Functional Foods and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Disorders

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Understanding Aging
Chapter 1: Aging and Neurodegeneration: A Preface
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Major Contributors to Aging
1.3 Aging and Neurodegeneration
1.4 Concept of Healthy Aging
1.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Neurodegenerative Disorders: Underpinning Mechanisms
Chapter 2: Deciphering the Molecular and Genetic Basis of Alzheimer´s Disease
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major Cellular and Molecular Causes of Alzheimer´s Disorders
2.2.1 Amyloid Hypothesis
2.2.2 Tau Hyperphosphorylation Hypothesis
2.2.3 Cholinergic Hypothesis
2.3 Genetic Basis of AD
2.3.1 Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)
2.3.2 Presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) and Presenilin-2 (PSEN-2)
2.3.3 Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Tracking Neurodegeneration: Advancement in Experimental Study Models
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Pathophysiology of Neurodegeneration
3.1.2 Classification of Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on the Clinical Manifestations
3.2 Tracking Strategies for Neurogenerative Diseases
3.2.1 Applications of Radio Imaging Tools in the Monitoring of Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.2.2 Applying PET to Neurogenerative Disease Tracking
3.2.3 Applying Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in Neurogenerative Disease Tracking
3.2.4 Applying Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to Neurogenerative Disease Tracking
3.3 Genetic Testing for Neurodegenerative Disease Tracking
3.4 Advanced Study Models in Neurogenerative Disease Tracking
3.4.1 In Vitro Human Organoid Models for the Surveillance of Neurogenerative Disorders
3.4.2 In Vivo Preclinical Models for Monitoring Neurogenerative Disorders Being Investigated
3.4.2.1 Preclinical Models for AD
3.4.2.2 Preclinical Models for Huntington´s Disease
3.4.2.3 Preclinical Models for Parkinson´s Disease
3.4.2.4 Preclinical Models for ALS
3.4.3 Recent Clinical Studies to Track Neurogenerative Disorders
3.5 Ongoing Research Projects Related to the Monitoring of Neurogenerative Disorders
3.6 Perspectives
References
Part III: Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders: Natural Remedies
Chapter 4: Pharmacological Application of Phyllanthus emblica as Therapeutics in Alzheimer´s Disease
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nutritional Value and Phytochemical Constituents
4.3 Pharmacological Properties
4.3.1 P. Emblica as an Antioxidant
4.3.2 Neuroprotective Actions of P. Emblica
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Role of the Gut Microbiome and Its Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Gut Microbiome and the Pre-, Pro-, and Synbiotics
5.1.2 Gut-Brain Axis
5.2 Gut Dysbiosis and the Aging Gut
5.2.1 Gut Microbiome and Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.2.2 Biomolecules in the CNS that Are Targets of Pre/Probiotics
5.2.3 Gut-Derived Ferulic Acid
5.2.4 Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
5.2.5 Microbiota-Modulated Ghrelin
5.2.6 Serotonin, Tryptophan, and Kynurenine Pathway (KP)
5.3 Neurometabolites and the GIT
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Recent Advances in Application of Dietary Polyphenols to Treat Age-Related Neurological Disorders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Introduction to Neurodegenerative Disorders
6.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
6.2.2 Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
6.2.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
6.2.4 Huntington´s Disease (HD)
6.3 Introduction to Polyphenols
6.3.1 Tea Polyphenols
6.3.2 Curcuminoids
6.3.3 Anthocyanins
6.3.4 Resveratrol
6.3.5 Dihydrochalcones
6.3.6 Xanthones
6.4 Polyphenols and Neurodegeneration
6.4.1 Neuroprotective Activity
6.5 Advances in Application of Dietary Polyphenols to Treat Age-Related Neurological Disorders
6.5.1 Polyphenol Combination Therapy as a Novel Technique for Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer´s Disease in People with Mild Co...
6.5.2 Polyphenols as Mitochondrial Medicine in Neurons
6.5.3 Nanotechnology as a Novel Polyphenol Delivery Method
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Prophylaxis Through Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds Toward Neurodegenerative Disorders
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Neurodegenerative Disorders
7.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
7.2.2 Parkinson´s Disease
7.3 Classification of Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds Used in Prophylaxis of Neurodegenerative Disorders
7.4 Production of Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds
7.5 Extraction and Purification of Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds
7.5.1 Extraction
7.5.1.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
7.5.1.2 Chemical Hydrolysis
7.5.2 Purification
7.5.2.1 Membrane Filtration
7.5.2.2 Gel Filtration Chromatography
7.5.2.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
7.5.2.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
7.6 Mechanism and Potential Therapeutic Targets of Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds
7.7 Modern Advancement in Neural Regeneration
7.8 Challenges Faced in Neural Regeneration
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Recent Advancements in Omega Fatty Acids to Treat Neurodegeneration
8.1 Introduction
8.2 PUFA and Brain
8.2.1 Metabolism
8.2.2 Microglia as an N-3 PUFA Target
8.2.3 N-3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects within Central Nervous System
8.3 The Presence of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Various Forms of Neurodegeneration
8.3.1 Alzheimer´s Disease and Normal Brain Aging
8.3.2 Parkinson´s Disease
8.3.3 Schizophrenia
8.3.4 Depression
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Role of Alkoxyglycerol to Pause Tau-Induced Alzheimer´s Disease
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dementia
9.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
9.2.2 Neurological and Pathological Changes in AD
9.3 Physiological Function of Tau
9.3.1 Role of tau in Neurodegenerative Diseases
9.3.2 Tau Phosphorylation
9.3.3 Tau Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Disease
9.3.4 Human tau Gene Expression
9.3.5 Immune Histochemical Localisation of tau in AD
9.3.6 Pathological Alteration of tau in AD
9.4 Alkoxy Glycerol
9.4.1 Definition
9.4.2 Chemical Composition
9.4.3 Sources
9.4.4 AKG and Blood Brain Barrier
9.4.5 Health Beneficiaries of Alkyl Glycerols from Shark Liver Oil
9.5 Relation of Plasmalogens, AKG and Alzheimer´s Diseases
9.5.1 Plasmalogens and Alzheimer´s Disease
9.5.2 Plasmalogens and AKG
9.5.3 A Possible Therapy for AD: Plasmalogens
9.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Perspectives with Developmental Strategies
Chapter 10: Application and Efficacy of Nanoparticle-Based Therapy Among Neurodegenerative Diseases
10.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
10.2 Classification of Nanoparticles
10.3 Types of Pharmaceutical Nanosystem
10.3.1 Nanoshells
10.3.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
10.3.3 Liposomes
10.3.4 Lipid Nanoparticles
10.3.5 Polymeric Micelles
10.3.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles
10.4 Method of Preparation of Nanoparticles
10.4.1 Solvent Evaporation Method
10.4.2 Diffusion Method
10.4.3 Emulsion Diffusion Method
10.4.4 Precipitation Method
10.5 Neurodegenerative Disease
10.5.1 Common Neurodegenerative Disease
10.5.1.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
10.5.1.2 Parkinson´s Disease
10.5.1.3 Huntington´s Disease
10.5.1.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
10.6 Application of Nanoparticles in ND
References
Chapter 11: In Silico Techniques: Powerful Tool for the Development of Therapeutics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 History of In Silico Techniques
11.3 Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD)
11.4 Virtual Screening (VS)
11.4.1 Ligand-Based Virtual Screening (LB-VS)
11.4.2 Structure-Based Virtual Screening (SB-VS)
11.5 Homology Modeling
11.6 ADMET
11.7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MD Simulation)
11.8 Free Energy Calculations
11.9 Role of CADD in Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDD)
11.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Biomarkers: Potential Perspectives in Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biomarkers
12.2.1 Genetic Biomarkers
12.2.2 Biochemical Biomarkers
12.2.3 Imaging-Based Biomarkers
12.3 Alzheimer´s Disease
12.4 Parkinson´s Disease
12.5 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
12.6 Huntington´s Disease
12.7 Future of Biomarkers
12.8 Conclusion
References