Fundamental principles of radar

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

Author(s): Habibur Rahman
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2019

Language: English
Pages: 321
City: Boca Raton, FL

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Author......Page 18
1.1. Historical Notes......Page 20
1.3. Radar Principles......Page 22
1.4. Basic Radar Block Diagram and Operation......Page 23
1.5. Basic Elements of Radar System......Page 24
1.6.2. Monostatic, Bistatic, and MIMO Radars......Page 26
1.6.6. Classification by Waveforms and Pulse Rates......Page 27
1.6.7. Classification by Specific Applications......Page 28
Notes and References......Page 29
2.3. Range......Page 30
2.3.1. Range Ambiguity......Page 31
2.3.2. Range Resolution......Page 32
2.4. Velocity Measurement......Page 33
2.6. Signature Reflectivity and Imaging......Page 37
Problems......Page 38
3.1. The Radar Equations: An Introduction......Page 40
3.2.1. SNR in Low PRF Radars......Page 44
3.2.2. SNR in High PRF Radars......Page 46
3.3. The Search Radar Equation......Page 47
3.5. The Bistatic Radar Equation......Page 49
3.6. The Radar Equation with Pulse Compression......Page 51
3.7. Radar Equation with Jamming......Page 52
3.7.1. Self-Screening Jamming (SSJ)......Page 53
3.7.2. Stand-Off Jamming (SOJ)......Page 55
3.8. The Beacon Radar Equation......Page 56
Problems......Page 59
4.2. Radar Cross Section (RCS)......Page 62
4.2.1. RCS of Sphere......Page 63
4.2.3. RCS of Planar Surfaces......Page 66
4.2.4. RCS of Corner Reflectors......Page 67
4.2.5. RCS of a Dipole......Page 68
4.2.6. RCS of Complex Objects......Page 69
4.3. RCS Fluctuations and Statistical Models......Page 70
4.4. Radar Clutter......Page 72
4.4.1. Surface Clutter......Page 73
4.4.2. Volume Clutter......Page 76
4.4.3. Point (Discrete) Clutters......Page 80
4.5. Clutter Statistical Distributions......Page 81
4.7. Radar Receiver Noise......Page 83
4.7.1. Noise Factor and Effective Temperature of a System......Page 85
4.7.2. Noise Temperature of Absorptive Network......Page 87
4.7.3. Overall Effective Temperature of a Composite System......Page 88
4.8.1. Design Losses......Page 89
4.8.2. Operational Losses......Page 90
4.8.3. Propagation Losses......Page 91
References......Page 92
5.2.1. Reflection from a Plane Flat Earth......Page 94
5.2.2. Reflection from a Smooth Spherical Earth......Page 99
5.3. Refraction of EM Waves......Page 103
5.3.1. Four-Thirds Earth Model......Page 104
5.3.2. Anomalous Propagation......Page 105
5.4. Diffraction of EM Wave......Page 107
5.5. Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases......Page 108
5.6. Ionospheric Attenuation......Page 111
Problems......Page 112
References......Page 113
6.1. Introduction......Page 116
6.2.2. Doppler Shift and Range Rate......Page 117
6.2.3. Superheterodyne Receiver......Page 119
6.2.4. Sign of the Radial Velocity......Page 120
6.3.1. Linear Frequency-Modulated CW Radars......Page 121
6.3.2. Sinusoidal Frequency-Modulated CW Radars......Page 124
6.4. Multiple-Frequency CW Radar......Page 126
6.5. Phase-Modulated CW Radar......Page 127
Problems......Page 129
References......Page 130
7.2. Description of Operation......Page 132
7.3. Single Delay-Line Canceler......Page 136
7.4. Double Delay-Line Canceler......Page 138
7.5. MTI Recursive Filter......Page 139
7.6. MTI Nonrecursive Filter......Page 140
7.7. Staggered Pulse Repetition Frequencies......Page 141
7.8. Pulse Doppler Radar......Page 143
7.9.1. Resolution of Range Ambiguity......Page 144
7.9.2. Resolution of Doppler Ambiguity......Page 146
References......Page 148
8.2. The Matched Filter......Page 150
8.3. The Radar Ambiguity Function......Page 154
8.5.1. LFM in Pulse Compression......Page 157
8.5.2. Frequency Stepping in Pulse Compression......Page 162
8.5.3. Active Processing in LFM Pulse Compression......Page 163
8.6. Phase-Coded Modulation in Pulse Compression......Page 168
8.6.1. Barker Coding for Pulse Compression......Page 169
8.6.2. Frank Coding for Pulse Compression......Page 170
References......Page 172
9.2. SAR History......Page 174
9.3.1. Resolution along the LOS Axis......Page 176
9.3.2. Resolution along the XLOS Axis......Page 178
9.4. SAR Signal Processing......Page 181
9.5. Radar Equation of the SAR System......Page 182
9.6. SAR System Design Consideration......Page 184
Problems......Page 185
References......Page 186
10.2. Range Tracking......Page 188
10.3.1. Sequential Lobing......Page 192
10.3.2. Conical-Scan Tracking......Page 193
10.3.3. Monopulse Tracking Radar......Page 198
10.4. Track-While-Scan (TWS) Radar......Page 206
10.4.1. Target Prediction and Smoothing......Page 207
10.4.2. The α-β Tracker......Page 208
10.4.3. The α-β-γ Tracker (Kalman Filtering)......Page 210
References......Page 214
11.1. Introduction......Page 216
11.2.2. Beamwidths......Page 217
11.2.3. Directive Gain, Directivity and Effective Aperture Area......Page 219
11.2.4. Power Gain and Antenna Efficiency......Page 220
11.3. Aperture Antennas......Page 221
11.3.1. Uniform Circular Aperture......Page 222
11.3.2. Tapered Circular Aperture......Page 224
11.3.3. Parabolic Reflector......Page 225
11.4.1. The Array Factor of Linear Array......Page 230
11.4.2. N-Element Linear Array......Page 231
11.4.3. Planar Array......Page 240
11.4.4. Circular Array......Page 242
11.4.5. Conformal Array......Page 244
Problems......Page 245
References......Page 246
12.2. Derivation of Radar Heights......Page 248
12.3. Height-Finding Radars......Page 253
12.3.1. Nodding Height Finder......Page 254
12.3.2. V-Beam Radars......Page 255
12.3.3. Stacked-Beam Radar......Page 256
12.3.5. Phased Array Height-Finding Radars......Page 257
12.3.7. Interferometry Height-Finding Radar......Page 258
12.4.2. Pulse-Limited Altimeter......Page 259
12.4.3. SAR Altimeter......Page 261
References......Page 263
13.2. Historical Backgrounds......Page 264
13.3. Electronic Warfare Definitions......Page 265
13.4. Effects of EW Elements......Page 266
13.5. Electronic Support Measures (ESM)......Page 267
13.6.1. Active ECM......Page 270
13.6.2. Passive ECM......Page 272
13.7.1. Radar Parameter Management......Page 274
13.7.4. Operational Doctrines......Page 279
References......Page 280
14.2. Historical Notes......Page 282
14.3.2. Surface-Wave OTHR System......Page 284
14.4. Ionospheric Effects on the OTHR System......Page 285
14.5.1. The Thin Layer Model......Page 288
14.5.3. The Multiple Layers Model......Page 289
14.6.1. OTHR Range Equation......Page 290
14.6.2. OTHR Waveforms......Page 293
14.7. Current OTHR Systems in Use......Page 294
References......Page 298
15.1. Introduction......Page 300
15.2. Principles of SSR......Page 301
15.4. Solutions to SSR Deficiencies......Page 303
15.4.2. Monopulse Techniques......Page 304
15.4.3. Sidelobe Suppressions in SSR......Page 305
15.5.1. The Up-Link Range......Page 306
15.5.2. The Down-Link Range......Page 307
References......Page 308
A.1. Fourier Series......Page 310
A.2. Fourier Transforms......Page 311
B.1. Probability Theory......Page 312
B.2. Random Variables, Distributions, and Densities......Page 313
Moments......Page 314
B.4. Random Processes......Page 315
Table of Common z-Transforms......Page 317
Appendix D: Fourier Transforms Table......Page 319
Appendix E: Probability Density Functions......Page 320
F.2. Integrals......Page 322
F.3. Infinite Series Expansions......Page 324
References......Page 325
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 326
Bibliography......Page 330
Index......Page 336