Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Medical Advice Disclaimer
Contents
Preface
About the Book
About the Author
Common Abbreviations and Acronyms
Chapter 1 An Overview of Cancer
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cancer Statistics
1.3 Differences Between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells
1.4 Types of Cancer
1.4.1 Carcinomas
1.4.2 Sarcomas
1.4.3 Leukemias
1.4.4 Lymphomas
1.5 The Role of Genes and Chromosomes
1.6 Genetic Mutations
1.6.1 Acquired Mutations
1.6.2 Germline Mutations
1.7 Genes Connected to Cancer
1.7.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes
1.7.2 Oncogenes
1.7.3 DNA Repair Genes
1.8 Tumors and Metastasis
1.9 Hereditary Cancer Risk
1.10 Cancer Screening and Diagnosis
1.10.1 Colon Cancer
1.10.2 Lung Cancer
1.10.3 Breast/Cervical/Ovarian/Endometrial Cancers
1.10.4 Prostate Cancer
1.10.5 Liver Cancer
1.10.6 Skin Cancer
1.11 Cancer Treatment Options
1.11.1 Surgery
1.11.2 Radiation Therapy
1.11.3 Chemotherapy
1.11.4 Targeted Therapy
1.11.5 Immunotherapy
1.11.6 Hormone Therapy
1.11.7 Stem Cell Transplant
1.11.8 Precision Medicine
References
Chapter 2 Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hormones
2.3 Immunosuppression and Infectious Agents
2.4 Chronic, Long‐term, DNA‐damaging Inflammation
2.5 Being Overweight/Obese
2.6 Eating to Win
2.6.1 Vegetables
2.6.2 Fruits
2.6.3 Grains
2.6.4 Proteins
2.6.5 Bread
2.6.6 Cereal
2.6.7 Dairy
2.6.8 Snacks
2.6.9 Beverages
2.6.10 Spices
2.7 Role of Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners on Cancer
2.8 Role of Certain Foods and Drinks on Cancer
2.8.1 Processed Meat and Fish
2.8.2 Alcohol
2.9 Role of Smoking or Tobacco Use on Cancer
2.10 Role of Radiation on Cancer
2.11 Role of Sunlight and UV Radiation on Cancer
2.12 Role of Radon on Cancer
2.13 Known Human Carcinogens
2.13.1 Arsenic, Coal Tar, Coal‐tar Pitch, Diesel, Asbestos, Formaldehyde, and Air Pollutants
2.13.2 Certain Types of Plastic
2.13.3 Acrylamide
2.14 Possible Human Carcinogens
2.15 Guidelines for Early Detection of Cancer
References
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Bladder Cancer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer
3.3 Types of Bladder Cancer
3.4 Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
3.5 Diagnosis
3.6 Methods of Treatment
3.6.1 Surgical Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT)
3.6.2 Radiation Therapy
3.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy
3.6.4 Chemotherapy
3.6.5 Targeted Therapy
3.6.6 Immunotherapy
3.7 Treatment Regimens
3.8 Risk Factors/Possible Prevention
References
Chapter 4 Cancers of the Blood
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Genes Associated with Blood Cancer
4.3 Types of Blood Cancers
4.4 Blood Cancer Symptoms
4.5 Diagnosis
4.6 Methods of Treatment
4.6.1 Stem Cell Transplantation
4.6.2 Targeted Radiation Therapy
4.6.3 Chemotherapy
4.6.4 Targeted Drug Therapy
4.7 List of Drugs for Different Types of Blood Cancers
4.7.1 Drugs for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
4.7.2 Drugs for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
4.7.3 Drugs for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
4.7.4 Drugs for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
4.7.5 Drugs for Hairy Cell Leukemia
4.7.6 Drug(s) for Mast Cell Leukemia
4.7.7 Drug(s) for Meningeal Leukemia
4.7.8 Drugs for Hodgkin Lymphoma
4.7.9 Drugs for Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma
4.7.10 Drugs for Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms
4.8 Leukemia Treatment regimens
4.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Acute Lymphocytic (Lymphoblastic) Leukemia (ALL)
4.8.2 Acute Myeloid (or Myelogenous) Leukemia (AML) Treatment Regimens
4.8.3 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment Regimens
4.8.4 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Treatment Regimens
4.8.5 Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Regimens
4.9 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment Regimens
4.10 Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment Regimens
4.11 Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma Treatment Regimens
4.12 Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment Regimens
4.13 Multiple Myeloma Treatment Regimen
4.14 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 5 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genes Associated with Brain Cancer
5.3 Types of Primary Brain Tumors for Adults
5.3.1 Astrocytoma
5.3.2 Oligodendroglioma
5.3.3 Meningioma
5.4 Types of Brain Cancer for Children
5.4.1 Medulloblastoma
5.4.2 Grade I or II Astrocytoma
5.4.3 Ependymoma
5.4.4 Brainstem Glioma
5.5 Brain Tumor Symptoms
5.6 Diagnosis
5.6.1 Neurological Exam
5.6.2 Imaging Tests
5.6.3 Biopsy
5.7 Methods of Treatment
5.7.1 Surgery
5.7.2 Radiation Therapy
5.7.3 Radiosurgery
5.7.4 Chemotherapy
5.7.5 Targeted Drug Therapy
5.8 Treatment Regimens
5.9 Post‐Treatment Rehabilitation
5.10 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 6 Breast Cancer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Genes Associated with Breast Cancer (Pathophysiology)
6.3 Describing Breast Cancer
6.4 Breast Cancer Symptoms
6.5 Diagnosis
6.5.1 Breast Examination
6.5.2 Imaging Tests
6.5.3 Biopsy
6.6 Methods of Treatment
6.6.1 Surgery
6.6.1.1 Lumpectomy
6.6.1.2 Mastectomy
6.6.1.3 Sentinel Node Biopsy
6.6.1.4 Axillary Lymph Node Dissection
6.6.1.5 Reconstruction
6.6.2 Radiation Therapy
6.6.3 Chemotherapy
6.6.4 Hormone‐Blocking Therapy
6.6.5 Targeted Therapy
6.6.6 Immunotherapy
6.6.7 Abbreviations for a Chemotherapy Combination Used to Treat Breast Cancer
6.6.8 Drugs to Prevent Breast Cancer
6.7 Drugs for Breast Cancer in Men
6.8 Treatment Regimens
6.8.1 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2‐Negative Breast Cancer
6.8.2 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2‐Positive Breast Cancer
6.8.3 Systemic Therapy for ER‐ and/or PR‐Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: HER2‐Negative and Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression
6.8.4 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2‐Negative Disease
6.8.5 Systemic Therapy for ER‐ and/or PR‐Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: Regimens for HER2‐Positive Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression
6.8.6 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2‐Positive Disease
6.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 7 Colorectal Cancer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genes Associated with Colorectal Cancer
7.3 Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
7.4 Stages
7.5 Diagnosis
7.6 Methods of Treatment
7.6.1 Surgery
7.6.2 Radiation Therapy
7.6.3 Chemotherapy
7.6.4 Targeted Therapy
7.6.5 Immunotherapy
7.7 Drugs to Anal Cancer
7.8 Drugs to Prevent Anal Cancer
7.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Colorectal Cancer: Adjuvant/Advanced/Metastatic Disease
7.8.2 Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Disease
7.8.3 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Regimens for Localized Stage
7.8.4 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Metastatic Stage
7.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 8 Cervical Cancer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Causes of Cervical Cancer
8.3 Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
8.4 Diagnosis
8.5 Methods of Treatment
8.5.1 Surgery
8.5.2 Radiation Therapy
8.5.3 Chemotherapy
8.5.4 Targeted Therapy
8.5.5 Immunotherapy
8.6 Vaccines to Prevent Cervical Cancer
8.7 Treatment Regimens: Systemic Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer
8.8 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 9 Kidney Cancer
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genes Associated with Kidney Cancer
9.3 Types of Kidney Cancer
9.4 Kidney Cancer Symptoms
9.5 Diagnosis
9.5.1 Urine Tests
9.5.2 Blood Tests
9.5.3 Biopsy
9.5.4 Intravenous Pyelogram
9.5.5 Ultrasound
9.5.6 Computed Tomography Scan
9.5.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
9.5.8 Renal Arteriogram
9.6 Kidney Cancer Stages
9.7 Methods of Treatment
9.7.1 Simple Nephrectomy
9.7.2 Partial Nephrectomy
9.7.3 Radical Nephrectomy
9.7.4 Radiofrequency Ablation
9.7.5 Arterial Embolization
9.7.6 Cryotherapy
9.7.7 Radiation Therapy
9.7.8 Chemotherapy
9.7.9 Targeted Drug Therapy
9.7.10 Immunotherapy
9.7.11 Complementary or Alternative Treatment
9.7.12 Drugs for Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer
9.7.13 Drugs for Wilms' Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Cancers
9.8 Treatment Regimens
9.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 10 Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gene Associated with Liver Cancer and Role of Hepatitis Infection
10.3 Liver Cancer Symptoms
10.4 Diagnosis
10.5 Methods of Treatment
10.5.1 Surgery
10.5.2 Liver Transplant
10.5.3 Ablation Therapies
10.5.4 Embolization
10.5.5 Radiation Therapy
10.5.6 Chemotherapy
10.5.7 Targeted Therapy
10.5.8 Immunotherapy
10.6 Treatment Regimens
10.7 Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 11 Lung Cancer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Genes Associated with Lung Cancer
11.3 Types of Lung Cancer
11.4 Symptoms of Lung Cancer
11.5 Diagnosis
11.5.1 Imaging Tests
11.5.2 Sputum Cytology
11.5.3 Tissue Biopsy
11.6 Methods of Treatment
11.6.1 Surgery
11.6.2 Radiation Therapy
11.6.3 Chemotherapy
11.6.4 Targeted Drug Therapy
11.6.5 Immunotherapy
11.6.6 Drugs by Types of Lung Cancer
11.6.6.1 Drugs for Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
11.6.6.2 Drugs for Small Cell Lung Cancer
11.7 Treatment Regimens
11.7.1 Treatment Regimens for Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
11.7.2 Treatment Regimens for Small Cell Lung Cancer
11.8 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 12 Melanoma (Skin Cancer)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Genes Associated with Melanoma
12.3 Types of Melanoma
12.3.1 Superficial Spreading Melanoma
12.3.2 Nodular Melanoma
12.3.3 Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
12.3.4 Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
12.4 Stages of Malignant Melanoma
12.5 Symptoms of Melanoma Cancer
12.6 Diagnosis
12.6.1 Asymmetric
12.6.2 Border
12.6.3 Color
12.6.4 Diameter
12.6.5 Evolving
12.7 Methods of Treatment
12.7.1 Surgery
12.7.2 Radiation
12.7.3 Chemotherapy
12.7.4 Targeted Therapy
12.7.5 Immunotherapy
12.7.6 Photodynamic Therapy
12.8 Drugs for Other Types of Skin Cancer
12.8.1 Drugs for Basal Cell Carcinoma
12.8.2 Drugs for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
12.8.3 Drugs for Merkel Cell Carcinoma
12.8.4 Drugs for Kaposi Sarcoma
12.9 Treatment Regimens
12.10 Melanoma Risk Factors
12.11 Possible Prevention
12.11.1 Sun Protection Tips
12.11.2 What about Vitamin D?
References
Chapter 13 Mesothelioma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Genes Associated with Mesothelioma
13.3 Types of Mesothelioma Cancers
13.4 Mesothelioma Cancer Symptoms
13.4.1 Symptoms for Pleural Mesothelioma
13.4.2 Symptoms for Peritoneal Mesothelioma
13.4.3 Symptoms for Pericardial Mesothelioma
13.4.4 Symptoms for Testicular Mesothelioma
13.5 Diagnosis
13.6 Methods of Treatment
13.6.1 Surgery
13.6.2 Radiation Therapy
13.6.3 Chemotherapy
13.6.4 Targeted Therapy
13.6.5 Immunotherapy
13.7 Treatment Regimens
13.8 Possible Prevention
13.9 Occupational Exposure Prevention
13.9.1 Employer Responsibilities
13.9.2 Employee Responsibilities
13.10 Household Exposure Prevention
References
Chapter 14 Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Genes Associated with Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer
14.3 Symptoms of Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer
14.4 Diagnosis
14.5 Methods of Treatment
14.5.1 Surgery
14.5.2 Radiation Therapy
14.5.3 Chemotherapy
14.5.4 Hormone Therapy
14.5.5 Targeted Therapy
14.6 Drugs for Vaginal Cancer
14.7 Drugs to Prevent Vaginal Cancer
14.8 Drugs to Treat Vulvar Cancer
14.9 Drugs to Prevent Vulvar Cancer
14.10 Treatment Regimens
14.10.1 Treatment Regimens for Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer
14.11 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 15 Pancreatic Cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genes Associated with Pancreatic Cancer
15.3 Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
15.4 Diagnosis
15.5 Methods of Treatment
15.5.1 Surgery
15.5.2 Radiation Therapy
15.5.3 Chemotherapy
15.5.4 Targeted Therapy
15.5.5 Immunotherapy
15.5.6 Drugs for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
15.6 Treatment Regimens for Pancreatic Cancer
15.7 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 16 Prostate Cancer
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Genes Associated with Prostate Cancer
16.3 Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
16.4 Diagnosis
16.5 Methods of Treatment
16.5.1 Surgery
16.5.2 Radiation Therapy
16.5.3 Cryotherapy
16.5.4 Chemotherapy
16.5.5 Targeted Therapy
16.5.6 Immunotherapy
16.5.7 Hormone Therapy
16.6 Treatment Regimens
16.7 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 17 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Genes Associated with Stomach Cancer
17.3 Symptoms of Stomach Cancer
17.4 Stages of Stomach Cancer
17.5 Diagnosis
17.6 Methods of Treatment
17.6.1 Surgery
17.6.2 Endoluminal Stent Placement
17.6.3 Endoluminal Laser Therapy
17.6.4 Gastrojejunostomy
17.7 Radiation Therapy
17.8 Chemotherapy
17.9 Targeted Medications
17.10 Immunotherapy
17.11 Treatment Regimens for Stomach Cancer
17.12 Risk Factors
17.12.1 Certain Medical Conditions
17.12.2 Smoking
17.12.3 Helicobacter Pylori Infection
17.12.4 Family History
17.12.5 Foods Containing Aflatoxins
17.12.6 Diet
17.12.7 Age
17.12.8 Gender
17.12.9 Previous or Existing Cancers
17.12.10 Some Surgical Procedures
17.13 Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 18 Thyroid Cancer
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Genes Associated with Thyroid Cancer
18.3 Types of Thyroid Cancer
18.3.1 Papillary Thyroid Cancer
18.3.2 Follicular Thyroid Cancer
18.3.3 Medullary Cancer
18.3.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
18.4 Thyroid Cancer Symptoms
18.5 Diagnosis
18.6 Staging of Thyroid Cancer
18.6.1 Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Cancer Patients under the Age of 45
18.6.2 Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Cancer Patient Aged 45 Years and Older
18.6.3 Medullary Thyroid Cancer
18.6.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
18.7 Methods of Treatment
18.7.1 Surgery
18.7.2 Radioactive Iodine Ablation
18.7.3 External Beam Radiation
18.7.4 Thyroid Hormone Therapy
18.7.5 Chemotherapy
18.7.6 Targeted Therapy
18.8 Treatment Regimens
18.9 Possible Preventions
References
Chapter 19 Endometrial Cancer
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Genes Associated with Endometrial Cancer
19.3 Symptoms
19.4 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis
19.4.1 Internal Pelvic Exam
19.4.2 Pap Test (also called Pap Smear)
19.4.3 Endometrial Biopsy
19.4.4 Dilation and Curettage (Also Called D&C)
19.4.5 Transvaginal Ultrasound
19.5 Stages
19.6 Methods of Treatment
19.6.1 Surgery
19.6.1.1 Hysterectomy
19.6.1.2 Salpingo‐oophorectomy
19.6.1.3 Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
19.6.1.4 Para‐aortic Lymphadenectomy
19.6.1.5 Laparoscopic Lymph Node Sampling
19.6.1.6 Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
19.6.2 Radiation Therapy
19.6.2.1 External Radiation Therapy
19.6.2.2 Internal Radiation Therapy
19.6.3 Chemotherapy
19.6.4 Targeted Therapy
19.6.5 Immunotherapy
19.6.6 Hormone Therapy
19.7 Treatment Regimens
19.8 Risk Factors of Endometrial Cancer
19.9 Prevention
References
Chapter 20 Penile Cancer
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Symptoms of Penile Cancer
20.3 Penile Cancer Diagnosis
20.3.1 Biopsy
20.3.2 Imaging Tests
20.4 Methods of Penile Cancer Treatment
20.4.1 Surgery
20.4.1.1 Circumcision
20.4.1.2 Other Surgical Procedures
20.4.2 Local Treatments (Other than Surgery) for Penile Cancer
20.4.2.1 Laser Ablation
20.4.2.2 Cryosurgery/Cryotherapy
20.4.2.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
20.4.3 Radiation Therapy
20.4.4 Chemotherapy
20.4.4.1 Topical Chemotherapy
20.4.4.2 Systemic Chemotherapy
20.5 Treatment Regimens for Penile Cancer
20.6 Risk Factors of Penile Cancer
20.7 Penile Cancer Prevention
References
Chapter 21 Testicular Cancer
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
21.3 Diagnosis
21.3.1 Ultrasound
21.3.2 A Physical Exam and Medical History
21.3.3 Blood Tests for Tumor Markers
21.3.3.1 Biopsy
21.3.4 CT Scan and X‐ray
21.4 Methods of Treatment
21.4.1 Surgical Treatment
21.4.2 Radiation Therapy
21.4.3 Chemotherapy
21.5 Treatment Regimens for Testicular Cancer
21.6 Risk Factors
21.6.1 An Undescended Testicle
21.6.2 Family History of Testicular Cancer
21.6.3 HIV Infection
21.6.4 Race
21.6.5 Infertility
21.6.6 Certain Activities
21.6.7 Reducing Exposure to Chemical Toxins
21.7 Prevention
21.8 Self‐Exam of Testicular Cancer
References
Index
EULA