Fundamental Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise is an engaging and comprehensive introductory textbook that explains biomechanical concepts from first principles, showing clearly how the science relates to real sport and exercise situations.
The book is divided into two parts. The first provides a clear and detailed introduction to the structure and function of the human musculoskeletal system and its structural adaptations, essential for a thorough understanding of human movement. The second part focuses on the biomechanics of movement, describing the forces that act on the human body and the effects of those forces on the movement of the body.
Every chapter includes numerous applied examples from sport and exercise, helping the student to understand how mechanical concepts describe both simple and complex movements, from running and jumping to pole-vaulting or kicking a football. In addition, innovative worksheets for field and laboratory work are included that contain clear objectives, a description of method, data recording sheets, plus a set of exemplary data and worked analysis. Alongside these useful features are definitions of key terms plus review questions to aid student learning, with detailed solutions provided for all numerical questions.
No other textbook offers such a clear, easy-to-understand introduction to the fundamentals of biomechanics. This is an essential textbook for any biomechanics course taken as part of degree programme in sport and exercise science, kinesiology, physical therapy, sports coaching or athletic training.
Author(s): Watkins, James;
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Year: 2014
Language: English
Commentary: introductory textbook that explains biomechanical concepts from first principles,
Pages: 664
Tags: introductory textbook that explains biomechanical concepts from first principles,
Contents
List of practical worksheets
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the author
PART I
Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
1The musculoskeletal system
Objectives
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Cellular organisation in multicellular organisms
Tissues
Organs and systems
The musculoskeletal system
Musculotendinous units
Force, mechanics and biomechanics
Load, strain and stress
Musculoskeletal system function
The human machine
Loading on the musculoskeletal system
Review questions
2The skeleton
Objectives
Composition and function of the skeleton
Terminology
Common bone features
Anatomical frame of reference and spatial terminology
The axial skeleton
The skull
The vertebral column
The rib cage
The appendicular skeleton
The upper limb
The lower limb
Review questions
3Connective tissues
Objectives
Functions of connective tissues
Mechanical support
Intercellular exchange
Classification of connective tissues
Ordinary connective tissues
Elastin and collagen fibres
Ground substance
Ordinary connective tissue cells
Irregular ordinary connective tissues
Regular ordinary connective tissue
Fibrous tissue, elastic tissue and fascia
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Bone
Bone growth and development
Structure of mature bone
Review questions
4The articular system
Objectives
Structural classification of joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Joint movements
Degrees of freedom
Angular movements
Synovial joint classification
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Flexibility, stability and laxity in synovial joints
Flexibility
Stability and laxity
Functions of joint capsule and ligaments
Flexibility training
Review questions
5The neuromuscular system
Objectives
The nervous system
Neurons
Nerve impulse transmission
Nerve tissue organisation in the brain
Nerve tissue organisation in the spinal cord and spinal nerves
Voluntary and reflex movements
Nerve fibre injuries
Skeletal muscle
Origins and insertions
Pennate and non-pennate muscles
Fusiform musculotendinous units
Muscle fibres
Muscular contraction
Isometric length-tension relationship in a sarcomere
Isometric length-tension relationship in a musculotendinous unit
Motor units
Slow and fast twitch muscle fibres
Muscle architecture and muscle function
Roles of muscles
Muscle fibre arrangement and force and excursion
Biarticular muscles
Kinaesthetic sense and proprioception
Proprioceptors
Force-velocity relationship in musculotendinous units
Action and contraction in musculotendinous units
Stretch-shorten cycle
Review questions
6Mechanical characteristics of musculoskeletal components
Objectives
Stress-strain relationships in solids
Units of force
Stiffness and compliance
Toughness, fragility and brittleness
Energy
Work, strain energy and kinetic energy
Gravitational potential energy
Hysteresis, resilience and damping
Resilience of the lower limbs in running
Viscosity and viscoelasticity
Mechanical model of viscoelasticity
Properties of viscoelastic materials
Shock absorption in joints
Review questions
7Structural adaptation
Objectives
Adaptation
Biopositive and bionegative effects of loading
Response and adaptation of musculoskeletal components to loading
Optimum strain environment
Structural adaptation in bone
Stereotypical loading and optimum bone mass
Bone modelling throughout life
Flexure-drift phenomenon
Chondral modelling phenomenon
Structural adaptation in regular fibrous tissues
Structural adaptation at ligament and tendon insertions
Structural adaptation in muscle
Strength changes
Muscle extensibility changes
Review questions
PART II
Biomechanics of movement
8Introduction to biomechanics of movement
Objectives
Force
Mechanics
Subdisciplines of mechanics
Biomechanics
Forms of motion
Units of measurement
Unit symbols in the SI system
Conversion of units
Review questions
9Linear motion
Objectives
Space and the Newtonian frame of reference
Anatomical frame of reference
Distance and speed
Average speed in a marathon race
Effect of running wide in middle-distance track events
Linear kinematic analysis of a 100 m sprint
Video recordings for movement analysis
Distance-time and speed-time data from video analysis
Acceleration
Vector and scalar quantities
Displacement vectors
Velocity vectors
Centre of gravity
Stability
Friction
Force vectors and resultant force
Trigonometry of a right-angled triangle
Pythagoras’ theorem
Resolution of a vector into component vectors
Cycle length, cycle rate and speed of movement in human locomotion
Stride parameters and stride cycle in walking and running
Effect of speed of walking and running on stride length and stride rate
Optimal stride length
Trajectory of the centre of gravity in walking
Ground reaction force in walking
Components of the ground reaction force
Centre of pressure
Path of centre of pressure in walking
Ground reaction force in running
Active and passive loading
Effect of shoes on rate of loading
Effect of leg and foot alignment on rate of loading
Linear momentum
Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation
Newton’s first law of motion
Newton’s law of gravitation: gravity and weight
Newton’s second law of motion: the impulse of a force
Units of force
Free body diagram
Resultant force and equilibrium
Newton’s third law of motion
Conservation of linear momentum
Uniformly accelerated motion
Air resistance
Projectiles
Trajectory of a projectile in the absence of air resistance
Trajectory of a shot
Effect of air resistance on the range of a shot put
Trajectory of a long jumper
Effect of air resistance on flight distance in the long jump
Review questions
Linear kinematics
Linear impulse and linear momentum
Vectors
Ground reaction force
Uniformly accelerated motion
10Angular motion
Objectives
Moment of a force
Clockwise and anticlockwise moments
The location of the joint centre of gravity of two masses
Two conditions for a state of equilibrium
Location of the centre of gravity of the human body
Direct approach
Indirect approach
Determination of the whole body centre of gravity by the application of the principle of moments
Levers
Lever systems
Lever systems in the human musculoskeletal system
The use of body segments as levers in strength and endurance training
Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity
Relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration
Centripetal and centrifugal force
Centripetal force in throwing the hammer
Centripetal force in cycling around a curved track
Centripetal force in running around a curved track
Concentric force, eccentric force and couple
Rotation and Newton’s first law of motion
Moment of inertia
Measurement of moment of inertia
Determination of the moment of inertia of a gymnast about the axis of a horizontal bar
Angular momentum
Rotation and Newton’s second law of motion
Transfer of angular momentum
Demonstration of transfer of angular momentum using a rotating turntable
Transfer of angular momentum in a forward pike dive
Transfer of angular momentum in the long jump
Transfer of angular momentum in a standing back somersault
Rotation and Newton’s third law of motion
Somersaulting and twisting
Contact twist
Counter-rotation twist
Tilt twist
Review questions
Moment of a force and levers
Segmental analysis
Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
Angular impulse and angular momentum
11Work, energy and power
Objectives
Work of a force
Power
Average power
Instantaneous power
Conservation of energy
Thermodynamics
Heat energy
Work done in pushing a load up a slope
Work of the moment of a force
Conservation of mechanical energy
Conservation of mechanical energy in a gymnast rotating about a horizontal bar
Conservation of mechanical energy in pole vaulting
Internal and external work
Measurement of internal work
Internal work and average power output in walking
Mechanical efficiency of the human body in walking
Review questions
12Fluid mechanics
Objectives
Atmospheric pressure
Archimedes’ principle
Floating in air
Hydrostatic pressure
Floating in water
Drag
Viscous drag
Pressure drag
Wave drag
Bernoulli’s principle
Hydrodynamic lift
Lift due to asymmetric shape
Lift due to asymmetric orientation
Lift due to asymmetric surface texture
Lift due to spin
Effect of drag and lift force on ball flight
Review questions
Appendix Origins, insertions and actions of the major muscles of the human body
Practical worksheet 1 Linear kinematic analysis of a 15m sprint
Practical worksheet 2 The effect of increase in speed on stride length, stride rate and relative stride length in running
Practical worksheet 3 Force-time analysis of the ground reaction force in walking
Practical worksheet 4 Force-time analysis of the ground reaction force in running
Practical worksheet 5 Determination of the position of the whole body centre of gravity by the direct method using a one-dimension reaction board
Practical worksheet 6 Comparison of the direct and segmental analysis methods of determining the position of the whole body centre of gravity of the human body
Practical worksheet 7 Determination of take-off distance, flight distance and landing distance in a standing long jump
Practical worksheet 8 Measurement of the moment of inertia of the human body
Practical worksheet 9 Determination of human power output in stair climbing and running up a slope
Practical worksheet 10 Determination of human power output in a countermovement vertical jump
Answers to review questions
Index
