Foundations of Nursing in the Community: Community-Oriented Practice

Front cover......Page 1
Inside front cover......Page 2
Foundations of nursing in the community community-oriented practice fourth edition......Page 3
Copyright page......Page 4
About The authors......Page 5
Dedication and acknowledgments......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 12
Table of contents......Page 15
Key terms......Page 17
What is public health?......Page 18
Population-focused nursing practice......Page 20
Practice focusing on individuals, families, and groups......Page 25
Community-based nursing......Page 26
Challenges for The future......Page 27
Additional resources......Page 28
References......Page 29
Key terms......Page 31
Public health during america’s colonial period and the new republic......Page 32
Nightingale and the origins of trained nursing......Page 33
Continued growth in public health nursing......Page 36
Public health nursing during the early twentieth century......Page 37
Economic depression and the impact on public health......Page 39
From world war II until the 1970s......Page 41
Public health nursing from the 1970s to the Present......Page 42
Clinical application......Page 46
What would you do?......Page 47
References......Page 48
Key terms......Page 51
Demographic trends......Page 52
Health workforce trends......Page 53
Technological trends......Page 54
Access......Page 55
Quality......Page 56
Promoting health and preventing disease: Year 2020 objectives for The nation......Page 57
The Federal System......Page 58
Department of Agriculture......Page 61
The Local System......Page 62
Forces influencing the health care system of the future......Page 63
Clinical application......Page 65
Additional resources......Page 66
References......Page 67
Key terms......Page 70
Introduction to the history of ethics and bioethics: Relationship to nursing and public health......Page 71
Ethical decision making......Page 72
Definition, theories, principles......Page 74
Virtue ethics......Page 77
Feminist ethics......Page 78
Assurance......Page 79
Nursing code of ethics......Page 80
Public health code of ethics......Page 81
Definitions, codes, standards......Page 82
Advocacy and health care reform......Page 83
Remember this!......Page 84
References......Page 85
Key terms......Page 87
Immigrant health issues......Page 88
Culture......Page 91
Cultural competence......Page 92
Cultural awareness......Page 94
Cultural knowledge......Page 95
Cultural desire......Page 96
Cultural repatterning......Page 97
Cultural nursing assessment......Page 98
Communication......Page 100
Using an interpreter......Page 101
Environmental control......Page 102
Culture and nutrition......Page 103
Clinical application......Page 104
What would you do?......Page 105
References......Page 106
Key terms......Page 109
Historical context......Page 111
Toxicology......Page 112
Multidisciplinary approaches......Page 113
Air......Page 114
Land......Page 116
The right to know......Page 117
Risk assessment......Page 118
Assessing environmental health risks in children......Page 119
Reducing Environmental health risks......Page 120
Risk communication......Page 121
Government Environmental protection......Page 122
Unique environmental health threats in the health care industry: New opportunities for advocacy......Page 124
Roles for nurses in environmental health......Page 125
Remember this!......Page 126
References......Page 127
Key terms......Page 130
Governmental role in U.S. health care......Page 131
Trends and shifts in governmental roles......Page 132
Financing......Page 133
Healthy people 2020: An example of national health policy guidance......Page 134
International organizations......Page 135
U.S. department of health and human services......Page 136
State and local health departments......Page 138
The law and health care......Page 139
Scope of practice......Page 140
School and family health......Page 141
The nurse’s role in the policy process......Page 142
Legislative action......Page 143
The process of regulation......Page 145
Nursing advocacy......Page 146
Remember this!......Page 147
References......Page 148
Key terms......Page 151
Public health and economics......Page 152
The uninsured......Page 153
Access to care......Page 154
Primary prevention......Page 155
First phase......Page 156
Second phase......Page 157
Fourth phase......Page 158
Challenges for the twenty-first century......Page 159
Trends in health care spending......Page 160
Demographics affecting health care......Page 161
Medicare......Page 162
Other public support......Page 165
Employers......Page 166
Managed care arrangements......Page 167
Reimbursement for nursing services......Page 168
Remember this!......Page 169
Additional resources......Page 170
References......Page 171
Key terms......Page 173
Definitions......Page 174
History......Page 175
How nurses use epidemiology......Page 177
Rates, proportions, and risk......Page 178
Measures of incidence......Page 179
Incidence and prevalence compared......Page 180
Mortality rates......Page 181
Epidemiologic triangle: Agent, host, and environment......Page 182
Levels of preventive interventions......Page 183
Screening......Page 184
Validity: Sensitivity and specificity......Page 185
Epidemiological data......Page 186
Person......Page 187
Secular changes......Page 188
Analytic epidemiology......Page 189
Prospective cohort studies......Page 190
Case-control studies......Page 191
Experimental studies......Page 192
Bias......Page 193
Applications of epidemiology in nursing......Page 194
Remember this!......Page 195
References......Page 196
Key terms......Page 199
History of evidence-based practice......Page 200
Types of evidence......Page 201
Steps in the evidence-based practice process......Page 202
Approaches to finding evidence......Page 203
Approaches to evaluating evidence......Page 205
Approaches to implementing evidence-based practice......Page 206
Healthy people 2020 objectives......Page 207
Clinical application......Page 209
References......Page 210
Key terms......Page 213
Healthy people 2020 objectives for health education......Page 214
Cognitive domain......Page 215
Psychomotor domain......Page 216
Select appropriate educational methods......Page 217
Skills of the effective educator......Page 219
Motivational interviewing......Page 220
Developing effective health education programs......Page 221
Population considerations based on age and cultural and ethnic backgrounds......Page 222
Learner-related barriers......Page 223
Evaluation of the educational process......Page 225
Groups: A tool in health education......Page 226
Concepts......Page 227
Choosing groups for health change......Page 229
Conflict......Page 231
Remember this!......Page 232
Additional resources......Page 233
References......Page 234
Key terms......Page 236
What is a Community?......Page 237
The Community as client and partner in nursing practice......Page 239
Status......Page 240
Community partnerships......Page 241
Strategies to improve community health......Page 243
Assessing community health......Page 244
Data-collection methods......Page 245
Community reconnaissance......Page 247
Identifying community problems......Page 248
Problem priorities......Page 249
Identifying intervention activities......Page 250
Factors influencing implementation......Page 251
Personal safety in community practice......Page 253
Examples of tables describing the process of a community assessment......Page 254
Clinical application......Page 255
Additional resources......Page 256
References......Page 257
Key terms......Page 259
Definitions of case management......Page 260
Case management and the nursing process......Page 261
Tools of case managers......Page 262
Community models of case management......Page 265
Process of advocacy......Page 266
Skill development......Page 267
Conflict management......Page 268
Collaboration......Page 269
Ethical issues......Page 270
Remember this!......Page 272
References......Page 273
Disasters......Page 276
The disaster management cycle and the nursing role......Page 278
Prevention (mitigation)......Page 279
Personal preparedness......Page 280
Professional preparedness......Page 281
Community preparedness......Page 282
The national health security strategy......Page 283
Response to bioterrorism......Page 284
How disasters affect communities......Page 285
Role of the nurse in disaster response......Page 287
Shelter management......Page 288
Psychological stress of disaster workers......Page 289
Role of the nurse in disaster recovery......Page 290
Clinical application......Page 291
References......Page 292
Key terms......Page 295
Purposes of surveillance......Page 296
Data sources for surveillance......Page 297
Active system......Page 298
Defining the magnitude of a problem or an event......Page 300
When to Investigate......Page 301
Remember this!......Page 302
References......Page 303
Key terms......Page 306
Definition of problem and need......Page 307
Program planning models for public health......Page 311
Evaluation process......Page 312
Sources of program evaluation......Page 313
Efficiency......Page 314
Sustainability......Page 315
What would you do?......Page 316
References......Page 317
Key terms......Page 319
Quality and nursing practice......Page 321
How does quality assurance relate to total quality management?......Page 322
General approaches......Page 323
Specific approaches......Page 324
Total quality management and continuous quality improvement......Page 325
Traditional quality assurance......Page 326
Evaluative studies......Page 328
Structure......Page 329
Process......Page 330
Evaluation, interpretation, and action......Page 331
Documentation......Page 332
Healthy people 2020 and quality health care......Page 333
What would you do?......Page 334
References......Page 335
Key terms......Page 338
Family functions......Page 339
Family structure......Page 340
Family health, nonhealth, and resilience......Page 341
Family systems theory......Page 342
Family developmental and life cycle theory......Page 344
Working with families for healthy outcomes......Page 346
Making an appointment with the family......Page 347
Designing family interventions......Page 348
Evaluation of The plan......Page 350
Friedman family assessment model......Page 351
Social and family policy challenges......Page 352
Remember this!......Page 353
References......Page 354
Key terms......Page 357
Family health......Page 359
Health risk reduction......Page 360
Family health risk appraisal......Page 361
Biological and age-related risk......Page 362
Biological health risk assessment......Page 363
Genetics and family health risks......Page 365
Environmental risk......Page 366
Behavioral (lifestyle) risk......Page 367
Behavioral (lifestyle) health risk assessment......Page 369
Process......Page 370
Contracting with families......Page 373
Empowering families......Page 374
Vulnerable population: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered families......Page 375
Community resources......Page 376
Remember this!......Page 377
References......Page 378
Key terms......Page 381
Obesity......Page 382
Injuries and accidents......Page 384
Developmental considerations......Page 385
Child maltreatment......Page 386
Acute illnesses......Page 387
Target areas for prevention with children......Page 388
Immunizations......Page 389
Health policy, legislation, and ethics related to adult health......Page 390
Major health issues and chronic disease management of adults across The life span......Page 391
Health status indicators......Page 392
Stroke......Page 393
Cancer......Page 394
Women’s health concerns......Page 395
Breast cancer......Page 396
Cancers unique to men......Page 397
Health disparities among special groups of adults......Page 398
Adults with physical and mental disabilities......Page 399
Frail elderly......Page 400
Community-based models for care of adults......Page 401
Clinical application......Page 402
What would you do?......Page 403
References......Page 404
Key terms......Page 409
Vulnerability: Definition and influencing factors......Page 410
Social determinants of health......Page 411
Outcomes of vulnerability......Page 413
Public policies affecting vulnerable populations......Page 414
Nursing approaches to care in the Community......Page 415
Assessment issues......Page 417
Planning and implementing care for vulnerable populations......Page 418
Remember this!......Page 421
References......Page 422
Key terms......Page 425
Differences in rural versus urban......Page 426
Population characteristics and cultural considerations......Page 427
Health status of rural residents......Page 428
Health of children......Page 429
Occupational and environmental health problems in rural areas......Page 430
Rural health care delivery issues and barriers to care......Page 431
Characteristics of migrant farmworkers......Page 432
Issues in migrant health......Page 434
Children of migrant workers......Page 435
Nurse–client relationship......Page 436
Health: Values, beliefs, and practices......Page 437
Nursing care in rural environments......Page 438
Healthy people 2020: related to rural health......Page 439
Clinical application......Page 440
What would you do?......Page 441
References......Page 442
Key terms......Page 445
Poverty: Definition and description......Page 446
Poverty and health: Effects across the life span......Page 448
Homelessness: Understanding The concept......Page 449
Effects of homelessness on health......Page 450
Homelessness and at-risk populations......Page 451
Trends in adolescent sexual behavior and pregnancy......Page 452
Sexual activity, use of birth control, and peer and partner pressure......Page 453
Young men and paternity......Page 454
Special issues in caring for the pregnant teen......Page 455
Nutrition......Page 456
Schooling and educational needs......Page 457
Mental illness in the United States......Page 458
Children and adolescents......Page 459
Adults with serious mental illness......Page 460
Older adults......Page 461
Cultural diversity......Page 462
Role of The nurse......Page 463
Clinical application......Page 465
What would you do?......Page 466
References......Page 467
Key terms......Page 471
Scope of the problem......Page 472
Psychoactive drugs......Page 473
Tobacco......Page 474
Cocaine......Page 476
Hallucinogens......Page 477
Predisposing and contributing factors......Page 478
Drug education......Page 479
Drug testing......Page 481
Older adults......Page 482
Use of illicit drugs......Page 483
Detoxification......Page 484
Addiction treatment......Page 485
Nurse’s role......Page 486
Clinical application......Page 487
References......Page 488
Key terms......Page 492
Work......Page 493
Media......Page 494
Community facilities......Page 495
Sexual violence and rape......Page 496
Development of abusive patterns......Page 499
Child abuse......Page 500
Sexual abuse......Page 503
Intimate partner abuse......Page 504
Abuse of older adults......Page 506
Nursing interventions......Page 507
Additional resources......Page 511
References......Page 512
Chapter outline......Page 516
Historical and current perspectives......Page 517
Agent factor......Page 519
Disease development......Page 520
Surveillance for agents of bioterrorism......Page 521
List of reportable diseases......Page 522
Emergence factors......Page 523
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention......Page 526
Anthrax......Page 527
Vaccine-preventable disease......Page 528
Measles......Page 529
Influenza......Page 530
Foodborne and waterborne diseases......Page 532
Escherichia coli 0157:h7......Page 533
Lyme disease......Page 534
Rabies (hydrophobia)......Page 535
Parasitic opportunistic infections......Page 536
Diarrheal diseases......Page 537
Clinical application......Page 538
What would you do?......Page 539
References......Page 540
Key terms......Page 543
Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection......Page 544
Epidemiology and surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome......Page 545
Caring for clients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in The Community......Page 546
Gonorrhea......Page 547
Syphilis......Page 550
Human papillomavirus infection......Page 551
Hepatitis......Page 552
Hepatitis B virus......Page 553
Hepatitis C virus......Page 554
Tuberculosis......Page 555
Primary prevention......Page 556
Community outreach, education, and evaluation......Page 558
Partner notification and contact tracing......Page 559
Clinical application......Page 560
Additional resources......Page 561
References......Page 562
Key terms......Page 565
Roles of local, state, and federal public health agencies......Page 566
History and trends of public health......Page 567
Scope, standards, and roles of nursing in public health......Page 568
Education and knowledge requirements for public health nurses......Page 570
National health objectives......Page 571
Functions of public health nurses......Page 572
Clinical application......Page 574
References......Page 575
Key terms......Page 578
Definitions in faith community nursing......Page 579
Faith communities......Page 581
Characteristics of the practice......Page 582
Scope and standards of faith community nursing practice......Page 584
Professional issues......Page 585
Legal issues......Page 586
National health objectives and faith communities......Page 587
Functions of the faith community nurse......Page 588
Remember this!......Page 589
References......Page 590
Chapter outline......Page 593
Key terms......Page 594
Population-focused home care......Page 595
Home health......Page 596
Hospice......Page 597
Scope and standards of practice......Page 598
Nursing roles in home care......Page 599
Omaha system......Page 600
Education and roles......Page 601
Evidence-based quality and performance improvement and client safety......Page 602
Accreditation......Page 603
Legal and ethical issues......Page 604
Technology and telehealth......Page 605
Remember this!......Page 606
References......Page 607
Key terms......Page 611
Federal legislation in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s......Page 612
Roles and functions of school nurses......Page 614
Federal school health programs......Page 615
School-based health programs......Page 616
Primary prevention in schools......Page 617
Disease prevention education......Page 618
Nursing care for emergencies in the school......Page 619
Giving medication in school......Page 620
Communicating with health care providers......Page 621
School crisis teams: Responding to disasters......Page 622
Children who are autistic......Page 623
Ethics in school nursing......Page 625
Remember this!......Page 626
References......Page 627
Key terms......Page 631
History and evolution of occupational health nursing......Page 632
Workers as A population aggregate......Page 633
Work–health interactions......Page 634
Application of the epidemiologic model......Page 635
Biological agents......Page 636
Environmental and mechanical agents......Page 637
Physical agents......Page 638
Environment......Page 639
Onsite occupational health and safety programs......Page 640
Worker assessment......Page 641
Workplace assessment......Page 642
Legistation related to occupational health......Page 645
Disaster planning and management......Page 647
What would you do?......Page 648
References......Page 649
Appendixes......Page 652
Permitted protected health information disclosures to A public health authority without authorization......Page 653
Disclosing data......Page 654
Living will directive......Page 655
B.1 community-as-partner model......Page 656
Family functions......Page 659
Family stress and coping......Page 660
B.3 Comprehensive occupational and enviromental exposure history......Page 661
Surveillance......Page 665
Information obtained during the first visit/encounter......Page 666
Domain: Health-related behaviors......Page 667
Experience with professional health care......Page 668
C.1 Examples of public health nursing roles and implementing public health functions......Page 669
Standards of professional performance for public health nursing......Page 676
C.3 Quad council public health nursing core competencies and skill levels......Page 677
Population-based practice......Page 678
Public health interventions with definitions......Page 679
Three levels of public health practice......Page 680
D.1 Summary description of hepatitis A-E......Page 681
D.2 Recommendations for prophylaxis of hepatitis A......Page 683
D.3 recommended postexposure prophylaxis for percutaneous or permucosal exposure to hepatitis B virus......Page 684
APPENDIX E Resource tools available on the evolve website......Page 685
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C......Page 687
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N......Page 693
P......Page 694
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W......Page 698
A......Page 699
C......Page 701
D......Page 704
E......Page 706
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H......Page 709
I......Page 712
L......Page 713
M......Page 715
O......Page 716
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R......Page 720
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