From Economic to Energy: Transition Three Decades of Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe

Preface
Praise for From Economic to Energy Transition
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: Central and Eastern European Perspectives on Energy Transition
1 Introduction
2 Climate Change and Energy Transition
3 Energy Transition and Central and Eastern European Countries
4 The Present Volume
5 Structure of the Book
References
Part I Energy Transition Challenges
2 From Economic Transformation to Energy Transition: The Legacy of Thirty Years of Post-Communist Development
1 Introduction
2 Short Review of the Literature
3 Economic Growth and Energy Consumption
4 The Impact of Demographic Decline
5 EU Accession and Path Dependency
6 Conclusions
References
3 The CEE Energy Transition: Recurring Fifty-Year-Old Dynamics?
1 Introduction
2 External Forces in Energy Transitions
2.1 A Soviet-Led Energy Transition
2.1.1 An Eastern Bloc Built on Soviet Energy
2.1.2 Contextual Factors Leading to an Energy Transition
2.1.3 A Soviet-Led Energy Transition in Hungary
2.2 An EU-Led Energy Transition
2.2.1 The Impact of the EU’s Initial Renewable Energy Policies on the CEE EU
2.2.2 Renewable Energy Expansion in the 2010s
3 Conclusion
References
4 Tunnel with No Light: Entrapment and ‘Exit’ of V4 Countries’ Energy Transition
1 Introduction
2 The Self-Entrapment Myth: Exits and Voices
3 Micro-Regionalism and the EU
4 Russian Energy: One Source, Two Stories
5 The Visegrad Formula
5.1 Energy Cooperation Before and After EU Accession
5.2 Groping in the Dark
6 Conclusion
References
5 Public Attitudes to Sustainable Energy Transitions in the Visegrad Four: Historical Legacy and Emerging Trends
1 Introduction
2 V4 Perceptions of Climate Change: General Trends
3 Supporting the Transition to Clean Energy Technologies in V4: General Trends
4 Supporting the Transition to Clean Energy Technologies in V4: Demographics
5 Conclusion
References
6 Structural Changes in the Baltics and the Russian Presence: Ramifications for the Region’s Energy Future
1 Introduction
2 The Baltic States: Settings and Main Drivers
3 The State of the Region’s Energy Sector
4 Characteristics of Relevant Energy Sub-sectors and Their Relevance for the Baltic Region
5 Selected Projects with Regard to the Region’s Energy Security
5.1 Klaipeda LNG
5.2 Nord Stream 2
5.3 Nuclear Power Plants In and Around the Baltic Region
6 The Energy Security of the Baltic States in Light of the Economic and Energy Transition Processes
7 Conclusion
References
7 Women as Change Agents of the Bulgarian Energy Transition
1 Introduction
2 Women as Change Agents to Engender a Just Energy Transition
3 Energy Justice and Just Transitions
4 Gender and Energy Just Transition in Bulgaria
5 Women as Consumers: The Feminization of Energy Poverty
6 Women as Producers: Female Participation in the Energy Sector
7 Women as Decision-Makers: The Legacy of the Socialist State
8 Conclusion
References
Part II Different Paths to Energy Transition
8 Pathways for a Low-Carbon Electricity System in Poland and Hungary
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Data
3 Changing Electricity Balances in Hungary and Poland
4 Low-Carbon Sources
4.1 Renewable Energy Sources
4.1.1 Hydropower
4.1.2 Biomass
4.1.3 Wind Energy
4.1.4 Photovoltaic Energy
4.2 Nuclear Energy
4.3 Fossil Fuels
4.3.1 Coal
4.3.2 Natural Gas
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
9 Slovenia: Drivers and Challenges of Energy Transition to Climate Neutrality
1 Introduction
2 Climate Paradox and the Need for Sustainable Energy Transition: From Contextualisation to Operationalisation
3 Energy Landscape: Enabling the Energy Transition of Slovenia?
4 Energy Regime: Relevant National Circumstances as a Major Challenge for Slovenia?
5 Energy Niches: Lagging Behind the EU?
6 Conclusion: Small Member States and Their Peculiarities as an Opportunity or a Threat for EU Energy Transition to a Climate-Neutral Society?
References
10 Energy Transformation in Lithuania: Aiming for the Grand Changes
1 Introduction
2 The Main Directions of Lithuania’s Energy Policy After 1990 and the Current Situation
2.1 The End of Nuclear Energy in Lithuania
2.2 Breaking Out of an “Energy Island”
3 Strategic Transformation of the Energy Sector: More Climate-Friendly, More Efficient, More Self-sustaining
3.1 The New National Energy Independence Strategy: The Main Targets
3.2 The Main Drivers of Energy Transformation
3.3 Strategy Implementation and the Main RES-Support Programmes
4 Challenges and Risks
5 Conclusions
References
11 Between Energy Security and Energy Transition: Visegrad Gas Hub
1 Introduction
2 Europeanisation of the Energy Policy
3 EU(ropeanised) Energy Transition: Implications for Energy Security
4 The Visegrad Group and Energy Security
5 A Window of Opportunity for Visegrad Group Regional Energy Security
6 Conclusion
References
12 Path-Dependencies of Carbon Lock-In Shaping Coal Phase-Out in Poland’s Electricity Sector: A Herculean Task of Decarbonization?
1 Introduction
2 The Role of Coal in the Energy System and the Rising Troubles from It in the Electricity Sector
3 Energetic Path Dependencies of Carbon Lock-In
3.1 The Material Dimension and Technological, Infrastructural, and Institutional Lock-In
3.2 The Ideational Dimension in Terms of Behavioural and Discursive Lock-In
4 Development of RES Policy as a Possible Remedy to Break Carbon Lock-In
5 Conclusion
References
Part III Legal and Political Aspects of Energy Transition
13 The CEE Countries and the European Union’s Energy Transition: Economic Analysis of Law
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Framework and Political Basis of the Regulations Analysed
4 Energy Regulation: Presentation and Economic Analysis of the Law
5 Aggregate Analysis of Incentives and Disincentives in Central and Eastern European Countries
5.1 General Remarks
5.2 Energy Efficiency of Buildings
5.3 Renewable Energy
5.4 Mobility
6 Conclusions
References
14 The Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Reformulation of Hungarian Energy Policy
1 Introduction
2 The European Union, the National Energy Policy, and the Judicial Review
2.1 The Treaties and the EU’s Energy-Relevant Secondary Legislation
2.2 National Actors in the Enforcement of EU Law and EU Policies
2.3 The Role of the CJEU in Shaping the EU and Its Sector-Specific Policy Areas
3 The CJEU Case-Law on Hungarian and Regional Energy Policy
3.1 The Hungarian Energy Policy and Regulation
3.2 Standing Rights and Procedural Requirements Guaranteed by EU Law and CJEU Case-Law for Networks’ Interested Parties
3.3 Standing Rights Guaranteed by CJEU Case-Law for NGOs
3.4 The Nuclear Installations and the Paks 2 Project Before the CJEU
4 Discussions on Cross-Sectoral, Regional, and Multi-layered Levels
4.1 Diverse Tendencies in the CJEU’s Reformulation Willingness in Cross-Sectoral Context
4.2 The Regional Relevance of the CJEU’s Case-Law
4.3 Multi-layered System of Legal Protection in the EU
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
15 Perfect Compliance? Nuclear Power in Central and Eastern Europe and the EU Membership
1 Introduction
2 Compliance and Central and Eastern Europe
2.1 Post-accession Compliance of the “New” EU Member States
2.2 Factors of Post-accession Compliance
2.3 Conditionality as a Social Learning Process
3 Shutting Down of Nuclear Power Plants as a Social Learning Process
3.1 Shutting Down Ignalina
3.2 Shutting Down Jaslovské Bohunice
4 Conclusion
References
16 Energy-Transition Challenges in the Baltic Sea Region: An Overview of Socio-Political and Legal Gaps
1 Introduction
2 Research Method and Framework
3 Energy Transition in the BSR: State of the Art
4 Energy Transition in the BSR: A Bone of Contention?
4.1 Integration of Russia
4.2 An Inclusive Approach to Social Acceptance
4.3 A Common Energy Market
4.4 Micro-Generators
4.5 Medium-Term Energy Alternatives
5 Conclusion
References
Part IV View from the Neighbourhood
17 Energy Security Pathways in South East Europe: Diversification of the Natural Gas Supplies, Energy Transition, and Energy Futures
1 Determinants of the Energy Policies in South East Europe
2 The Role of Natural Gas in the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy
2.1 Robustness of Decarbonization and the Weak Sustainability Hypothesis with Natural Gas
2.2 Economics of Coal-to-Gas Switching
3 Extension of the Natural Gas Infrastructure in South East Europe
4 SEE Energy Futures: Exploring Alternative Regional Scenarios
5 Conclusion
References
18 Transition to Electricity from Renewables in Line with the EU Standards in Serbia: Integration With(Out) Membership and Inconsistent Implementation
1 Introduction
2 Serbian Integration into the EU and Alignment in the Field of Energy: Trajectories of Differentiated Integration Through Energy Community
2.1 Serbian Integration into the EU and EU Conditionality
2.2 Obligations Under the Energy Community Treaty and Stabilization and Association Agreement in the Field of Electricity from Renewables
3 The Legislative Framework in the Field of Electricity from Renewables and the Inconsistent Implementation of the EU Standards
3.1 The Energy Community and Advancement of Standards in Serbia
3.2 The Energy Regulatory Framework and Production of Electricity from Renewables
3.3 Challenges of the Energy Regulation Implementation in Serbia
4 Conclusion
References
19 A Light at the End of a Tunnel or a Freight Train? A Comparative Analysis of Energy Transition in Croatia and Serbia
1 Introduction
2 A Comparative Snapshot of Energy Data
3 Croatia: The Light at the End of the Tunnel
4 Serbia: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Conclusion: Halfway Between Economic and Energy Transition
References
Index