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Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications

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FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

The book highlights established research and technology on current and emerging trends and biomedical applications of functionalized carbon nanotubes by providing academic researchers and scientists in industry, as well as high-tech start-ups, with knowledge of the modern practices that will revolutionize using functionalized carbon nanotubes.

Nanotechnology suggests fascinating opportunities for a variety of applications in biomedical fields, including bioimaging and targeted delivery of biomacromolecules into cells. Numerous strategies have been recommended to functionalize carbon nanotubes with raised solubility for efficient use in biomedical applications. Functionalized carbon nanotubes have unique arrangements and extravagant mechanical, thermal, magnetic, optical, electrical, surface, and chemical properties, and the combination of these features gives them widespread biomedical applications. Functionalized carbon nanotubes are relatively flexible and interact with the cell membranes and penetrate different biological tissues owing to a “snaking” effect, therefore both the pharmacological and toxicological profiles of functionalized carbon nanotubes have gathered much attention in recent times.

This book covers a broad range of topics relating to carbon nanotubes, from synthesis and functionalization to applications in advanced biomedical devices and systems. As they possess unique and attractive physical, chemical, optical, and even magnetic properties for various applications, considerable effort has been made to employ functionalized carbon nanotubes as new materials for the development of novel biomedical tools, such as diagnostic sensors, imaging agents, and drug/gene delivery systems for both diagnostics and clinical treatment.

Audience

The book is intended for a very broad audience of researchers and scientists working in the fields of nanomaterials, nanomedicine, bioinspired nanomaterials, nanotechnology, and biomedical application of nanomaterials.

Author(s): Jeenat Aslam, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Ruby Aslam
Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 436
City: Beverly

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part 1: Overview of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
Chapter 1 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Carbon Nanotube’s Classification
1.3 Structural and Morphological Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes
1.4 Synthetic Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes
1.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
1.6 Commercial Scale Use of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis Methods
2.2.1 Arc Discharge
2.2.2 Laser Ablation
2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
2.3 Characterization
2.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy
2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.3.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
2.4 Functionalized Routes of CNTs
2.4.1 Surface Oxidation
2.4.2 Doping Heteroatoms
2.4.3 Alkali Activation
2.4.4 Sulfonation
2.4.5 Halogenation
2.4.6 Grafting
2.4.6.1 Grafting via Oxygen-Containing Groups
2.4.6.2 Grafting via Diazonium Compounds
2.4.6.3 Other Grafting Methods
2.4.7 Non-Covalent Functionalization of CNTs
2.4.8 Deposition on Functionalized CNTs
2.4.9 Physiochemical Approaches
2.4.10 Electrochemical Deposition
2.4.11 Electroless Deposition
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Carbon Nanotubes: Types of Functionalization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes
3.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
3.3.1 Covalent Functionalization
3.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
3.3.2.1 Reversibility in Non-Covalent Functionalization
3.3.2.2 Solvent Variation in Non-Covalent Functionalization
3.3.3.3 pH of the System in Non-Covalent Functionalization
3.3.3.4 Temperature Responsive System in Non-Covalent Functionalization
3.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Acknowledgements
Web Links
References
Chapter 4 Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes Innovate on Medical Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Functionalization CNTs for Biomedical Applications
4.3 Potential Applications of CNTs in Cancer Therapy
4.3.1 Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy
4.3.2 Anti-Tumor Hyperthermia Therapy
4.3.3 Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy
4.3.4 Other Cancer Treatment Strategies
4.4 Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders
4.5 Treatment of Infectious Diseases
4.6 CNTs-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery
4.7 f-CNTs for Vaccination
4.8 Application of f-CNTs in Tissue Engineering
4.9 Conclusion
Important Websites
References
Part 2: Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Current and Emerging Biomedical Applications
Chapter 5 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Biosensing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 CNTs-Based Biosensors
5.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
5.2.1.1 Electrochemical Enzyme Sensors
5.2.1.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors
5.2.1.3 Electrochemical DNA Sensors
5.2.1.4 Non-Biomolecule Based Electrochemical Sensors
5.2.2 Optical CNT Sensors
5.2.3 Field-Effect CNTs Sensors
5.2.4 CNT Human Strain Sensor
5.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanoparticles-Doped Carbon Nanotubes
6.3 Brain-Targeted Delivery
6.4 The Organic Molecules Functionalized CNTs as Drug Delivery Vehicles
6.5 Functionalized CNTs with Nanoparticles for Drug Active Molecular Mechanism
6.5.1 Future of Scope of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Application
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Therapy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Functionalized CNTs and Gene Therapy
7.3 Cellular Uptake of CNT
7.4 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Cancer
7.5 Miscellaneous Diseases and Gene Delivery Through Functionalized CNT
7.6 Toxicology and Environmental Aspects of Functionalized CNT
7.6.1 Cellular Toxicity
7.6.2 Liver Toxicity
7.6.3 Central Nervous System Toxicity
7.6.4 Cardiovascular Toxicity
7.7 Regulatory Concerns Over Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
7.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Important Website
References
Chapter 8 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristic Properties of CNTs and Their Performance
8.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of CNTs
8.3 The Techniques of CNTs Functionalization
8.4 Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic
8.4.1 The Use of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Treatment
8.4.2 Intracellular Targeting Using Carbon Nanotubes
8.4.2.1 Nucleus Targeting
8.4.2.2 Cytoplasm Targeting
8.4.2.3 Mitochondria Targeting
8.4.3 CNTs for Immunotherapy
8.4.4 Cancer Stem Cell Inhibition
8.5 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Diagnosis
8.5.1 CNTs in Cancer Imaging
8.5.1.1 Raman Imaging
8.5.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.5.1.3 Ultrasonography
8.5.1.4 Photoacoustic Imaging
8.5.1.5 Near‑Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
8.6 Future Prospects
8.7 Conclusion
Important Websites
References
Chapter 9 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Imaging: The Recent Advances
9.1 Introduction
9.2 CNT-Based Imaging Methods
9.2.1 Fluorescence Imaging
9.2.2 Raman Imaging
9.2.3 Photoacoustic Imaging
9.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
9.2.5 Nuclear Imaging
9.3 Prospects and Challenges
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Artificial Bone Tissue Engineering
10.1 Introduction
10.2 CNT-Based Scaffolds and Implants
10.2.1 Hydroxyapatite
10.2.2 Polymers
10.2.2.1 Poly(ε-Caprolactone)
10.2.2.2 Polymethyl-Methacrylate
10.2.2.3 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide)
10.2.2.4 Poly-L-Lactic Acid
10.2.2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol
10.2.2.6 Others
10.2.3 Biopolymers
10.2.3.1 Chitosan
10.2.3.2 Collagen
10.2.3.3 Others
10.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Commercialization Aspects
10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11 Application of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Biomimetic/Bioinspired Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Naturally Occurring Materials
11.2.1 Nacre and Bone
11.2.2 Petal Effect and Gecko Feet
11.2.3 Lotus Effect
11.2.4 Structural Colors, Antireflection, and Light Collection
11.3 Bioinspired Functionalized CNTs Material
11.4 Challenges and Solutions in Using CNTs
11.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 12 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Tissue Engineering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties
12.3 Interactions and Biodegradation of CNTs with Biomolecule
12.4 Bio-Security of CNT-Based Scaffolds Toward In Vivo Analyses
12.5 CNTs Towards the Bone Compatibility
12.6 Applications of Functionalized CNTs in Tissue Engineering
12.6.1 Functionalized CNTs for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
12.6.2 Functionalized CNTs for Neuronal Tissue Regeneration
12.6.3 Functionalized CNT for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
12.6.4 CNT for Bone Tissue Regeneration
12.7 Future Perspectives and Challenges
12.8 Conclusion
Important Websites
References
Chapter 13 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Cell Tracking
Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Carbon Nanotubes
13.2.1 Cellular Interaction of CNTs
13.3 Cellular Tracking via CNT
13.3.1 Effect of the Surface Coating of CNTs in Single-Particle Tracking
13.4 3D Tracking Using CNTs
13.4.1 Detection of Single Protein Molecules Through CNTs
13.4.2 Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking Through CNTs
13.4.3 Labelling and Tracking of Human Pancreatic Cells Through CNTs
13.4.4 CNT as Macrophage Carrying Microdevices
13.4.4.1 Intracellular Fluctuations and CNT
13.4.5 Limitations of CNTs
13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective
Important Links
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Treatment of Various Diseases
14.1 Introduction
14.2 CNTs: Basic Structure, and Synthesis Methods
14.2.1 Structure and Synthesis of CNTs
14.2.2 Arc Discharge Technique
14.2.3 Laser Ablation Technique
14.2.4 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique
14.3 Functionalization of CNTs
14.3.1 Covalent Functionalization
14.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization
14.4 Toxicity/Bio-Safety Profile of Carbon Nanotubes
14.5 Investigating the Promising Biomedical Effects of Functionalized CNTs
14.5.1 Functionalized CNTs-Based Remediation of Infectious Diseases
14.5.2 Functionalized CNTs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders (CNS)
14.5.3 Functionalized CNTs for Gene Delivery
14.5.4 Implication of Functionalized CNTs in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
14.5.5 Functionalized CNTs for Drug Targeting and Release
14.6 Future Prospective
14.7 Conclusion
Important Websites
References
Chapter 15 Role of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Antimicrobial Activity: A Review
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Introduction to CNTs
15.2.1 Classification of CNTs
15.2.2 Structure of CNTs
15.3 Overview on CNTs Functionalization
15.3.1 Types of Functionalization
15.4 Anti-Microbial Activity of f-CNTs: Interaction and Action
15.5 Antifungal Activity of f-CNTs
15.6 Antibacterial Activity of f-CNTs
15.6.1 For SWNTs
15.6.2 For MWCNTs
15.7 Commercial Application of Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs
15.8 Overview on Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs
15.9 Future Scope
15.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Index
EULA