Food Intake in Fish

Food Intake in Fish......Page 5
Contents......Page 11
List of Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 19
1.2 Nutrient classes......Page 25
1.2.1 Proteins......Page 26
1.2.2 Lipids......Page 28
1.2.3 Carbohydrates......Page 30
1.2.4 Vitamins......Page 33
1.3 Analysis of feeds and feedstuffs......Page 34
1.3.1 Protein analysis......Page 37
1.3.3 Automated methods of analysis......Page 38
1.4 Nutrient availability and feed evaluation......Page 39
1.4.1 Nutrient absorption and digestibility......Page 40
1.4.2 Growth trials and biological evaluation......Page 42
1.5 Concluding comments......Page 44
1.6 References......Page 45
2.2 Feed types......Page 49
2.3 Manufacture of dry feeds......Page 50
2.3.3 Extruded pellets......Page 53
2.3.4 Special types of feeds......Page 54
2.4.1 Protein sources of animal origin......Page 55
2.4.2 Single-cell proteins (SCPs)......Page 57
2.4.3 Antinutritional factors (ANFs)......Page 58
2.4.4 Plant protein sources......Page 59
2.4.5 Lipid sources......Page 60
2.5 Feed characteristics and feed acceptability......Page 61
2.6 Concluding comments......Page 64
2.7 References......Page 66
3.2 Stomach contents analysis......Page 73
3.2.1 Technical aspects......Page 74
3.2.2 Applications and limitations......Page 77
3.3.1 Technical aspects......Page 79
3.3.2 Applications and limitations......Page 81
3.4.1 Technical aspects......Page 82
3.4.2 Applications and limitations......Page 85
3.5.1 Technical aspects......Page 86
3.5.2 Applications and limitations......Page 87
3.6.1 Technical aspects......Page 91
3.6.2 Applications and limitations......Page 93
3.7 General discussion......Page 98
3.8 References......Page 100
4.1 Introduction......Page 112
4.2 How does one design an experiment?......Page 113
4.3 The structural model equation......Page 116
4.5 Evaluation of the experimental design......Page 117
4.6 The compromise......Page 119
4.7 Sensitivity analysis......Page 121
4.8 Nuisance variables and ways of controlling them......Page 122
4.9 Adding extra factors: why do it and what considerations are necessary?......Page 123
4.10 Measuring individual feed intake – what are the benefits?......Page 124
4.11 What can be done when life becomes more complicated?......Page 127
4.13 References......Page 130
5.2 Peripheral gustatory sensation......Page 132
5.3 Gustatory pathways in the central nervous system......Page 138
5.4 Taste and feeding behaviours......Page 144
5.6 Acknowledgements......Page 147
5.7 References......Page 148
6.1 Introduction......Page 155
6.2.1 Light......Page 156
6.2.2 Temperature......Page 159
6.2.3 Other physical factors......Page 161
6.2.4 Chemical factors......Page 162
6.3.1 Stocking density......Page 165
6.3.2 Social structure......Page 166
6.3.3 Predators......Page 167
6.3.4 Human disturbance......Page 168
6.5 References......Page 169
7.1 Introduction......Page 181
7.2.1 Pond characteristics......Page 182
7.2.2 Variability of environmental factors......Page 183
7.2.3 Variations in feed intake in relation to pond environment......Page 186
7.3.1 Feed intake in a complex, semi-controlled environment......Page 190
7.3.2 Environmental variation and feeding activity......Page 191
7.3.4 Cage management practices......Page 194
7.4 Feed intake in tanks......Page 195
7.4.1 Tank culture systems......Page 196
7.4.2 Environmental variation and feeding activity......Page 197
7.4.3 Tank management practices and possibility of control......Page 199
7.6 References......Page 201
8.1 Introduction......Page 213
8.2.1 Diel rhythms......Page 215
8.2.2 Tidal and lunar rhythms......Page 218
8.2.3 Annual rhythms......Page 219
8.3 Other sources of variability in feeding rhythms......Page 223
8.4.1 Endogenous control......Page 224
8.5 Conclusions......Page 232
8.6 References......Page 233
9.1.1 What is feeding anticipatory activity?......Page 240
9.1.2 Biological significance......Page 241
9.1.3 Characteristics of feeding anticipatory activity......Page 242
9.1.4 Behavioural variables showing feeding anticipatory activity......Page 243
9.2.1 External versus internal origin......Page 245
9.2.2 Self-sustained feeding-entrainable oscillator (FEO)......Page 246
9.3 Synchronising stimulus for feeding entrainment......Page 248
9.4.1 Temporal integration......Page 249
9.4.3 Distribution of fish......Page 251
9.5 Conclusions......Page 252
9.6 References......Page 253
10.1 Introduction......Page 257
10.2 Effect of feeding time on growth......Page 258
10.2.1 Finding the optimal feeding time: a problem of dualism?......Page 260
10.4 Mechanisms involved in mediating the effects of feeding time on nutrient utilisation......Page 261
10.4.1 Effect of feeding time on endocrine cycles......Page 264
10.5 Feeding time and flesh quality......Page 265
10.6 Conclusions......Page 266
10.7 References......Page 268
11.2 Physical characteristics and feed intake......Page 274
11.3 Dietary nutrients and sources affecting feed intake......Page 275
11.4 Nutrient selection......Page 279
11.5 Feeding stimulants......Page 281
11.5.1 Feeding stimulants and fish nutrition......Page 284
11.6 Deterrent compounds......Page 285
11.8 References......Page 286
12.2.1 Corticotrophin-releasing factor......Page 293
12.2.2 Bombesin......Page 295
12.2.3 Cholecystokinin......Page 296
12.3.1 Galanin......Page 298
12.3.2 Opioid peptides......Page 299
12.3.3 Neuropeptide Y......Page 302
12.4.1 Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)......Page 304
12.4.2 Hormones regulating metabolism......Page 306
12.6 Acknowledgements......Page 308
12.7 References......Page 309
13.1 Introduction......Page 321
13.2 Different methods of feeding......Page 322
13.3 Short-term effects of a meal......Page 323
13.4 Tissue metabolic physiology......Page 324
13.5.1 Respiration and excretion......Page 327
13.6 Long-term effects of food intake......Page 329
13.6.1 Protein intake, synthesis and growth......Page 331
13.7 Amino acid flux model: food intake and amino acid flux......Page 332
13.8 Biochemical correlates of food intake......Page 333
13.9 Effects on body composition and growth efficiency......Page 335
13.10 Physiological effects and the regulation of food intake......Page 340
13.11 References......Page 343
14.2 Feed planning and production plans......Page 356
14.3 Estimating growth......Page 361
14.4 Variation in feed intake......Page 362
14.4.1 Temporal variation......Page 363
14.4.2 Seasonal variation......Page 364
14.5.1 Number of meals and feeding rate......Page 365
14.5.2 Diel timing of feeding......Page 366
14.5.3 Feed dispersal......Page 367
14.6.1 Hand-feeding......Page 368
14.6.3 Demand feeding systems......Page 369
14.7 References......Page 371
15.1 Introduction......Page 378
15.2 Morphometrics and relationships among chemical components......Page 379
15.3 Patterns of lipid deposition and storage......Page 382
15.4 Temporal changes in body composition......Page 385
15.5 Muscle (fillet) composition and factors that influence ‘quality’......Page 389
15.7 References......Page 395
Glossary of Terms......Page 401
Index......Page 439