14.15 Fabrication Of Fibers And Films......Page 638
Summary......Page 640
Important Terms And Concepts......Page 641
Questions And Problems......Page 642
15 Composites......Page 645
15.1 Introduction......Page 646
15.2 Large–particle Composites......Page 648
15.3 Dispersion-strengthened Composites......Page 652
15.4 Influence Of Fiber Length......Page 653
15.5 Influence Of Fiber Orientationand Concentration......Page 654
15.6 The Fiber Phase......Page 663
15.8 Polymer-matrix Composites......Page 665
15.9 Metal-matrix Composites......Page 672
15.10 Ceramic-matrix Composites......Page 673
15.11 Carbon–carbon Composites......Page 674
15.12 Hybrid Composites......Page 675
15.13 Processing Of Fiber-reinforced Composites......Page 676
Structural Composites......Page 678
15.15 Sandwich Panels......Page 679
Summary......Page 682
Questions And Problems......Page 684
16 Corrosion And Degradationof Materials......Page 688
Corrosion Of Metals......Page 689
16.2 Electrochemical Considerations......Page 690
16.3 Corrosion Rates......Page 698
16.4 Prediction Of Corrosion Rates......Page 699
16.5 Passivity......Page 706
16.7 Forms Of Corrosion......Page 708
16.8 Corrosion Environments......Page 716
16.9 Corrosion Prevention......Page 717
16.10 Oxidation......Page 719
Corrosion Of Ceramic Materials......Page 722
16.11 Swelling And Dissolution......Page 723
16.12 Bond Rupture......Page 725
Summary......Page 727
Questions And Problems......Page 729
17 Thermal Properties......Page 733
17.2 Heat Capacity......Page 734
17.3 Thermal Expansion......Page 736
17.4 Thermal Conductivity......Page 739
17.5 Thermal Stresses......Page 744
Summary......Page 746
Questions And Problems......Page 747
18 Magnetic Properties......Page 750
18.2 Basic Concepts......Page 751
18.3 Diamagnetism And Paramagnetism......Page 755
18.4 Ferromagnetism......Page 757
18.5 Antiferromagnetism And Ferrimagnetism......Page 759
18.6 The Influence Of Temperature On Magnetic Behavior......Page 763
18.7 Domains And Hysteresis......Page 764
18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy......Page 768
18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials......Page 769
18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials......Page 772
18.11 Magnetic Storage......Page 775
18.12 Superconductivity......Page 778
Summary......Page 781
Questions And Problems......Page 783
19 Optical Properties......Page 787
19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 788
19.3 Light Interactions With Solids......Page 790
19.4 Atomic And Electronic Interactions......Page 791
Optical Properties Of Metals......Page 792
19.5 Refraction......Page 793
19.6 Reflection......Page 795
19.7 Absorption......Page 796
19.8 Transmission......Page 799
19.9 Color......Page 800
19.10 Opacity And Translucency Insulators......Page 802
19.12 Photoconductivity......Page 803
19.13 Lasers......Page 806
19.14 Optical Fibers In Communications......Page 809
Summary......Page 813
Questions And Problems......Page 815
20 Economic, Environmental, And Societal Issues In Materials Science And Engineering......Page 817
Economic Considerations......Page 818
20.4 Manufacturing Techniques......Page 819
Environmental And Societal Considerations......Page 820
20.5 Recycling Issues In Materials Science And Engineering......Page 822
Summary......Page 825
Design Questions......Page 826
Appendix A The International System Of Units (si)......Page 827
B.1 Density......Page 829
B.2 Modulus Of Elasticity......Page 832
B.3 Poisson’s Ratio......Page 836
B.4 Strength And Ductility......Page 837
B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness......Page 842
B.6 Linear Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion......Page 843
B.7 Thermal Conductivity......Page 847
B.8 Specific Heat......Page 850
B.9 Electrical Resistivity......Page 852
B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions......Page 855
Appendix C Costs And Relative Costs For Selected Engineering Materials......Page 857
Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures For Common Polymers......Page 862
Appendix E Glass Transitionand Melting Temperatures For Common Polymeric Materials......Page 866
Glossary......Page 867
Answers To Selected Problems......Page 883
Index......Page 887