Fundamentals of International Aviation Law and Policy

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Biography
Learning Tools
Legal texts
International Treaties
European Union Legislation
National Legislation
Court cases
Court of Justice of the European Union Cases
International Court of Justice Cases
United States Cases
United Kingdom Cases
Other Domestic Cases
1 Foundations of Aviation Law
Learning Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Aviation v. Air Law
1.1.2 What is Aviation Law?
1.2 Key Elements in Aviation Law
1.3 Sources of Aviation Law
1.3.1 International Law
1.3.2 European Union Law
1.3.3 National Law
1.3.4 Binding Law and Non-Binding Instruments
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
2 Early Development in Aviation Law
Learning Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Prior to the Paris Convention 1919
2.3 Paris Peace Conference
2.3.1 World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
2.3.2 Paris Convention 1919
2.4 Madrid Convention 1926
2.5 Havana Convention 1928
2.6 Time for a New Era
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
3 Convention on International Civil Aviation
Learning Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Applicability of the Chicago Convention 1944
3.2.1 International
3.2.2 Aviation
3.2.3 Civil
3.3 War and Emergency Conditions
3.4 Purpose of the Chicago Convention 1944
3.4.1 Preamble
3.4.2 Misuse of Civil Aviation
3.4.3 Use of Weapons Against Civil Aircraft
3.5 Breakdown of the Chicago Convention 1944
3.5.1 Part I Air Navigation
3.5.2 Part II International Civil Aviation Organization
3.5.3 Part III International Air Transport
3.5.4 Part IV Final Provisions
3.6 Transfer of Responsibility
3.7 Amendments
3.8 Dispute Settlement
3.8.1 Role of the International Civil Aviation Organization Council
3.8.2 Appeals after the International Civil Aviation Organization Council
3.8.3 Penalties
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
4 International Civil Aviation Organization
Learning Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bodies of the International Civil Aviation Organization
4.2.1 Secretariat
4.2.2 Council
4.2.3 Assembly
4.2.4 Air Navigation Commission
4.3 Annexes to the Chicago Convention 1944
4.3.1 Standards and Recommended Practices
4.3.2 Overview of the Annexes to the Chicago Convention 1944
4.3.3 Adoption of Standards and Recommended Practices
4.3.4 Departures from International Standards and Procedures
4.4 Regional Cooperation under the Chicago Convention 1944
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
5 International Air Transport
Learning Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Sovereignty: Article 1 Chicago Convention 1944 and a Closed Airspace
5.1.2 Non-Scheduled International Air Services
5.1.3 Regulation of International Scheduled Air Services
5.1.4 Notion of Cabotage
5.1.5 Operation of Pilotless Aircraft
5.1.6 Prohibited Areas: Article 9 Chicago Convention 1944
5.2 Freedoms of the Air
5.2.1 First Freedom
5.2.2 Second Freedom
5.2.3 Third Freedom
5.2.4 Fourth Freedom
5.2.5 Fifth Freedom
5.2.6 Sixth Freedom
5.2.7 Seventh freedom
5.2.8 Eight Freedom: ‘Relative’ or ‘Quasi’ Cabotage
5.2.9 Ninth Freedom: ‘Absolute’ or ‘Pure’ Cabotage
5.3 Rise of Bilateralism
5.3.1 Pre-Liberalisation: Bermuda I and Bermuda II Air Services Agreements
5.3.2 Early Multilateral Developments
5.3.3 ‘Open Skies’ Agreements
5.3.4 Recent Multilateral ‘Open Skies’ Attempts
5.4 Key Themes in Bilateral Air Services Agreements
5.4.1 Airline Nationality Requirements
5.4.2 Licensing
5.4.3 Designation of Airlines
5.5 Airline Commercial Cooperation and Alliances
5.5.1 Rationale for Airline Cooperation
5.5.2 Interlining
5.5.3 Code-Sharing
5.5.4 Global Alliances
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
6 Criminal Aviation Law
Learning Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and Prohibited Acts
6.2.1 Tokyo Convention 1963
6.2.2 Hague Convention 1970
6.2.3 Montreal Convention 1971
6.2.4 Montreal Protocol 1988
6.2.5 Beijing Convention 2010
6.2.6 Beijing Protocol 2010
6.2.7 Montreal Protocol 2014
6.3 Applicability
6.3.1 Religious Motivation
6.3.2 In Flight and In Service
6.3.3 Surface of the High Sea and other Areas OutsideTerritory of a State
6.3.4 Non-Military
6.3.5 International Element
6.4 Jurisdiction
6.5 Obligations of Contracting States
6.6 Powers of the Aircraft Commander
6.6.1 Restraint
6.6.2 Disembarkation
6.6.3 Delivery
6.7 In-FlightSecurity Officer
6.8 Dispute Settlement
6.9 Issues of Entry into Force
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
7 Contractual Liability
Learning Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Background
7.2.1 Warsaw Convention 1929
7.2.2 Amendments and Additions Following the Warsaw Convention 1929
7.2.3 Montreal Convention 1999
7.3 Scope of Application
7.4 Documentation
7.4.1 Documentation Relating to Passengers and Baggage
7.4.2 Documentation Relating to Carriage of Cargo
7.5 Liability of the Air Carrier in Case of Death or Injury of Passengers
7.5.1 Article 17 Montreal Convention 1999
7.5.2 Accident
7.5.3 Causal Link between the Accident and the Damage
7.5.4 Death or Bodily Injury
7.5.5 Embarkation and Disembarkation
7.5.6 Damage to Baggage
7.6 Two-Tier Liability Regime of the Montreal Convention 1999
7.6.1 Limited, but Strict, Liability
7.6.2 Exposure to Unlimited Liability
7.7 Carrier Liability in Case of Delay
7.8 Liability Regime Concerning the Carriage of Cargo
7.9 Exclusivity Principle
7.10 Jurisdiction
7.10.1 Court of the Domicile of the Carrier
7.10.2 Court of the Principal Place of Business of the Carrier
7.10.3 Court where the Carrier has a Place of Business through which the Contract has been Made
7.10.4 Court at the Place of Destination
7.10.5 Fifth Jurisdiction
7.10.6 Concluding Remarks on Jurisdiction
7.11 Regional or Local Regimes Concerning Air Passenger Rights: Example of the Regulation 261/2004
7.11.1 Geographical Scope of Application
7.11.2 Material Scope of Application
7.11.3 Compensation Scheme
7.11.4 Duty of Assistance and Right to Care
7.11.5 Compatibility with the Montreal Convention 1999
7.11.6 Extraordinary Defence for the Air Carrier
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
8 Third-Party Liability and Damage on the Surface
Learning Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Early Development: Rome Convention 1933
8.3 Rome Convention 1952
8.3.1 Scope
8.3.2 Operator of the Aircraft
8.4 Montreal Protocol 1978
8.5 International Civil Aviation Organization Conventions for Damage to Third Parties
8.5.1 Unlawful Interference Convention 2009
8.5.2 General Risks Convention 2009
8.6 Mid-Air Collisions
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
9 Aviation Insurance
Learning Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of ‘Insurance’
9.3 Applicable Law
9.4 Process
9.5 Compulsory Insurance
9.5.1 Rome Convention 1952
9.5.2 Montreal Convention 1999
9.5.3 European Union Regulation 1008/2008 and Regulation 785/2004
9.5.4 Other Sources of Law
9.6 Types of Insurance
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
10 Aviation Competition Law
Learning Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Application of Competition Law to Air Transport
10.3 European Union Competition Law Framework
10.3.1 Prohibited Agreements
10.3.2 Abuse of Dominant Position
10.3.3 Application of Articles 101 and 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to the Aviation Sector
10.3.4 State Aid
10.3.5 Airline Merger Control in the European Union
10.4 United States Antitrust Regime
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Sherman Act
10.4.3 Institution of the Antitrust Immunity
10.4.4 Airline Merger Control in the USA
10.5 Development of Fair Competition in International Air Transport: Role of the International Civil Aviation Organization
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
11 Regulation of Environment in Aviation
Learning Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Need for a Sustainable Aviation
11.3 Regulation of Environment in Air Transport
11.3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
11.3.2 International Civil Aviation Organization and Annex
11.3.3 Carbon Offsetting Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
11.4 Air Service Agreements and Recent Developments
11.5 European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
11.6 Aircraft Noise
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
12 Suborbital Transportation and the Link to Space Law
Learning Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical Overview
12.3 Overview of the Industry
12.3.1 Types of Vehicles
12.3.2 Suborbital Vehicles Concepts
12.3.3 Types of Activities
12.3.4 Types of Participants
12.4 Legal Regime
12.5 Applicable Laws
12.5.1 Spatialist Approach
12.5.2 Functionalist Approach
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
Annex I – List of Main International Aviation Law Treaties
I.I Public Aviation Law
I.II Contractual Liability
I.III Third-Party Liability
I.IV Criminal Law
I.V Rights in Aircraft
Index