Fundamentals and Applications of Nanomaterials (Artech House)

Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Part I Fundamentals of Nanomaterials Science......Page 20
1.1 Brief History of Quantum Mechanics......Page 22
1.2 Photoelectric Effect and Duality Nature of Light......Page 24
1.2.1 Photoelectric Effect......Page 25
1.2.2 Einstein’s Explanation......Page 26
1.2.3 Duality of Light......Page 28
1.3 Duality of Electrons......Page 29
1.3.1 De Broglie’s Hypothesis and Electrons as Waves......Page 30
1.3.2 Time Independent Schrodinger Equation......Page 31
1.3.3 Free Electrons......Page 35
1.4.1 1D Infinite Potential Well......Page 36
1.4.2 3D Infinite Potential Well......Page 38
1.5.1 The Hydrogen Atom......Page 40
1.5.2 The Helium Atom......Page 41
1.5.3 The Periodic Table......Page 42
2.1 Classic Atomic Bonding......Page 44
2.2 Atomic Bonding in Molecules: LCAO Theory......Page 45
2.2.1 Two-Atom Molecule......Page 48
2.2.3 Four-Atom Molecule......Page 50
2.2.4 Six-Atom Molecule (Benzene Ring)......Page 51
2.2.5 Many-Atom Molecule......Page 53
2.3 Atomic Bonding in Crystalline Solids: Band Theory......Page 54
2.3.1 Energy Band in Solids......Page 55
2.3.2 Partially Filled Energy Band for Metals......Page 56
2.3.3 Energy Band for Insulators and Semiconductors......Page 57
2.4 Bonding and Band Structures in Nanocrystal Materials......Page 59
2.4.1 Top-Down Method for Quantum Wells and Dots......Page 60
2.4.2 Bottom-Up Method for Carbon-Based Nanocrystals......Page 63
References......Page 66
3.1.1 Crystal Structures......Page 68
3.1.2 Crystallography......Page 69
3.1.3 Close-Packed Directions, Planes, and Structures......Page 70
3.2.1 Surface Structure for Close-Packed Structures......Page 74
3.2.2 Surface Structure for BCC Structures......Page 75
3.3 Surface Energy......Page 76
3.3.2 Wulff Constructions and Equilibrium Shape for Nanoparticles......Page 78
3.4 Surface Reconfigurations......Page 80
3.4.1 Surface Relaxation and Reconstructions......Page 81
3.4.2 Adsorption......Page 86
3.5 Surface Area and Surface Thermodynamics......Page 87
3.5.1 Surface Area in Nanomaterials......Page 88
3.5.2 Nanoparticle Nucleation......Page 89
3.5.3 Wetting......Page 90
References......Page 92
4.1 X-Ray Diffraction for Nanomaterials Characterization......Page 94
4.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction and the Laue Method......Page 95
4.1.2 Bragg’s Law......Page 96
4.1.3 X-Ray Diffraction in Nanomaterials......Page 97
4.2 Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization......Page 99
4.2.1 Interaction Between Electron Beams and Solids......Page 100
4.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)......Page 102
4.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)......Page 105
4.2.4 Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM)......Page 106
4.3 Surface Analysis Methods......Page 108
4.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscope (XPS)......Page 109
References......Page 110
Part II Nanomaterials Fabrication......Page 112
5.1.1 Homogeneous Film Growth Mechanisms......Page 114
5.1.2 Heterogeneous Film Growth Mechanisms......Page 116
5.2 Thin-Film Deposition Methods......Page 118
5.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)......Page 119
5.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)......Page 121
Reference......Page 125
6.1 Introduction......Page 126
6.1.1 Parallel Replication......Page 127
6.2.1 NIL Process......Page 129
6.2.3 Air Cushion Press......Page 130
6.2.4 Sequential Embossing/Imprinting Lithography (SEIL)......Page 132
6.3 AFM Lithography......Page 133
6.3.1 Scratching and Nanoindentation......Page 134
6.3.2 Nanografting......Page 136
6.4 Polymer Pen Lithography (PPL)......Page 138
6.5 Templated Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers......Page 141
References......Page 145
7.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 148
7.1.1 Coprecipitation......Page 149
7.1.2 Sol-Gel Process......Page 151
7.1.3 Microemulsions......Page 154
7.1.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods......Page 155
7.1.6 NPs of Organic Semiconductors......Page 157
7.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding-Based Assembly......Page 159
7.2.2 Electrostatic Assembly......Page 160
7.2.3 Shape-Selective Assembly......Page 161
7.2.5 Template-Assisted Assembly......Page 163
7.2.6 Collective Properties of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles......Page 165
References......Page 166
Part III Nanomaterials Properties and Applications......Page 170
8.1 Single-Electron Transistors (SETs)......Page 172
8.1.1 Single-Electron Capacitor......Page 173
8.1.2 Operating Principles for SETs......Page 177
8.1.3 Quantum Effect on SETs......Page 181
8.1.4 Fabrication of SETs......Page 184
8.2.1 Introduction to CNTs......Page 189
8.2.2 Fabrication of CNTs......Page 192
8.2.3 CNT-Based Devices......Page 194
8.3.1 Operating Principles of Spintronics......Page 197
8.3.2 Spintronics Devices......Page 199
References......Page 203
9.1 Introduction......Page 206
9.2.1 DNA Nanotechnology......Page 207
9.2.2 Structural Biomimicry......Page 210
9.3 Nanostructures in Biodiagnostics......Page 217
9.3.1 Nanoparticle-Based Detection Methods......Page 219
9.3.2 Nanowire- and Nanotube-Based Detection Methods......Page 220
9.4.1 Microarray Platform as a Research Tool......Page 221
9.5 Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery......Page 224
References......Page 225
10.1 Nanograin-Sized Structural Materials......Page 228
10.1.2 General Approaches for Grain Refinement......Page 229
10.2 Nanoindentation......Page 232
10.2.2 In Situ Nanoindentation......Page 233
10.3.1 Wrinkling of Thin Films......Page 238
10.3.2 Buckling of Spheroidal Core/Shell Structures......Page 243
10.3.3 Buckling of Nanobeams......Page 244
10.3.4 Collective Buckling Model for Periodic Array of Nanostructures......Page 248
References......Page 254
About the Authors......Page 258
Index......Page 260