Fundamentals of Canadian Nursing. Concepts, Process, and Practice

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Canadian Editors......Page 12
Dedication......Page 14
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Canadian Reviewers......Page 19
Chapter 1: Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice......Page 20
Historical Nursing Practice......Page 21
Contemporary Nursing Practice......Page 26
Roles and Functions of the Nurse......Page 31
Nursing as a Profession......Page 33
Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice......Page 35
Nursing Organizations......Page 36
Chapter 2: Nursing Education in Canada......Page 42
Nursing Education......Page 43
Types of Educational Programs......Page 44
Nursing Associations and Their Influence on Education......Page 46
Issues Facing Nursing Education......Page 48
Chapter 3: Nursing Research in Canada......Page 54
Nursing Research......Page 55
Chapter 4: Nursing Philosophies, Theories, Concepts, Frameworks, and Models......Page 70
Philosophy’s Three Primary Areas of Inquiry......Page 71
Philosophy in Nursing......Page 72
Concepts and Theories......Page 73
Overview of Selected Nursing Theories......Page 75
Chapter 5: Values, Ethics, and Advocacy......Page 85
Values......Page 86
Ethics......Page 91
Ethical Decision Making......Page 94
Selected Ethical Issues in Nursing......Page 95
Nursing and Advocacy......Page 98
Enhancing Ethical Practice......Page 99
Chapter 6: Accountability and Legal Aspects of Nursing......Page 104
Relationship between Nurses and the Law......Page 105
Contractual Arrangements in Nursing......Page 108
Areas of Potential Tort Liability in Nursing......Page 109
Selected Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice......Page 116
Legal Protections in Nursing Practice......Page 118
Reporting Crimes, Torts, and Unsafe Practices......Page 120
Legal Responsibilities of Nursing Students......Page 121
Chapter 7: Health, Wellness, and Illness......Page 125
Concepts of Health, Wellness, and Well-Being......Page 126
Models of Health and Wellness......Page 127
Health-Promotion Models......Page 130
Illness and Disease......Page 132
What Makes Canadians Healthy?......Page 133
Summary......Page 135
Chapter 8: Health Promotion......Page 139
Development of Health-Promotion Initiatives in Canada......Page 140
Strategies for Population Health (1994)......Page 142
Defining Health Promotion......Page 144
Pender’s Health-Promotion Model......Page 145
The Transtheoretical Model: Stages of Health Behaviour Change......Page 147
The Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion......Page 149
The Nursing Process and Health Promotion......Page 150
Promoting Canadians’ Health......Page 154
Chapter 9: The Canadian Health Care System......Page 159
History......Page 160
Rights and Health Care......Page 161
Categories of Health Care......Page 162
Types of Health Care Organizations and Care Settings......Page 165
Factors Impacting the Health Care System......Page 170
Contemporary Frameworks for Care......Page 174
Models for the Delivery of Nursing......Page 175
Chapter 10: Environmental and Global Health Nursing......Page 179
Environment and Health......Page 180
Global Health versus International Health: What Is the Difference?......Page 183
Theories of Development......Page 186
Sustainable Development Goals......Page 187
Major Issues in Global Health......Page 189
Nurses and Global Health......Page 193
Chapter 11: Safe Cultural Caring......Page 200
Canada’s Cultural Mosaic......Page 201
Considerations for Culturally Safe Nursing Practice......Page 206
Providing Culturally Safe Care......Page 213
Chapter 12: Individual Care......Page 222
Concept of Individuality......Page 223
Self-Concept......Page 224
Concept of Holism......Page 231
Applying Theoretical Frameworks to Individuals......Page 235
Chapter 13: Nursing Care of Families......Page 242
Family Nursing......Page 243
Development of Family Nursing......Page 245
Canadian Families: A Demographic Snapshot......Page 246
Understanding Families......Page 250
Nursing Care of Families......Page 253
Evaluating Nursing Care of Families......Page 259
Chapter 14: Community Health Nursing......Page 265
What Is Community Health Nursing?......Page 266
Community Health Nursing in the Context of Canadian Health Care......Page 267
Community Health Nursing Practice......Page 268
The Community Health Nurse as a Collaborator......Page 271
Community Health Nursing Competencies......Page 273
Focus on Trends in Community Health Nursing......Page 275
Chapter 15: Rural and Remote Health Care......Page 281
Elements of a Rural Health Framework......Page 282
Health of Rural Residents......Page 284
Special Concerns in Rural and Remote Aboriginal Communities......Page 288
Health Care Delivery......Page 289
Chapter 16: Complementary and Alternative Health Modalities......Page 298
Basic Concepts......Page 299
Complementary and Alternative Health Modalities......Page 300
Nursing Role in Complementary and Alternative Health Modalities......Page 309
Chapter 17: Concepts of Growth and Development......Page 313
Factors Influencing Growth and Development......Page 314
Growth and Development Theories......Page 315
Applying Growth and Development Concepts to Nursing Practice......Page 324
Chapter 18: Development from Conception through Adolescence......Page 327
Conception and Prenatal Development......Page 328
Neonates and Infants (Birth to 1 Year)......Page 329
Toddlers (1 to 3 Years)......Page 334
Preschoolers (4 to 5 Years)......Page 337
School-Age Children (6 to 12 Years)......Page 340
Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)......Page 342
Chapter 19: Young and Middle Adulthood......Page 350
Young Adults (20–40 Years)......Page 351
Middle-Aged Adults (40 to 65 Years)......Page 356
Chapter 20: Older Adults......Page 363
Characteristics of Older Adults in Canada......Page 364
Gerontological Nursing in Canada......Page 365
Theories of Aging......Page 366
Psychosocial Aging......Page 371
Cognitive Abilities and Aging......Page 373
Promoting Healthy Aging......Page 374
Planning for Health Promotion......Page 377
Chapter 21: Clinical Reasoning and Critical Thinking......Page 383
Critical Thinking: Definitions and Purposes......Page 384
Techniques in Critical Thinking......Page 386
Attitudes That Foster Critical Thinking......Page 388
Applying Critical Thinking to Nursing Practice......Page 390
Developing Critical Thinking Attitudes and Skills......Page 393
Chapter 22: Caring and Communicating......Page 400
Nursing Theories on Caring......Page 401
Types of Knowledge in Nursing......Page 403
Communicating......Page 404
The Helping Relationship......Page 415
Group Communication......Page 417
Communication and the Nursing Process......Page 419
Communication among Health Care Professionals......Page 424
Nurse and Physician Communication......Page 425
Chapter 23: The Nursing Process......Page 430
Assessing......Page 431
Diagnosing/Analyzing......Page 447
Planning......Page 455
Implementing......Page 467
Evaluating......Page 469
Nursing Process Summarized......Page 475
Chapter 24: Documenting and Reporting......Page 479
Ethical and Legal Considerations......Page 480
Documentation Systems......Page 481
Documenting Nursing Activities......Page 489
General Guidelines for Documentation......Page 491
Reporting......Page 495
Conferring......Page 497
Chapter 25: Nursing Informatics and Technology......Page 501
Definition of Nursing Informatics......Page 502
Informatics Fundamentals: Data, Information, and Knowledge......Page 503
Computer Technology and Informatics in Nursing......Page 504
How Nurses Are Currently Using Technology......Page 508
Roles in Nursing Informatics......Page 510
How Technology Influences Humans and How Humans Influence Technology......Page 511
Workflow or Nursing Practice Process......Page 512
Consumers’ Health Informatics and Online Information Access......Page 513
Professional Issues......Page 514
Conclusion......Page 515
Chapter 26: Teaching and Learning......Page 519
Teaching......Page 520
Learning......Page 521
Nurse as Educator......Page 525
Chapter 27: Leading, Managing, and Delegating......Page 541
Nurse as Leader......Page 542
Nurse as Manager......Page 545
Nurse as Delegator......Page 548
Change......Page 550
Chapter 28: Health Assessment......Page 556
Physical Health Assessment......Page 557
General Survey......Page 564
The Integument......Page 566
Eyes and Vision......Page 574
Ears and Hearing......Page 577
Mouth and Oropharynx......Page 586
The Neck......Page 591
Thorax and Lungs......Page 593
Cardiovascular and Peripheral Vascular Systems......Page 605
Breasts and Axillae......Page 613
Abdomen......Page 617
Musculoskeletal System......Page 618
Neurological System......Page 624
Female Genitals and Inguinal Lymph Nodes......Page 629
Male Genitals and Inguinal Area......Page 640
The Anus......Page 644
Chapter 29: Vital Signs......Page 648
Body Temperature......Page 649
Pulse......Page 656
Respirations......Page 667
Blood Pressure......Page 670
Oxygen Saturation......Page 681
Chapter 30: Pain Assessment and Management......Page 687
The Nature of Pain......Page 689
Physiology of Pain: Nociception......Page 692
Factors Affecting the Pain Experience......Page 695
Pain Assessment......Page 698
Planning......Page 705
Implementing......Page 708
Pharmacological Pain Management......Page 710
Nonpharmacological Pain Management......Page 719
Evaluating......Page 722
Chapter 31: Hygiene......Page 729
Feet......Page 744
Nails......Page 748
Mouth......Page 749
Hair Care......Page 757
Eyes......Page 763
Ears......Page 766
Supporting a Hygienic Environment......Page 767
Chapter 32: Safety......Page 780
Factors Affecting Safety......Page 781
Assessing......Page 783
Diagnosing......Page 785
Implementing......Page 786
Evaluating......Page 804
Chapter 33: Medications......Page 811
Key Concepts in Pharmacology......Page 812
Effects of Drugs......Page 814
Actions of Drugs in the Body......Page 816
Factors Affecting Medication Action......Page 818
Routes of Administration......Page 819
Medication Order......Page 821
Systems of Measurement......Page 825
Methods of Calculating Dosages......Page 826
System Factors Related to Medication Safety......Page 830
Enteral Medications......Page 838
Parenteral Medications......Page 843
Topical Medications......Page 877
Inhaled Medications......Page 886
Chapter 34: Infection Prevention and Control......Page 894
Types of Microorganisms Causing Infections......Page 896
Body Defences against Infection......Page 897
Infection: An Imbalance between Microorganisms and Defences......Page 901
The Chain of Infection......Page 902
Breaking the Chain: Prevention and Control of Health Care–Associated Infections......Page 906
Routine Practices and Additional Precautions......Page 929
Practical Considerations for Implementation of Precautions......Page 937
Nursing Responsibility for Infection Prevention and Control......Page 938
Occupational Health Issues Related to Infection......Page 941
Roles of the Infection Control Practitioner......Page 943
Infection Prevention and Control Is a Shared Responsibility......Page 944
Chapter 35: Skin Integrity and Wound Care......Page 949
Skin Function and Integrity......Page 950
Wounds or Altered Skin Integrity......Page 951
Wound Healing......Page 952
Heat and Cold Applications......Page 980
Pressure Injury......Page 985
Skin Tears......Page 991
Moisture-Associated Skin Damage......Page 995
Lower Extremity Ulcers......Page 996
Chapter 36: Caring for Perioperative Clients......Page 1002
Types of Surgery......Page 1003
Preoperative Phase......Page 1005
Intraoperative Phase......Page 1017
Postoperative Phase......Page 1019
Chapter 37: Sensory Perception......Page 1040
Sensory Alterations......Page 1041
Factors Affecting Sensory Function......Page 1043
Assessing......Page 1044
Implementing......Page 1046
Evaluating......Page 1051
Chapter 38: Sleep......Page 1057
Physiology of Sleep......Page 1058
Normal Sleep Patterns and Requirements......Page 1060
Factors Affecting Sleep......Page 1062
Common Sleep Disorders......Page 1063
Assessing......Page 1066
Diagnosing......Page 1067
Planning......Page 1068
Implementing......Page 1069
Evaluating......Page 1072
Chapter 39: Activity and Exercise......Page 1076
Normal Movement......Page 1078
Factors Affecting Body Alignment and Activity......Page 1086
Exercise......Page 1088
Effects of Immobility......Page 1092
Assessing......Page 1098
Planning......Page 1101
Using Body Mechanics......Page 1103
Evaluating......Page 1137
Chapter 40: Nutrition......Page 1142
Essential Nutrients: Macronutrients......Page 1143
Essential Nutrients: Micronutrients......Page 1146
Energy Balance......Page 1147
Factors Affecting Nutrition......Page 1149
Nutritional Variations Throughout the Lifespan......Page 1152
Standards for a Healthy Diet......Page 1159
Vegetarian Diets......Page 1162
Altered Nutrition......Page 1163
Assessing......Page 1164
Diagnosing......Page 1174
Implementing......Page 1177
Evaluating......Page 1195
Chapter 41: Fecal Elimination......Page 1202
Physiology of Defecation......Page 1203
Factors that Affect Defecation......Page 1205
Fecal Elimination Problems......Page 1208
Bowel Diversion Ostomies......Page 1211
Assessing......Page 1213
Planning......Page 1216
Implementing......Page 1219
Evaluating......Page 1233
Chapter 42: Urinary Elimination......Page 1238
Physiology of Urinary Elimination......Page 1239
Factors Affecting Voiding......Page 1241
Altered Urine Production......Page 1243
Altered Urinary Elimination......Page 1244
Assessing......Page 1246
Planning......Page 1255
Implementing......Page 1260
Evaluating......Page 1279
Chapter 43: Oxygenation and Circulation......Page 1284
Physiology of the Respiratory System......Page 1285
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System......Page 1289
Factors Affecting Respiratory and Cardiovascular Functions......Page 1293
Alterations in Function......Page 1297
Assessing......Page 1300
Diagnosing......Page 1306
Implementing......Page 1309
Evaluating......Page 1339
Chapter 44: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance......Page 1344
Body Fluids and Electrolytes......Page 1345
Acid–Base Balance......Page 1353
Factors Affecting Body Fluid, Electrolytes, and the Acid–Base Balance......Page 1354
Disturbances in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance......Page 1356
Assessing......Page 1365
Planning......Page 1371
Implementing......Page 1373
Evaluating......Page 1402
Chapter 45: Sexuality......Page 1410
Development of Sexuality......Page 1411
Sexual Health......Page 1416
Factors Influencing Sexuality......Page 1420
Sexual Response Cycle......Page 1421
Altered Sexual Function......Page 1423
Assessing......Page 1425
Implementing......Page 1427
Evaluating......Page 1431
Chapter 46: Spirituality......Page 1436
Spirituality and Related Concepts......Page 1437
Spiritual, Religious, and Faith Development......Page 1438
Spiritual and Religious Care in Contemporary Context......Page 1439
Spiritual and Religious Practices Affecting Nursing Care......Page 1441
Spiritual Health and the Nursing Process......Page 1444
Assessing......Page 1445
Planning......Page 1446
Implementing......Page 1447
Evaluating......Page 1448
Chapter 47: Stress and Coping......Page 1454
Concept of Stress......Page 1455
Models of Stress......Page 1457
Indicators of Stress......Page 1460
Coping......Page 1462
Assessing......Page 1463
Planning......Page 1464
Implementing......Page 1466
Evaluating......Page 1470
Chapter 48: Loss, Grieving, and Death......Page 1475
Loss and Grief......Page 1476
Assessing......Page 1479
Implementing......Page 1480
Dying and Death......Page 1481
Glossary......Page 1503
Answers and Explanations for NCLEX-Style Practice Quizzes......Page 1543
Appendix A: Laboratory Values......Page 1606
Appendix B: Vital Signs......Page 1613
Index......Page 1614
Back Cover......Page 1666