Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles, Fabrication Methods, and Applications

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Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles, Fabrication Methods, and Applications
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Contents
Contributors
Preface
Section A: Modern perspective in electrochemical-based sensors: Functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs)
1 Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors: A sensitive sensor platform
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Quantum-Dot nanomaterial
1.3 Gold nanoparticles
1.4 Carbon-based materials
1.5 Multiwalled nanotubes
1.6 Graphene
1.7 Carbon nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensor
1.8 Magnetic nanoparticles
1.9 Zinc oxide nanotubes
1.10 Nickel oxide nanoparticles and carbon black
1.11 Conclusion
References
2 Recent progress in the graphene functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Advantages of graphene-based biosensor
2.3 Preparation of graphene-based biosensor
2.4 Graphene biosensor for glucose and dopamine
2.5 DNA-based biosensing
2.6 Graphene biosensor for protein biomarkers
2.7 Hb biosensor
2.8 Cholesterol biosensor
2.9 GN based biosensor for bacteria
2.10 Conclusion
References
Section B: Fabrication of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors platforms
3 Application of hybrid nanomaterials for development of electrochemical sensors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 SiO 2 /MWCNTs, SiO 2 /MWCNTs/AgNPS, and GO/Sb 2 O 5
3.3 Carbon dots/Fe 3 O 4 and rGO/carbon dots
3.4 rGO/carbon dots/AuNPs
3.5 Conclusion
Websites
References
4 Biofunctionalization of functionalized nanomaterials for electrochemical sensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosensors
4.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors
4.2.2 Sensor applications of nanomaterials
4.2.3 Biofunctionalization of nanomaterials
4.2.4 Applications in electrochemical sensors
4.3 Conclusion
References
Section C: Functionalized carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors
5 Functionalized carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical detection
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 General overview
5.1.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs)
5.1.3 Functionalization of CNTs
5.1.4 Graphene
5.1.4.1 Graphene is a material with great potential
5.1.4.2 Properties of graphene
5.2 Functionalization of carbon materials
5.2.1 Need and importance of functionalization of carbon materials
5.2.2 Types of functionalization
5.2.2.1 Activation method
Functionalization of activated carbons
5.2.2.2 Hydrothermal method
5.2.2.3 Immobilization, direct and in situ methods
5.2.2.4 Direct method
5.2.2.5 Thermal annealing
5.2.2.6 Electrospinning method
5.2.2.7 In situ method
5.3 Applications of functionalized carbon materials in electrochemical biosensors
5.3.1 Applications of modified electrodes in electrochemical biosensors
5.3.2 Carbon materials as modifiers
5.3.3 Fullerene modified electrodes
5.3.4 Carbon nanotubes in electrochemical sensors
5.3.5 Graphene-based materials in the electrochemical sensor
5.3.6 Role of carbon/graphene quantum dots in electrochemical biosensors
5.3.7 Carbon nanofibers as electroactive materials in electrochemical sensors
Acknowledgment
References
6 Functionalized carbon material-based electrochemical sensors for day-to-day applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrochemical biosensors
6.2.1 Amperometric biosensors
6.2.2 Potentiometric biosensors
6.2.3 Impedance biosensors
6.2.4 Voltammetric biosensors
6.3 Supercapacitors
6.4 Gas sensors
6.5 Wearable electronic devices
6.6 Piezoelectric sensors
6.7 Conclusion
References
Section D: Noble metals, non-noble metal oxides and non-carbon-based electrochemical sensors
7 Noble metals and nonnoble metal oxides based electrochemical sensors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis of noble metal and nonnoble metal nanoparticles
7.2.1 Top-down methods
7.2.2 Bottom-up methods
7.3 Noble metal-based electrochemical sensors
7.3.1 Gold nanoparticles
7.3.2 Silver nanoparticles
7.3.3 Platinum nanoparticles
7.3.4 Palladium nanoparticles
7.3.5 Application of noble metal-based electrochemical sensors
7.3.5.1 Glucose detection
7.3.5.2 Hydrogen peroxide sensors
7.3.5.3 Environmental applications
7.3.5.4 Medical applications
7.4 Nonnoble metal oxides based electrochemical sensors
7.4.1 Properties of nonnoble metal oxides
7.4.2 Application of nonnoble metal oxides based electrochemical sensors
7.5 Conclusion
References
Section E: Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical based sensors for environmental applications
8 Functionalized nanomaterial-based environmental sensors: An overview
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Noble metal nanomaterials
8.2.1 Gold nanomaterials
8.2.2 Silver nanoparticles
8.2.3 Platinum nanoparticles
8.2.4 Palladium nanoparticles
8.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials
8.4 Carbon nanomaterials
8.4.1 Carbon dots
8.4.2 Carbon nanotubes
8.4.3 Graphene
8.5 Polymer nanomaterials
8.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
9 Advantages and limitations of functionalized nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors environmental monitoring
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Advantages
9.3 Limitations
9.4 Conclusions and future outlooks
References
Section F: Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors technology for food and beverages applicatio ...
10 Attributes of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for food and beverage analysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties of electrochemical sensor in food and beverage analysis
10.2.1 Nanobiosensors
10.3 EC sensors based on functionalized nanomaterials
10.3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
10.3.2 Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials
10.4 Additives and contaminants
10.5 Pesticides
10.6 Conclusion and future perspective
References
11 The use of FNMs-based electrochemical sensors in the food and beverage industry
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Food and beverage contamination
11.2.1 Food additives
11.2.2 Heavy metals
11.2.3 Inorganic anions and compounds
11.2.4 Phenolic compounds
11.2.5 Pesticides
11.2.6 Toxins
11.2.7 Pathogen
11.3 Functionalized nanomaterials for sensing in the food and beverage industry
11.3.1 Metal (oxide) based functionalized nanomaterial
11.3.2 Carbon based functionalized nanomaterials
11.3.2.1 Carbon nanotube
11.3.2.2 Graphene materials
11.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
12 Trends in functionalized Ł NMs-based electrochemical sensors in the food and beverage industry
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sensor applications of NMs in the food industry
12.3 Reliability problems of NMs for electrochemical sensor applications in food analysis
12.4 Conclusion
References
Section G: Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for point-of-care applications
13 Functionalized nanomaterial-based medical sensors for point-of-care applications: An overview
13.1 Introduction
13.2 0D (spherical) nanomaterials
13.2.1 Noble metal nanoparticles
13.2.1.1 Gold nanoparticles
13.2.1.2 Silver nanoparticles
13.2.1.3 Platinum nanoparticles
13.2.2 Magnetic nanoparticles
13.2.3 Quantum dots
13.2.4 Carbon-based dots
13.3 One-dimensional nanomaterials
13.3.1 The synthesis of 1D nanomaterials
13.3.1.1 Template-directed nanowire synthesis
13.3.1.2 Electrochemical deposition
13.3.1.3 Pressure injection
13.3.1.4 Sol-gel deposition
13.3.1.5 Vapor phase growth
13.3.1.6 Vapor-solid mechanism
13.3.1.7 Carbothermal growth
13.3.1.8 Solution-based growth
13.3.1.9 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods
13.3.2 Types of 1D nanomaterials
13.3.2.1 Nanotubes
13.3.2.2 Nanowires
13.3.2.3 Nanorods
13.3.2.4 Carbon nanorods
13.3.2.5 ZnO nanorods
13.3.2.6 Gold nanorods
13.3.2.7 Magnetic nanorods
13.4 Two-dimensional nanomaterials
13.4.1 Graphene
13.4.2 Boron nitride (BN)
13.4.3 Phosphorene
13.4.4 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)
13.4.5 MXene
13.5 Three-dimensional nanomaterials
13.6 Conclusion and future perspective
References
14 Functionalized nanomaterial- based electrochemical sensors for point-of-care devices
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrochemical sensors
14.3 Applications of electrochemical sensors
14.3.1 History of nanotechnology for life sciences
14.3.2 Functionalized nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors
14.4 The use of functionalized nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors in point-of-care diagnostics
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
15 Current trends of functionalized nanomaterial-based sensors in point-of-care diagnosis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods of functionalization of nanomaterials
15.2.1 Biological method
15.2.2 Chemical method
15.2.3 Physical method
15.3 Point-of-care diagnostics
15.4 Conclusion
References
Section H: Health, safety, and regulations issues of functionalized nanomaterials
16 Current status of environmental, health, and safety issues of functionalized nanomaterials
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Environmental health and hazards
16.2.1 Categories of environmental health hazards
16.3 Opportunities and challenges
16.3.1 The science of EHS research
16.3.2 Importance of addressing EHS issues
16.3.3 Exposure of hazards and its distribution
16.3.4 Restricted or absence of information ought to be finished with the followings
16.3.5 End for the danger evaluation
16.3.6 Distinguishing proof of human dangers
16.3.7 Ecological openness
16.3.8 Safety precautions to avoid risks
References
17 Functionalized metal and metal oxide nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors
17.1 Introduction to sensors
17.2 Working principle and classification of electrochemical sensors
17.3 Applications of electrochemical sensors
17.4 Carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors
17.5 Metallic nanoparticles based electrochemical sensors
17.6 Metallic oxide nanoparticles based electrochemical sensors
17.7 Conclusion
17.8 Challenges and prospects
References
18 Functionalized nanomaterials and workplace health and safety
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Functionalized nanomaterials
18.2.1 Physicochemical effects of toxicity of nanomaterials
18.2.1.1 Size
18.2.1.2 Shape
18.2.1.3 Surface area
18.2.1.4 Aggregation/agglomeration
18.2.1.5 Crystallinity
18.2.1.6 Chemical composition
18.2.1.7 Surface charge and modification
18.2.1.8 Solubility
18.2.2 Ways of exposure to nanomaterials
18.2.2.1 Dermal absorption
18.2.2.2 Pulmonary absorption
18.2.2.3 Eye absorption
18.2.3 Risk assessment and measures that can be taken
18.2.3.1 Risk assessment
18.2.3.2 Risk control
18.3 Conclusion
References
19 Layer-by-layer nanostructured films for electrochemical sensors fabrication
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Layer-by-layer technique
19.3 LbL electrochemical sensors
19.3.1 Potentially toxic metals detection
19.3.2 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
19.3.3 Pesticides
19.4 LbL electrochemical biosensors
19.4.1 LbL-assembled electrochemical immunosensors
19.4.2 LbL-assembled electrochemical enzymatic sensors
19.4.3 LbL-assembled electrochemical nucleic acid-based sensors
19.5 Final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Section I: Economics and commercialization of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors
20 Fabrication of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors’ platforms
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Environmental sensors
20.3 Cell-based sensor
20.4 COVID-19 biosensors
References
21 Advantages and limitations of functionalized graphene-based electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring
21.1 General aspects
21.2 Graphene functionalization
21.3 Functionalized graphene-based electrochemical sensors
21.4 Environmental applications
21.4.1 Pharmaceuticals
21.4.2 Pesticides
21.4.3 Heavy metals
21.5 Concluding remarks and perspectives
Acknowledgments
Thematic websites
References
22 TiO 2 nanotube arrays grafted with metals with enhanced electroactivity for electrochemical sensors and devices
22.1 Introduction
22.2 TiO 2 nanotubes
22.2.1 Anodic oxidation and growth
22.2.2 Factors affecting ordering and structure of TiO 2 nanotubes
22.3 Grafting of noble metals and nonnoble materials on anodic TiO 2 nanotubes
22.4 Electrochemical applications of metal/TiO 2 NTs based sensors
22.4.1 Energy
22.4.1.1 Methanol detection
22.4.1.2 Ethanol detection
22.4.1.3 Borohydride detection
22.4.2 Biosensing
22.4.2.1 Glucose detection
22.4.2.2 Ascorbic acid detection
22.4.2.3 Dopamine detection
22.5 Summary and outlook
References
Section J: Future of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors
23 Functionalized carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors: Quick look on the future of fitness
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Carbon-nanotube-based electrochemical sensors
23.2.1 Nonenzymatic approach
23.2.2 Enzymatic approach
23.3 Graphene-based electrochemical sensors
23.3.1 Nonenzymatic approach
23.3.2 Enzymatic approach
23.4 Carbon nanodots
23.5 Other carbon functional materials
23.6 Carbon nanomaterials in wearable sensors and future scope
References
Index
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