This book merges the two most important trends in biomaterials: functionalization and renewable chemistry. It covers a variety of biopolymers and various approaches for the transformation of these biopolymers into functional units. Sample topics covered by the two well-qualified authors include:
Fundamental knowledge of biopolymers–natural ones, such as cellulose and other polysaccharides, and synthetic ones, such as polyethylene.
The origin, classifications, chemical nature, and isolation methods of specific biopolymers.
The different classical and modern approaches for the transformation of biopolymers into different shapes, ranging from thin films (model surfaces), to nanoparticles, to nanofibers, all the way to 3D scaffolds.
The morphology, structure, shape, thermal, electrical, and surface properties of biomaterials.
This all-inclusive reference guide, which covers fundamentals, methods, and applications alike, is a key resource for both students and practicing scientists involved in programs of study or disciplines that intersect with the field of biomaterials.
Author(s): Tamilselvan Mohan, Karin Stana Kleinschek
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 591
City: Weinheim
Cover
Half Title
Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. Volume 1
Copyright
Content: Volume 1
Preface
1. Definitions and Types of Microbial Biopolyesters and Derived Biomaterial
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biopolymers as Bioinspired Alternatives
1.2.1 Defining “Bioplastics” Is No Trivial Task!
1.2.2 Biodegradability of PHA and Other Biopolymers
1.2.3 PHA as Versatile Microbial Biopolyesters – Fields of Actual and Potential Applications
1.2.4 PHA Granules Are More than Simple Bioplastic Spheres
1.2.5 A Short Overview of the Metabolism of PHA Biosynthesis and Degradation
1.3 Types of PHA Biopolyesters
1.3.1 The “PHAome” Describes the High Complexity and Versatility of Natural PHA
1.3.2 PHA Homo- and Heteropolyesters
1.3.3 Scl-, Mcl-, and Lcl-PHA and Their Characteristics
1.3.4 Microstructure of PHA Heteropolyester
1.3.5 Factors Determining the Molecular Mass of PHA
1.4 Conclusions
References
2. Analysis of Chemical Composition of Biopolymers and Biomaterials: An XPS Study
2.1 Basics of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
2.1.1 Peak Fitting
2.2 Chemical Derivatization
2.3 Some Further Examples of XPS Analyses of Complex Organic Systems
2.4 Charging
2.5 Background Information
2.6 Angle-Resolved XPS (ARXPS)
2.7 Functional Coatings on Polymers
2.8 Practical Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
3. Methods for Characterization of Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Biomaterials
3.1 Introduction to Thermal Analysis Techniques
3.1.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.1.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
3.1.4 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
3.2 The Significance of Thermal Analysis in Biopolymers
3.3 Applications of Thermal Analysis in the Characterization of Biopolymers
3.3.1 Characterization of the Thermal Stability of Biopolymers
3.3.2 Characterization of the Glass Transition of Biopolymers
3.3.3 Characterization of the Secondary Relaxations in Biopolymers
3.3.4 Characterization of Moisture from Hydrogels
3.3.5 Characterization of Electrical Conductivity
3.4 Conclusions
References
4. Methods for Characterization of Surface Charge and Solid–Liquid Interaction Studies of Biomaterials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Surface Charge Characterization of Biomaterials
4.2.1 Potentiometric Titration
4.2.2 Zeta Potential
4.2.3 Application of the Zeta Potential for Biomaterial Characterization
4.3 Methods for Characterization of Solid–Liquid Interaction of Biomaterials
4.3.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Surface Plasmon Resonance
4.3.2 Zeta Potential Measurements as a Tool to Study Solid–Liquid Interactions of Biomaterials
References
5. Methods for Analyzing the Biological and Biomedical Properties of Biomaterials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of Cell Biology as a Base for Testing
5.3 In Vitro Methods for Analyzing Biomaterials
5.3.1 Cytotoxicity Tests
5.3.2 Cell–Material Interaction Tests
5.3.3 Hemocompatibility Tests
5.3.4 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing
5.3.5 Monitoring Intracellular Activities
5.3.6 Real-Time Monitoring of Cell Culture Systems
5.3.7 High-Throughput Screening Systems
5.4 In Vivo Methods for Analyzing Biomaterials
5.4.1 Sensitization, Irritation, and Intracutaneous Reactivity
5.4.2 Biodegradation
5.4.3 In Vivo Genotoxicity
5.4.4 Systemic Toxicity
5.4.5 Implantation
5.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
References
6. Polysaccharide Thin Films – Preparation and Analysis
6.1 Biopolymer Thin-Film Preparation
6.1.1 Direct Preparation of Cellulose Films
6.1.2 Indirect Preparation of Cellulose Films from a Soluble Derivative
6.2 Characterization of Biopolymer Thin Films
6.2.1 Surface Morphology
6.2.2 Thin-Film Thickness
6.2.3 Elemental Composition
6.2.4 Functional Groups and Hydrogen-Binding Patterns
6.2.5 Wettability
6.2.6 Surface Charge
6.2.7 Thin-Film Structure
6.2.8 Swelling and Adsorption Behavior
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Biopolymer Thin Films as “Smart” Materials in Biomedical Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Frequently Used Biopolymers
7.2.1 Cellulose
7.2.2 Starch
7.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan
7.2.4 Alginate
7.2.5 Gelatin
7.2.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
7.2.7 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
7.2.8 Biopolymer Composites
7.3 Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymer Thin Films
7.3.1 pH-Responsive Biopolymers
7.3.2 Thermo-Sensitive Biopolymers
7.3.3 Redox-Sensitive Biopolymers
7.4 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers
7.4.1 Drug-Delivery Systems
7.4.2 Wound-Healing Materials
7.4.3 Bioactive Coatings for Medical Devices and Implants
7.4.4 Bioelectronics (Biocomposites)
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
8. Biopolymer-Based Nanofibers – Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different Strategies of Nanofiber Development
8.2.1 Drawing
8.2.2 Template Synthesis
8.2.3 Phase Separation
8.2.4 Self-Assembly
8.2.5 Electrospinning
8.3 Biopolymers
8.3.1 Chitosan Nanofibers
8.3.2 Cellulose Nanofibers
8.4 Characterization Techniques
8.4.1 Morphological Analysis
8.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
8.4.3 Mechanical Characterization
8.5 Applications
8.5.1 Tissue Engineering
8.5.2 Drug Delivery
8.5.3 Wound Healing
8.5.4 Biosensors
8.6 Conclusions
References
9. Formation of Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanoparticle Formation
9.2.1 Nanoprecipitation by Dropping Technique
9.2.2 Dialysis
9.2.3 Emulsification–Evaporation
9.2.4 Miscellaneous Nanoparticle Formation
9.3 Interaction with Cells
9.3.1 Cellular Uptake
9.3.2 Nanospheres of Organo-Soluble 6-Deoxy-6-(?-Aminoalkyl) Amino Cellulose Carbamates
9.4 Release Mechanisms
9.5 Examples in Therapeutics and Diagnostics
References
Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. Volume 2
Copyright
Contents: Volume 2
10. Advanced Methods for Design of Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culturing
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General Considerations in Tissue Engineering
10.2.1 3D Cell Culture
10.2.2 Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering
10.2.3 Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering
10.2.4 Definitions and General Terminology
10.3 Building Scaffolds
10.3.1 Techniques Without Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
10.3.1.1 Phase Separation
10.3.1.2 Foaming
10.3.1.3 “Textile” Methods
10.3.1.4 Electrospinning
10.3.1.5 Ultrasound Patterning
10.3.1.6 Decellularized Tissues and Organs
10.4 Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
10.4.1 Subtractive Manufacturing
10.4.2 Additive Manufacturing
10.5 Challenges and Future Outlook
References
11. Methods and Challenges in the Fabrication of Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Application
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conventional Methods for 3D Scaffold Engineering
11.2.1 Fluid-Based Technologies
11.2.2 Textile Technologies for 3D Scaffold Engineering
11.2.3 Hydrogel Scaffolds Fabrication
11.2.4 Self-Assembly Methods
11.2.5 Microsphere-Based Scaffolds Fabrication
11.3 Advanced Fabrication Methods – Solid Freeform Fabrication
11.3.1 Stereolithography
11.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering
11.3.3 Nozzle-Based Deposition Techniques
11.3.4 Indirect Rapid Prototyping
11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
12. Solvent-Casting Approach for Design of Polymer Scaffolds and Their Multifunctional Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Solvent-Casting Technology
12.2.1 Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching
12.2.2 Surface Modification of Solvent Casted Films
12.2.3 Degradation of Solvent Cast Films
12.2.4 Porosity of Solvent Cast Films
12.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solvent Cast Films
12.2.6 Applications of Solvent-Cast Films
12.3 Conclusions
References
13. Freeze-Casted Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Principle of Freeze-Casting
13.1.2 Special Types of Freeze-Casting
13.2 Freeze-Casted Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine
13.2.1 (Nano)cellulose Scaffolds
13.2.2 Gelatin Scaffolds
13.3 Summary and Outlook
References
14. Polysaccharide-Based Stimuli-Responsive Nanofibrous Materials for Biomedical Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Stimuli Responsiveness in Polysaccharides
14.3 Nanofibrous Materials and Electrospinning
14.3.1 Taylor Cone Formation
14.3.2 Polymer Jet Formation
14.3.3 Parameters Affecting Electrospinning Process
14.4 Needleless Electrospinning
14.5 Electrospinning Techniques for Preparation of Stimuli-Responsive Nanofibers
14.5.1 Blend Electrospinning
14.5.2 Coaxial Electrospinning
14.5.3 Emulsion Electrospinning
14.6 Stimuli-Responsive Polysaccharide-Based Nanofibrous Materials for Wound Dressing Application
14.7 Conclusions
References
15. Cells Responses to Surface Geometries and Potential of Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds
15.1 Introdaction
15.2 Electrospinning
15.3 Surface Geometry and Typical Cell Responses
15.4 Surface Potential Importance and Typical Cell Responses
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16. Biopolymer Beads for Biomedical Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Agarose
16.2.1 Agarose Beads Preparation and Applications
16.3 Cellulose
16.3.1 Cellulose Beads Preparation and Applications
16.4 Alginate
16.4.1 Alginate Beads Preparation and Applications
16.5 Chitin and Chitosan
16.5.1 Chitin and Chitosan Beads Preparation and Applications
16.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
17. Recent Advances in 3D Printing in the Design and Application of Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fundamental Principles of the 3D Bioprinting Process
17.2.1 Preprocessing: The Design of Scaffolds with Tissue- and Organ-Level Complexity
17.2.2 Processing
17.2.3 Postprocessing
17.3 Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting Approaches and Their Application
17.3.1 Stereolithography
17.3.2 Droplet-Based Bioprinting
17.3.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
17.3.4 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
17.3.5 Combining Multiple 3D Bioprinting Approaches
17.3.6 4D Bioprinting
17.4 Materials Used in 3D Bioprinting
17.4.1 Combining Materials
17.5 Designing the Ideal Bioink
17.5.1 Biocompatibility
17.5.2 Printability
17.5.3 Biomimicry
17.5.4 Physicochemical Properties
17.6 Application of 3D Bioprinting for the Fabrication of Tissues and Organs
17.6.1 Skin
17.6.2 Heart
17.6.3 Bone
17.6.4 Cartilage
17.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Index
