This book updates the first edition for the status of knowledge in the physics of lake ice and the interactions between the ice cover and the liquid water underneath. Since the first edition was written in 2013, there has been a lot of progress in the field, in particular concerning environmental questions and the impact of climate change. Life conditions in ice-covered lakes and practical matters are now brought more into the picture so that the revision also properly serves as a handbook for applications. The author has worked widely with boreal lakes, polar lakes and Central Asian lakes that provides a wide geographical spectrum.
Chapter 1 gives a brief overview and presents the research fields. The second chapter contains the classification of ice-covered lakes and observation techniques, especially remote sensing. In Chapter 3, the structure and properties of lake ice are presented including optics and geochemistry. Ice growth and melting are treated in Chapter 4, while the following chapter focuses on ice mechanics with applications to traffic on ice and ice loads. Chapter 6 goes into the exotic environment of pro-glacial lakes. Chapter 7 contains the stratification and circulation of the water body beneath lake ice, Chapter 8 presents the winter ecology of freezing lakes and discusses the lake ice interface toward the society, and Chapter 9 summarizes the climate change impact on lake ice seasons. The book ends into a brief closing chapter and list of references. Research problems for student learning are listed throughout the book. Annexes are included to provide numerical data of constants and standard formulae to help practical calculations and student tasks.
Lake ice closely interacts with human living conditions, but people have learnt to live with that and to utilize the ice. In the present time this is true for on-ice traffic and recreation activities. Ice fishing has become a widely enjoyed hobby, and winter sports such as skiing, skating, and ice sailing are popular activities on frozen lakes. The lake ice response to eventual climate warming would appear as a shortening of the ice season due to the increasing air temperature and also as changing of the quality of the ice seasons via changes in ice thickness and structure.The book gives the whole story of lake ice into a single volume. The second, revised edition updates the content based on recent progress in winter limnology and ice physics research and applications. The author has contributed to lake ice research since the 1980s. In particular, his topics have been lake ice structure and thermodynamics, light transfer in ice and snow, ice mechanics in large lakes, and lake ice climatology. Mathematical modeling of ice growth, drift, and decay are covered in this research.
Author(s): Matti Leppäranta
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer-Praxis
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 364
City: Chichester
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 History
1.2 Lake Ice Science
1.3 Ice Season
1.4 This Book
References
2 Freezing of Lakes
2.1 Lake Types and Characteristics
2.1.1 Lake Basins
2.1.2 Water Budget of Lakes
2.1.3 Physical Properties of Lake Water
2.2 Ice-Covered Lakes
2.2.1 Freezing of Lakes
2.2.2 Vertical Mixing and Seasons
2.2.3 Seasonal Lake Ice Zone
2.2.4 Lakes with Perennial Ice
2.3 Climate and Water Budget
2.3.1 General Regional Climate
2.3.2 Radiation Balance
2.3.3 Air Pressure, Temperature, Humidity and Wind
2.4 Remote Sensing of Lake Ice
2.4.1 Techniques
2.4.2 Optical Remote Sensing
2.4.3 Thermal Remote Sensing
2.4.4 Microwave Remote Sensing
References
3 Structure and Properties of Lake Ice
3.1 Ice Ih: The Solid Phase of Water on Earth
3.1.1 Ice Crystal Structure
3.1.2 Ice Nucleation
3.1.3 Ice Formation in Lakes
3.1.4 Physical Properties of Lake Ice
3.1.5 Snow Cover on Ice
3.2 Lake Ice Types and Stratigraphy
3.2.1 Ice Structure Analysis
3.2.2 Lake Ice Stratigraphy
3.2.3 Ice Mass Balance
3.3 Impurities in Lake Ice Cover
3.4 Light Transfer Through Ice Cover
3.4.1 Radiance and Irradiance
3.4.2 Optical Properties of Lake Ice
3.4.3 Light Transmittance
References
4 Thermodynamics of Seasonal Lake Ice
4.1 Heat Budget of Freezing Lakes
4.1.1 Heat Budget and Radiation Balance
4.1.2 Solar Radiation
4.1.3 Terrestrial Radiation
4.2 Turbulent Heat Exchange with the Atmosphere and Water Body
4.2.1 Boundary Layer Above Lake Ice
4.2.2 Boundary-Layer Below Lake Ice
4.3 Ice Growth and Melting
4.3.1 Thermodynamic Principles
4.3.2 Congelation Ice
4.3.3 Snow on Ice
4.3.4 Frazil Ice
4.3.5 Ice Melting
4.4 Thermodynamic Models of Lake Ice
4.4.1 Basics
4.4.2 Analytic Models
4.4.3 Numerical Models
4.4.4 Quasi-Steady Models
4.4.5 Time-Dependent Models
4.4.6 Two-Phase Models
References
5 Mechanics of Lake Ice
5.1 Rheology
5.1.1 Stress
5.1.2 Strain and Rotation
5.1.3 Rheological Models
5.2 Ice Cover as a Plate on Water Foundation
5.2.1 Elastic Lake Ice Cover
5.2.2 Viscous Behaviour of Lake Ice
5.2.3 Thermal Cracking and Expansion
5.2.4 Displacements in Ice Cover
5.3 Bearing Capacity of Ice
5.4 Ice Forces
5.4.1 Ice Load Problems
5.4.2 Estimation of Ice Loads
5.5 Drift Ice in Lakes
5.5.1 Drift Ice Material
5.5.2 Equations of Drift Ice Mechanics
5.5.3 Models of Drift Ice Dynamics
References
6 Proglacial Lakes
6.1 Ice Sheets and Glaciers
6.2 Supraglacial Lakes
6.2.1 Structure of Supraglacial Lakes
6.2.2 Thermodynamics of Supraglacial Lakes
6.2.3 Case Study
6.3 Epiglacial Lakes
6.3.1 Occurrence of Epiglacial Lakes
6.3.2 Thermodynamics of Epiglacial Lakes
6.4 Subglacial Lakes
6.4.1 Formation and Diversity
6.4.2 Lake Vostok
References
7 Lake Water Body in the Ice Season
7.1 Ice Formation
7.1.1 Cooling Process
7.1.2 Analytic Slab Models
7.1.3 Mixed-Layer Models
7.1.4 Turbulence Models
7.2 Thermal Structure and Circulation Under Ice
7.2.1 Water Body During the Ice Season
7.2.2 Stratification
7.3 Dynamics of Water Body Beneath Ice
7.3.1 Circulation
7.3.2 Shallow Water Waves
7.3.3 Melting Period
7.4 Light Conditions
7.4.1 Optically Active Substances
7.4.2 Light Below the Ice Cover
7.4.3 Quantum Irradiance
References
8 Ice-Covered Lakes Environment
8.1 Frozen Lakes
8.1.1 History
8.1.2 Water Quality
8.1.3 Oxygen
8.1.4 Methane
8.1.5 Nutrients
8.2 Winter Ecology
8.2.1 Physical Limitations of Ecosystems Under Ice
8.2.2 Primary Production
8.2.3 Ecosystems Under Ice
8.2.4 Lake Ice Ecosystem
8.2.5 Shoreline Erosion
8.3 Lake Ice and Society
8.3.1 Lake Ice Monitoring
8.3.2 Winter Traffic in Lakes
8.3.3 Sports and Recreation on Lake Ice
References
9 Lake Ice Climatology
9.1 Ice Phenology and Quality
9.2 Time Series
9.2.1 Ice Occurrence
9.2.2 Ice Phenology
9.2.3 Ice Thickness and Extent
9.3 Mathematical Modelling
9.3.1 Linear Surface Heat Flux
9.3.2 Ice Occurrence
9.3.3 Freezing and Breakup Dates
9.3.4 Ice Thickness and Extent
9.4 Climate Change Impact on Lake Ice Season
9.4.1 Climate Change
9.4.2 Model Prediction
9.4.3 Numerical Modelling
References
10 Future of Frozen Lakes
10.1 Role of Ice Cover
10.2 Science and Technology
10.3 What Will Be?
References
Annex: Ice Properties and Useful Formulae
A.1 Properties of Ice Ih and Liquid Water
A.2 Physical Information of the Environment
References
Index
