Food, Medical, and Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials

Front Cover
Food, Medical, and Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Fabrication of nanomaterials
1. Introduction
2. Fabrication of nanomaterials
3. Top-down fabrication methods
3.1. Mechanical methods
3.2. Mechanochemical synthesis
3.3. Lithographic processes
3.4. Laser ablation in the liquid synthesis
3.5. Arc discharge synthesis
4. Bottom-up fabrication methods
4.1. Self-assembled monolayers
4.2. Sol-gel technology
4.3. Spray pyrolysis
4.4. Gas-phase synthesis
4.4.1. Inert gas condensation
4.4.2. Pulsed laser ablation
4.4.3. Spark discharge generation
4.4.4. Ion sputtering
4.4.5. Chemical vapor synthesis
4.4.6. Spray pyrolysis
5. Other common methods available for nanomaterials production
5.1. Coprecipitation
5.2. Hydrothermal method
5.3. Microwave-assisted method
5.4. Microemulsion method
5.5. Ultrasound method
5.6. Template synthesis
5.7. Biological synthesis
5.8. Electrochemical synthesis
6. Nanocomposites
7. Future trends
References
Chapter 2: Nanoparticles and nanofluids: Characteristics and behavior aspects
1. Introduction
2. Nanoparticle aggregation and dispersion behavior
3. Physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles
4. Interactions between nanoparticles
5. Properties of nanofluid
5.1. Thermal conductivity and heat transfer in nanofluid
5.2. Viscosity
5.3. Specific heat
6. Mass transfer in nanofluids
7. Future trends
References
Chapter 3: Robust organometallic gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine engineering of proteins
1. Introduction
2. BSA conjugated gold-carbon nanoparticles with outstanding robustness and hemocompatibility
3. Green and cytocompatible carboxyl-modified gold-lysozyme antibacterial
4. Inhibition of amyloid fibrillation at carboxyl-tailored gold-aryl nanoparticles
5. Protein-coated gold nanoparticles: Green and chemical synthesis routes and their cellular uptake
5.1. Synthesis of protein-coated gold nanoparticles: Green versus chemical routes
5.2. Characterization of protein-coated gold nanoparticles
5.3. Biological studies
6. Computational methods
6.1. Physicochemical stability study of protein-carboxylic acid complexes
6.2. Inhibition of insulin aggregation by carboxylate-terminated nanoparticles
6.3. Carboxyl-modified gold-lysozyme antibacterial for combating multidrug-resistant superbugs
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials
1. Introduction
2. Agar nanoparticles
3. Agarose nanoparticle
4. Alginate nanoparticles
5. Carrageenan nanoparticles
6. Chitin nanoparticles
7. Chitooligosaccharide nanoparticles
8. Chitosan nanoparticles
9. Cellulose nanoparticles
10. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Lipid-based nanostructures in food applications
1. Introduction: Potential of lipid-based nanostructure
2. Type of lipid nanostructures used in food industries
2.1. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
2.2. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
2.3. Lipid nanogels
2.4. Nanoliposomes
3. Different synthesis methodologies
3.1. Nanoemulsion
3.2. Ultrasonication synthesis
3.3. Microfluidic synthesis
4. Application of lipid nanostructure in food industries
4.1. Delivery of preservatives and bioactive molecules
4.2. Emulsifying agents
4.3. Food structure modification agents
5. Future of lipid-based nanostructures
References
Chapter 6: Bio-based multifunctional nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications
1. Introduction
1.1. Conventional methods of production
1.2. Greener approach as an alternative to conventional methods
1.3. Bio-greener ways of nanomaterial production and scope
2. Biomolecules in nanomaterial synthesis
3. Microbial molecules in nanomaterial synthesis
3.1. Nanoparticles by bacterial origin
3.1.1. Membrane-associated molecules-Intracellular synthesis
3.1.2. Cell-free extracellular synthesis
3.2. Nanoparticles by fungal origin
3.2.1. Biomass-aided intracellular synthesis
3.2.2. Cell filtrate-mediated extracellular synthesis
4. Plant resources in nanoparticle synthesis
4.1. In vivo synthesis
4.2. In vitro synthesis
5. Template-based synthesis
6. NP shape control with biomolecular systems
6.1. Microbial based anisotropic NP synthesis
6.2. Plant-based anisotropic NP synthesis
6.3. Size and shape control by isolated biomolecules
7. Extensive use of nanoparticles
8. Scope and applications of as-synthesized NPs
8.1. Need of model nanocides
8.2. Biosynthesized NPs as nanocides
8.2.1. Antimicrobial additives
8.2.2. Biocidal agents
8.2.3. Biocidal nanocomposites
8.3. Other applications of as-synthesized nanoparticles
8.3.1. As biosensors
8.3.2. On cancer cell line-targeting cell death
8.3.3. Assisting in heavy metal ion removal
8.3.4. As catalysts
9. Summary and future outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7: Nanocomposites in food packaging
1. Introduction
2. Fabrication methods of nanocomposites
2.1. Direct casting
2.2. Extrusion
2.3. In situ polymerization
2.4. Layer-by-layer assembly
3. Types of nanoparticles
3.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
3.2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
3.3. Silica (SiO2)
3.4. Silver nanoparticles
3.5. Halloysite
4. Essential oils
5. Effect of the incorporation of nanoparticles and EOs on the properties of the nanocomposite packaging films
5.1. Mechanical properties
5.1.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
5.1.2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
5.1.3. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
5.1.4. Ag nanoparticles
5.1.5. Halloysite
5.2. Moisture barrier properties
5.2.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
5.2.2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
5.2.3. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
5.2.4. Ag nanoparticles
5.2.5. Halloysite
5.3. Gas barrier properties
5.3.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
5.3.2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
5.3.3. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
5.3.4. Ag nanoparticles
5.3.5. Halloysite
5.4. UV barrier properties
5.4.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
5.4.2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
5.4.3. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
5.4.4. Ag nanoparticles
5.4.5. Halloysite
5.5. Antimicrobial properties
5.5.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
5.5.2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
5.5.3. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
5.5.4. Ag nanoparticles
5.5.5. Halloysite
6. Regulatory issues
6.1. European Union
6.2. North America
6.3. Oceania
6.4. Asia
7. Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 8: Nano delivery systems for food bioactives
1. Introduction
2. Requirement of nano delivery system
2.1. Poor oral bioavailability
2.2. Development of functional food
2.3. Consumer and regulatory acceptance
3. Properties of the delivery system
4. Nano delivery system
4.1. Lipid-based delivery system
4.1.1. Nanoemulsion
4.1.2. Solid lipid nanoparticles
4.1.3. Nanoliposomes
4.1.4. Nanostructured lipid carriers
4.1.5. Lyotropic liquid crystalline nanostructures
4.2. Surfactant-based delivery system
4.2.1. Reverse micelle
4.2.2. Niosomes
4.2.3. Bilosomes
4.3. Biopolymer-based nano delivery system
4.3.1. Complex nanoparticles
4.3.2. Nanohydrogels
4.3.3. Nanopolymerosomes
4.4. Layer-by-layer self-assembly
4.4.1. Spherical-shaped nanoparticle through LBL self-assembly
4.4.2. Nanotube through LBL assembly
5. Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 9: Nanostructures for improving food structure and functionality
1. Introduction
2. Overview of methods for nanostructure formations
2.1. Encapsulation
2.2. High-pressure homogenization
2.3. Supercritical fluids
2.4. Electrospraying
2.5. Ultrasound
2.6. Other approaches
3. Sources of biopolymers for nanostructure development
3.1. Protein-based nanostructures
3.2. Polysaccharide-based nanostructures
4. Application on nanostructures in food systems
4.1. Nanoemulsions
4.1.1. Materials require in nanoemulsion production
4.1.2. Preparation of nanoemulsion
4.2. Food packaging
4.3. Nanosensors
4.4. Other applications
5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Nanotechnology in microbial food safety
1. Introduction
2. Interaction between nanoparticles and microbes
2.1. Bactericidal mechanism of the nanoparticles
2.2. Antiviral activity of nanoparticles
2.3. Antifungal activity of nanoparticles
3. Antimicrobial nanocoating
3.1. Different types of antimicrobial nanocoating for food safety
3.1.1. Antimicrobial leachable nanocoating
3.1.2. Contact killing based nanocoating
3.1.3. Microbial resistant nano-coating
3.2. Antimicrobial nanocoating on different solid food materials
3.2.1. Fruits and vegetables
3.2.2. Meat and fish
4. Anti-fouling surface
4.1. Application of nanotechnology in developing anti-fouling surfaces
5. Antimicrobial nanomaterials for biofilm
5.1. Application of nanotechnology against biofilm
6. Nanoencapsulation
6.1. Antimicrobial nanoencapsulation
6.1.1. Enzymes and peptides nanoencapsulation
6.1.2. Bioactive oils nanoencapsulation
6.1.3. Probiotics nanoencapsulation
6.1.4. Polyphenols encapsulation
7. Nanophotosensitizer
7.1. Nanoparticles in photosensitization
7.1.1. Lipid nanoparticles
7.1.2. Metal-oxide nanoparticles
7.1.3. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)
TiO2 nanoparticles
ZnO nanoparticles
8. Application of nanotechnology in microbial food safety
8.1. Active packaging in microbial food safety
8.1.1. Inorganic nanoparticles in active food packaging
Silver nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles
Sulfur nanoparticles
TiO2 nanoparticles
ZnO nanoparticles
8.1.2. Organic nanoparticles
Nanocellulose
Nanostarch
8.2. Nanotechnology in smart food packaging
8.3. Application in food contact surfaces (FCSs)
8.4. Photodynamic (PD) packaging
8.5. Photodynamic therapy in hurdle technology
8.6. Nanobubble
8.7. Nanosensor
9. Risk assessment
10. Regulatory and legislative aspects
11. Final remarks
References
Chapter 11: Electroconductive nanofibrillar biocomposite platforms for cardiac tissue engineering
1. Introduction
2. Nanotopologies and electrical stimulation-Intrinsic biophysical determinant of CMs
2.1. Nanotopology
2.2. Electrical stimulation
3. Strategies for fabricating electroactive nanofibrous platforms
4. Recent developments in electroconductive nanofibrillar platforms for CTE
4.1. Carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes
4.2. Graphene and its oxides
4.3. Carbon quantum nanodots
4.4. Electroactive polymers
4.4.1. PANi
4.4.2. PPy
4.4.3. PEDOT:PSS
4.5. Metal-based nanomaterials
5. Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12: Impacts of nanotechnology in tissue engineering
1. Nanomaterials for skin repair and regeneration
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Nanomaterials for epidermal regeneration
1.3. Nanomaterials for dermal regeneration
2. Nanomaterial technology for eye regeneration
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Nanomaterials for cornea regeneration
2.3. Nanomaterials for lens regeneration
2.4. Nanomaterials for retina regeneration
2.5. Summary
3. Nanostructured biomaterial used in bone regeneration
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Nanomaterials as bone fillers and improved biomaterial mechanical strength
3.3. Nanostructures on implant surfaces to facilitate cell behavior
3.4. Nanoparticles as a carrier for biological or synthetic molecules for bone regeneration
3.5. Conclusion and future prospects
4. Nanomaterials in management of chronic respiratory diseases and mucosal injury
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Asthma
4.3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4.4. Lung cancer
5. Biomaterials in cardiovascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Choices of biomaterials
5.3. Fabrication of biomaterials
5.4. Clinical applications
5.5. Summary
References
Chapter 13: Piezoelectric nanomaterials for biomedical applications
1. Introduction and origin of piezoelectricity
2. Preparation of piezoelectric materials
2.1. Preparation of ceramic powder by mixed oxide technology
2.2. Coprecipitation
2.3. Alkoxide hydrolysis
2.4. Sintering
2.5. Single crystal
2.6. Templated grain growth
3. Biomedical applications of piezoelectric nanomaterials
3.1. Flexible, organic piezoelectric membranes for implantable applications
3.2. Applications as energy harvesting materials
3.3. Cellulose-based nanostructures for solar energy harvesting
3.4. Applications as bio actuators
3.5. Applications as sensors
3.6. Implantable in vivo physiological force sensing piezoelectric sensors
3.7. Drug delivery applications
3.8. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Nanotechnology-based interventions for interactions with the immune system
1. Introduction
2. Emerging clinical needs of human immune physiology
2.1. Engineered T cells and CAR T cells
2.2. Challenges associated with CAR T cells
2.3. Adaptive thymus cell transfer treatment in cancer and viral infections
2.4. Challenges associated with receptive T-cell transfer treatment
2.5. Immune check point blockade
2.6. Challenges associated with immune system blockade
3. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles for vaccination
3.1. Immune system and its relationship with nanovaccine
3.2. Classification of nanovaccines
3.2.1. Polymer-based nanovaccines
3.2.2. Liposomal nanovaccines
3.2.3. Inorganic particle-based nanovaccines
3.2.4. VLPs and polypeptide based nanovaccines
4. Treatment of immunosuppressive diseases with nanoparticles
4.1. Potential of nanoparticle therapy
4.2. Methodologies in discussion regarding the functionality of nanoparticles
5. Cancer treatment with nanotechnology by immune modulation
5.1. Cancer immunology and immune evasion
5.2. Immunostimulants for cancer immunomodulation
5.2.1. Adjuvants
5.2.2. Cytokines
5.2.3. Nucleic acids
5.2.4. Monoclonal antibodies
5.3. Nanovesicles for delivery of immunostimulants
5.3.1. Liposomal vesicles as immunomodulatory delivery platform
5.3.2. Synthetic nanovesicles as immunomodulatory delivery platform
5.3.3. Nanogels as immunomodulatory delivery platform
5.4. Nanoparticles as cancer immunomodulating agent
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Polycaprolactone-based shape memory polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications
1. Introduction
2. An insight of shape-memory polymers and shape memory effect
3. Significance of SMPs in biomedical applications
4. Synthesis and properties of PCL
4.1. Synthesis
4.2. Properties of PCL
5. PCL-based shape memory polymeric nanocomposites
6. Scope and future perspective
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Nanoemulsions for antitumor activity
1. Introduction
2. Nanoemulsion and MDR
3. Application and different types of cancer therapy
3.1. Colon cancer therapy with nanoemulsion
3.2. Ovarian cancer therapy and nanoemulsion
3.3. Prostate cancer therapy and nanoemulsion
3.4. Liver cancer and nanoemulsion
3.5. Leukemia and nanoemuslion
3.6. Breast cancer and nanoemulsion
3.7. Melanoma and nanoemulsion
4. Theragonostic application of nanoemulsion
5. Future prospects
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Nanomaterials for aging and cosmeceutical applications
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.2. Advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials in cosmetics
2. Classifications of nanocosmeceuticals
2.1. Types of nanoparticles used in nanocosmeceuticals
2.2. Application of nanocosmeceuticals
2.2.1. Nano antiaging
2.2.2. Nano moisturizers
2.2.3. Nano facial creams
2.2.4. Nano sunscreen
2.2.5. Nanofibrous cosmetic face mask
2.2.6. Nano perfumes
2.2.7. Nanonail care
2.2.8. Nano hair care
3. Nanocosmeceuticals mechanisms of action
3.1. Penetration in skincare products
3.2. Antiaging activity
4. Toxicity of nanoparticles for cosmeceuticals
4.1. Nanocosmeceuticals products toxicity
4.2. Postapplication adverse events
4.2.1. Postapplication exposure through skin penetration
4.2.2. Respiratory system postapplication exposure through inhalation
4.2.3. Digestive system postapplication exposure through ingestion
4.3. Environmental concerns
5. Safety assessment of nanomaterials in cosmetic industry
5.1. European Union
5.2. United States
6. Future perspective and recommendations
References
Chapter 18: Nano-formulations in drug delivery
1. Nanotechnology in nano-formulations in drug delivery
1.1. Smart delivery systems
1.2. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles-polymers
1.2.1. Polymers
1.2.2. Nanoparticles
1.2.3. Silice mesoporosa
2. Morphologies and their properties in drug delivery
2.1. Polymers
2.1.1. Micelles
2.1.2. Liposomes
2.1.3. Dendrimers
2.2. Metallic nanoparticles
2.3. Mesoporous silica
3. Preparation of nano-formulations
3.1. Micelles
3.2. Liposomes
3.3. Dendrimers
3.4. Metallic nanoparticles
3.5. Sílice mesoporosa
4. Different applications of nano-formulations
5. Biocompatibility and mechanism of some system drug delivery
6. Perspectives
References
Chapter 19: Nano-materials as biosensor for heavy metal detection
1. Introduction
2. Biosensor
2.1. Types of biosensor
2.2. Nanomaterial-based biosensors
2.3. Basic principles of nanomaterial-based biosensors
3. Advancement on nanomaterial-based biosensor
4. Pros and cons
5. Future prospects
References
Chapter 20: Smart nano-biosensors in sustainable agriculture and environmental applications
1. Introduction
2. Principle of nano-biosensors
3. Types of nano-bio sensors
3.1. Mechanical nano-biosensors
3.2. Optical nano-biosensors
3.3. Electrochemical nano-biosensors
3.4. Piezoelectric nano-biosensor
3.5. Calorimetric nano-biosensor
4. Nanostructures used in sensors
5. Nano-biosensors for environmental and agricultural application
5.1. Pesticides and biological contaminants in soil and water
5.2. Heavy metals in soil and water detection
5.3. Application in sustainable agriculture
6. Conclusion
References
Index
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