Foundations of Nursing Research

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
About the Author......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
Importance of Research to Nursing......Page 26
Sources of Nursing Knowledge......Page 27
Purposes of Nursing Research......Page 28
Promote Evidence-Based Nursing Practice......Page 29
Document the Cost-Effectiveness of Nursing Care......Page 30
Quantitative and Qualitative Research......Page 31
Roles of Nurses in Research......Page 32
History of Nursing Research......Page 33
National Institute of Nursing Research......Page 36
National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses......Page 37
Research in Nursing Education......Page 38
Summary......Page 39
Self-Test......Page 40
References......Page 41
Defining Evidence-Based Practice......Page 43
Why we use evidence-based practice......Page 44
Benefits of EBP......Page 45
Sources for Evidence for Practice......Page 46
Cochrane Database......Page 47
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality......Page 48
Evidence-Based Practice Centers......Page 49
National Guideline Clearinghouse......Page 50
Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Centers......Page 51
Sarah Cole Hirsh Institute......Page 52
Summary......Page 53
Self-Test......Page 54
References......Page 55
The Evolving Nature of Evidence-Based Practice......Page 57
The Iowa Model......Page 58
Discussion of Iowa Model Concepts......Page 59
Facilitators of Evidence-Based Practice......Page 61
Application of the Iowa Model......Page 62
Summary......Page 63
Self-Test......Page 64
References......Page 65
Historical Overview......Page 67
Unethical Research in the United States......Page 68
Ethical Research Guidelines......Page 69
Institutional Review Boards......Page 70
IRB Review......Page 71
Description of Purpose of Study and Study Procedures......Page 72
Disclosure of Appropriate Alternative Procedures......Page 73
Contact Information for Questions Relevant to the Study......Page 74
Documentation of Informed Consent......Page 75
Integrity in Research......Page 76
Nurse Researcher as a Patient Advocate......Page 77
Critiquing the Ethical Aspects of a Study......Page 78
Self-Test......Page 79
References......Page 81
Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research......Page 83
Steps in Quantitative Research......Page 84
Determine the Purpose of the Study......Page 85
Develop a Theoretical/Conceptual Framework......Page 86
Formulate the Hypothesis......Page 87
Select the Research Design......Page 88
Select the Sample......Page 89
Organize the Data for Analysis......Page 90
Communicate the Findings......Page 91
Qualitative Nursing Research......Page 92
State the Purpose......Page 93
Select the Sample......Page 94
Collect the Data......Page 95
Communicate the Study Results......Page 97
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods......Page 98
Self-Test......Page 99
References......Page 100
Introduction......Page 102
Literature Sources......Page 103
Previous Research......Page 104
Significance to Nursing......Page 105
Feasibility of Study......Page 106
Includes the Variable(s)......Page 108
Research Question Format......Page 110
Problem Statement......Page 111
Research Questions......Page 112
Summary......Page 113
Self-Test......Page 114
References......Page 115
Purposes of the Literature Review......Page 116
Primary and Secondary Sources......Page 117
Grey Literature......Page 118
Develop a Search Strategy......Page 119
Ask a Librarian......Page 120
Finding Tools......Page 121
Selected Databases for Nursing Students......Page 122
Extracting Information from Literature Sources......Page 124
Components of a Literature Review......Page 125
Self-Test......Page 126
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 128
Concept......Page 129
Model......Page 130
Paradigms and Metaparadigms......Page 131
Orem’s Self-Care Model......Page 132
Roy’s Adaptation Model......Page 133
Neuman’s Systems Model......Page 134
Middle-range and Practice Theories......Page 135
Theories from Nursing......Page 137
Theories from Other Disciplines......Page 138
Combining Theories from Nursing and Other Disciplines......Page 139
Theoretical Development, Testing, and Critique......Page 140
Theory Testing in Nursing Research......Page 141
Critiquing the Theoretical Framework of a Study......Page 142
Summary......Page 143
Self-Test......Page 144
References......Page 145
Hypotheses Overview......Page 149
Sources or Rationale for Hypotheses......Page 150
Simple and Complex Hypotheses......Page 151
Nondirectional and Directional Research Hypotheses......Page 152
Causal and Associative Research Hypotheses......Page 153
Null and Research Hypotheses......Page 154
Developing Hypotheses......Page 155
Hypothesis Format......Page 156
Critiquing Hypotheses......Page 157
Self-Test......Page 159
References......Page 161
Introduction......Page 162
Research Designs......Page 163
Validity of Experimental Designs......Page 164
Threats to Internal Validity......Page 165
Threats to External Validity......Page 167
True Experimental Designs......Page 168
Quasi-Experimental Designs......Page 171
Pre-Experimental Designs......Page 172
Survey Studies......Page 173
Correlational Studies......Page 174
Comparative Studies......Page 175
Secondary Analysis Studies......Page 176
Critiquing Quantitative Research Designs......Page 177
Summary......Page 178
Self-Test......Page 180
References......Page 181
Introduction......Page 183
Phenomenology......Page 184
Ethnographic Studies......Page 185
Grounded Theory......Page 186
Case Studies......Page 187
Action Research Studies......Page 188
Strategies for Mixed Methods Research......Page 189
Summary......Page 190
Self-Test......Page 191
References......Page 192
Introduction......Page 194
Samples and Sampling......Page 195
Probability Sampling Methods......Page 196
Nonprobability Sampling Methods......Page 200
Time Frame for Studying the Sample......Page 202
Sample Size......Page 204
Sampling Error and Sampling Bias......Page 206
Critiquing the Sampling Procedure......Page 207
Summary......Page 208
Self-Test......Page 209
References......Page 210
Measurement......Page 212
Level of Measurement......Page 213
Determining the Appropriate Level of Measurement......Page 214
Data-Collection Methods......Page 215
Data-Collection Instruments......Page 216
Practicality of the Instrument......Page 217
Reliability of the Instrument......Page 218
Validity of the Instrument......Page 220
Relationship between Reliability and Validity......Page 223
Critiquing Data-Collection Procedures......Page 224
Summary......Page 225
Self-Test......Page 226
References......Page 227
Questionnaires......Page 229
Language and Reading Level of Questions......Page 230
Length of Questionnaire and Questions......Page 231
Types of Questions......Page 232
Completion Instructions......Page 234
Disadvantages of Questionnaires......Page 235
Types of Interviews......Page 236
Interviewer Training......Page 237
Influence of Interviewers on Respondents......Page 238
Research Observers......Page 239
Relationship between Observer and Subjects......Page 240
Likert Scale......Page 241
Semantic Differential Scales......Page 243
Psychological Tests......Page 244
Q Sort......Page 245
Visual Analogue Scale......Page 246
Critiquing Data-Collection Methods......Page 247
Summary......Page 249
Self-Test......Page 250
References......Page 251
Introduction......Page 254
Descriptive Statistics......Page 255
Measures to Condense Data......Page 256
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 261
Measures of Variability......Page 263
Measures of Relationships......Page 265
Correlation Coefficients......Page 266
Intraocular Method of Data Analysis......Page 270
Critiquing Descriptive Statistics in Research Reports......Page 271
Summary......Page 272
Self-Test......Page 273
References......Page 274
Introduction......Page 275
Estimating Population Parameters......Page 276
Sampling Distribution of the Mean......Page 277
Confidence Intervals......Page 278
The Study Hypothesis......Page 280
Choosing a Statistical Test......Page 281
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests......Page 282
Comparing Calculated Value and Critical Value......Page 283
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests......Page 284
Type I and Type II Errors......Page 285
t Test......Page 286
Analysis of Variance......Page 287
Chi-Square......Page 288
Testing the Significance of Correlation Coefficients......Page 290
Advanced Statistical Tests......Page 291
Summary......Page 293
Self-Test......Page 295
References......Page 296
Introduction......Page 298
Narrative Presentation of Findings......Page 299
Figures......Page 300
Discussion of Study Hypotheses......Page 301
Statistical and Clinical Significance......Page 302
Conclusions......Page 303
Replication of the Research Study......Page 304
Extensions of the Research Study......Page 305
Critiquing the Presentation of Study Findings......Page 306
Summary......Page 307
Self-Test......Page 308
References......Page 309
Introduction......Page 310
Presenting Research Results at Professional Conferences......Page 311
Presenting a Research Paper......Page 312
Publishing a Journal Article......Page 313
Choosing Between Refereed and Nonrefereed Journals......Page 315
Utilization of Nursing Research Findings......Page 317
Inadequate Dissemination of Research Findings......Page 318
Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice......Page 319
Summary......Page 321
Self-Test......Page 322
References......Page 323
19 Nursing Research and Healthcare Economics......Page 325
Understanding Market Forces Affecting Nurses......Page 326
The Dall Study......Page 327
Nursing Research Cost-Effectiveness Studies......Page 328
Telephonic Nursing Studies......Page 330
Need For More Research Studies on Nursing Care......Page 331
Affordable Care Act......Page 332
Public Health......Page 333
Self-Test......Page 334
References......Page 335
Introduction......Page 338
Critiquing Quantitative Research Reports......Page 339
Identifying the Problem......Page 340
Assumptions......Page 341
Research Design......Page 342
Data-Collection Instruments......Page 343
Implications......Page 344
Critiquing Qualitative Research Reports......Page 345
Problem of the Study......Page 346
Selection of Sample......Page 347
Other Considerations......Page 348
Self-Test......Page 349
References......Page 350
Self-Test Answers......Page 352
Appendix A Consent Form......Page 391
Appendix B Critiquing Exercise......Page 393
C......Page 397
D......Page 399
E......Page 400
I......Page 401
L......Page 402
M......Page 403
N......Page 404
P......Page 405
Q......Page 406
R......Page 407
S......Page 408
T......Page 409
Z......Page 410
Credits......Page 411
C......Page 413
D......Page 415
E......Page 416
G......Page 417
I......Page 418
L......Page 419
M......Page 420
N......Page 421
P......Page 422
Q......Page 423
S......Page 425
V......Page 427
Z......Page 428