Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis treats different aspects of the analysis of contaminants and residues in food, and highlights some current concerns facing this field. The content is initiated by an overview on food safety, the objectives and importance of determining contaminants and residues in food, and the problems and challenges associated to these analyses. This is followed by full details of relevant EU and USA regulations. Topics, such as conventional chromatographic methods, accommodating clean up, and preparing substances for further instrumental analysis, are encompassed with new analytical techniques that have been developed, significantly, over the last few years, like solid phase microextraction, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, immunoassays, and biosensors. A wide range of toxic contaminants and residues, from pesticides to mycotoxins or dioxins are examined, including also polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, acrylamide, semicarbazide, phtalates and food packing migrating substances. This book can be a practical resource that offers ideas on how to choose the most effective techniques for determining these compounds as well as on how to solve problems or to provide relevant information. Logically structured and with numerous examples Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis will be valuable as reference and training guide for post-graduate students, as well as a practical tool for a wide range of experts: biologists, biochemists, microbiologists, food chemists, toxicologists, chemists, agronomists, hygienist, and everybody who need to use the analytical techniques for evaluating food safety.
Author(s): Yolanda Picó
Series: Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 51
Edition: 1
Publisher: Elsevier Science
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 830
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ADVISORY BOARD......Page 3
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sdarticle_003.pdf......Page 5
Contributors to Volume 51......Page 6
Volumes in the series......Page 12
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sdarticle_007.pdf......Page 17
Challenges in Chemical Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
The food chain: A global issue......Page 20
Issues according to the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed......Page 21
The consumer perception......Page 23
Emerging Contaminants......Page 24
Perfluorinated organic substances......Page 25
Endocrine disruptors......Page 26
Alkaloid biotoxins......Page 27
Peptide and protein growth promoters......Page 28
Genetically modified organisms (GMO)......Page 29
Nanoparticles......Page 30
Masked Contaminants......Page 31
Bioactivity-directed identification of emerging unknown contaminants......Page 32
In silico prediction approach to the identification of unknowns......Page 34
Omics......Page 35
Bioassays......Page 36
Ambient mass spectrometry......Page 37
Biochemical or biological rapid screening assays......Page 39
Comprehensive instrumental analysis methods......Page 40
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 41
References......Page 42
Introduction to EU and USA Legislation......Page 45
HACCP......Page 47
Pesticide contamination......Page 49
Radioactive contamination......Page 52
Residues of veterinary medicinal products......Page 56
Biological safety......Page 58
Packaging......Page 60
Food quality......Page 67
Labeling, general provisions......Page 72
Labeling......Page 73
Directives for water quality......Page 76
Food safety legislation......Page 79
Technological aspects......Page 81
Technological aspects legislation......Page 83
Food quality......Page 84
Labeling and packaging legislation......Page 86
Water protection and management......Page 87
Scientific sources......Page 89
EU Legislation......Page 90
e-addresses......Page 91
Introduction......Page 93
General aspects......Page 94
Key aspects of a quality system based on the accreditation criteria......Page 95
Key aspects of a quality system based on the Principles of Good Laboratory Practice......Page 100
Conclusions......Page 102
References......Page 103
Immunochemical and Receptor Technologies: The Role of Immunoassay, Immunoaffinity Chromatography, Immunosensors and Molecularly Imprinted Polymeric Sensors......Page 106
Introduction......Page 107
Definitions and Concepts......Page 108
Immunoassay Formats......Page 110
Hapten synthesis......Page 111
Antibody production......Page 114
Assay development and assay optimization......Page 115
Immunochemical Technologies......Page 116
Enzyme-based immunoassays (EIAs)......Page 117
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)......Page 120
Chemiluminescent magnetic immunoassay (CMIA)......Page 121
Immunosensors......Page 122
Acoustic transduction......Page 123
Optical transduction......Page 125
Biomimics: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)......Page 128
MIPs in preparation/preconcentration and separative applications......Page 133
Development and application of MIP-based sensors......Page 135
Commercial Instrumentation and Future Perspectives......Page 137
References......Page 140
Introduction......Page 146
Sample Preparation Methods for VOCs......Page 148
Dynamic headspace (DHS)......Page 149
Solid phase microextraction (SPME)......Page 150
In-tube headspace extraction for the determination of the diacetyl off-flavor in beer......Page 151
Sample Preparation Methods for SVOCs and NVOCs......Page 153
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)......Page 155
Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE)......Page 156
The determination of PCBs in foodstuffs......Page 157
The determination of nitrofuran metabolites in scrimp and poultry......Page 162
Liquid samples......Page 163
Supported liquid-liquid extraction......Page 164
Solid phase extraction......Page 167
Solid phase microextraction......Page 171
Stir bar sorptive extraction......Page 172
Multi-residue screening of pesticides in vegetables, fruit and baby food applying SBSE......Page 174
Fractionation and Clean-Up......Page 177
Chromatographic methods......Page 178
Gel permeation chromatography......Page 179
On-line techniques......Page 180
Analysis of pesticides in orange oil by on-line LC-GC......Page 182
Determination of phthalates in milk and edible oils by off-line GPC-GC [96]......Page 183
Derivatization......Page 185
Conclusion......Page 186
References......Page 187
Introduction......Page 190
Fast Chromatographic Separation......Page 191
Fast gas chromatography......Page 193
Fast gas chromatography with short microbore columns......Page 196
Fast gas chromatography with short megabore columns......Page 197
Fast liquid chromatography......Page 199
Fast liquid chromatography using monolithic columns......Page 200
Fast high-temperature liquid chromatography......Page 202
Two-Dimensional Chromatographic Separation......Page 203
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography......Page 204
Overcoming Adverse Matrix Effects......Page 206
Approaches to overcome matrix effects in gas chromatography......Page 207
Approaches to overcome matrix effects in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry......Page 209
Future Trends......Page 211
References......Page 212
Introduction......Page 216
High Resolution and Accurate Mass Analysers......Page 219
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry......Page 220
Triple quadrupole mass analysers......Page 226
Ion-trap mass spectrometers......Page 227
Linear ion trap......Page 228
Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer......Page 234
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and orbitrap mass analysers......Page 237
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 242
References......Page 243
Introduction......Page 246
Miniaturization and the Capillary Format......Page 247
Capillary Liquid Chromatography......Page 248
Instrumentation......Page 250
Electroosmotic flow and Joule heating......Page 251
Capillary electrophoresis......Page 254
CEC with immobilized stationary phases......Page 256
CEC with pseudostationary phases - electrokinetic chromatography......Page 257
Limitations with stationary and pseudostationary phases......Page 263
Detection Techniques in Capillary-Based Separations......Page 265
Automation and On-Line/In-Capillary Coupled Solid-Phase Extraction in Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 266
Applications in Determination of Food Contaminants Using Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 267
References......Page 268
Introduction......Page 271
Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 272
Health Effects......Page 273
Analytical Methods......Page 286
Instrumental Determination......Page 292
Gas chromatography......Page 293
Liquid chromatography......Page 303
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry......Page 305
Chlormequat......Page 309
Pesticides of new generation......Page 310
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 315
References......Page 316
Introduction......Page 320
Antibiotics......Page 321
Anthelmintics and antifungals......Page 325
Properties of veterinary drugs......Page 326
Properties of food matrices......Page 327
Direct effects......Page 328
Antibiotic resistance......Page 329
Types of methods......Page 330
Sulfonamides in dairy products......Page 332
Chloramphenicol Residues in Seafood and Other Products......Page 337
Nitrofuran residues in seafood, poultry and honey......Page 338
Triphenylmethane dyes in fish......Page 339
Occurrence in Food......Page 341
Biosensors......Page 342
References......Page 345
Introduction......Page 352
Stilbenes......Page 353
Steroids......Page 354
Steroids......Page 355
Corticosteroids......Page 359
beta-Agonists......Page 361
Thyrostats......Page 364
Growth hormone......Page 367
Occurrence in Foods......Page 370
References......Page 371
Mycotoxins......Page 375
Introduction......Page 376
Classes of Mycotoxins......Page 378
Aflatoxins......Page 379
Trichothecenes......Page 380
Zearalenone......Page 381
Fumonisins......Page 382
Ergot alkaloids......Page 383
Cyclopiazonic acid......Page 384
Citreoviridin......Page 385
Tremorgenic mycotoxins......Page 386
Fusaproliferin......Page 387
Cases of acute mycotoxicosis in humans......Page 388
Effects of low doses of mycotoxins......Page 389
Quantitative evaluation of human exposure to mycotoxins......Page 391
Sampling......Page 395
Introduction......Page 397
Clean-up step......Page 398
High-performance liquid chromatography......Page 399
Gas chromatography......Page 401
Thin-layer chromatography......Page 404
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry......Page 406
Capillary electrophoresis......Page 407
Rapid methods......Page 408
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay......Page 409
On-line control methods......Page 410
Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy......Page 413
Occurrence in Food and Feed......Page 414
Ochratoxin A......Page 415
Fusarium toxins......Page 423
Patulin......Page 424
Multi-Fusarium toxins......Page 425
Other mycotoxins......Page 426
Decontamination Procedures......Page 428
Future Needs......Page 430
References......Page 431
Introduction......Page 440
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Toxins......Page 441
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) Toxins......Page 443
Determination of DSP toxins using LC-FLD......Page 446
Determination of DSP toxins using LC-MS and LC-MSn methods......Page 447
Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) Toxins......Page 450
Determination of azaspiracids using LC-MS and LC-MSn methods......Page 451
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) Toxins......Page 453
Yessotoxins (YTXs)......Page 456
Rapid screening methods for YTXs......Page 457
Determination of yessotoxins using LC-MS and LC-MSn methods......Page 458
Neurotoxin Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) Toxins......Page 459
References......Page 463
Introduction......Page 468
Physical and Chemical Properties and Use of POPs......Page 471
Carcinogenicity......Page 473
Mode of action of dioxins and toxicity equivalence......Page 474
Extraction......Page 478
Clean-up......Page 479
Injection......Page 480
Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCtimesGC)......Page 481
The reference GC-HRMS method......Page 482
GC-QIST/MS......Page 487
Isotopic dilution technique for quantification by MS/MS technique......Page 489
GCtimesGC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS)......Page 492
Comparison between GC-IDHRMS, GC-IDQISTMS/MS and GCtimesGC-IDTOFMS......Page 496
GCtimesGC coupled to sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)......Page 499
Cell-based assays......Page 500
Occurrence in Food......Page 506
Future Trends......Page 507
References......Page 509
Definition and classification of BFRs......Page 518
Physical and chemical properties......Page 520
Toxicological aspects of BFRs......Page 521
Sample preparation......Page 523
Extraction......Page 524
Non-destructive clean-up......Page 534
Destructive clean-up......Page 535
Fractionation......Page 536
Instrumental analysis......Page 537
GC injection......Page 538
GC separation......Page 539
Electron ionization......Page 541
Electron capture negative ionization (ECNI-LRMS)......Page 545
HBCDs......Page 546
TBBP-A......Page 549
PBDD/Fs......Page 550
Quality assurance/quality control......Page 551
PBDE levels in food and dietary intake in North and South America......Page 553
PBDE levels in food and dietary intake in Europe and Asia......Page 559
Levels of HBCDs and TBBP-A in food and dietary intake......Page 567
PBDD/Fs......Page 570
Regulatory/Safety Aspects and On-Going Monitoring Programmes......Page 571
Future Trends in the BFR Research in Food......Page 573
References......Page 574
Introduction......Page 582
Essential and non-essential elements......Page 583
Sampling......Page 584
Sample dissolution-destruction of organic matter......Page 585
Wet ashing......Page 586
Separation and concentration methods......Page 587
Laboratory requirements......Page 588
Voltammetric stripping analysis......Page 589
Solid electrode: An opportunity?......Page 591
Atomic absorption spectroscopy......Page 592
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy......Page 593
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy......Page 594
Neutron activation analysis......Page 595
Mercury......Page 596
Platinum group metals......Page 598
Miscellanea......Page 599
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 600
References......Page 601
Introduction......Page 610
Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 612
Effects on laboratory mammals in vitro......Page 613
Effects on humans......Page 620
Analytical Methods......Page 622
Extraction......Page 623
Cleanup......Page 637
Determination......Page 639
Occurrences of PAHs in Food......Page 643
Future Trend......Page 653
References......Page 655
Methods for the Determination of N-Nitroso Compounds in Food and Biological Fluids......Page 663
Introduction......Page 664
UV, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry and mass spectrometry (MS)......Page 666
Human studies......Page 667
Safety......Page 669
General considerations in NOC analysis......Page 670
Determination of volatile nitrosamines......Page 671
GC-TEA of methyl esters of nitrosamino acids......Page 675
GC-TEA of hydroxyalkylnitrosamines......Page 677
Determination of total ANC......Page 679
Determination of alkylureas......Page 683
HPLC-photolysis-TEA of nitrosamides......Page 685
Occurrence of volatile nitrosamines......Page 686
Occurrence of nitrosamino acids......Page 687
Occurrence of alkylureas and alkylnitrosoureas......Page 688
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 689
References......Page 690
Introduction......Page 695
Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 696
Health Effects......Page 697
Model systems......Page 698
Food Sample Analysis......Page 699
Sample extraction......Page 700
Chromatography and detection......Page 701
GC-MS......Page 702
LC-MS......Page 704
Ultra-high performance LC-MS/MS......Page 706
Pan residues and food flavors......Page 707
Modifying cooking practices to reduce the formation of heterocyclic amines......Page 709
Exposure Assessment......Page 710
References......Page 711
Background......Page 715
Analytical considerations......Page 717
Sample preparation, extraction and clean-up......Page 718
GC-MS......Page 720
LC-MS/MS......Page 722
Background......Page 724
Analytical considerations......Page 726
Sample preparation and GC-MS analysis of heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) ester derivatives......Page 727
Sample preparation and GC-MS analysis of dioxolanesoldioxane derivatives......Page 730
Sample preparation and GC-MS analysis of MCPD-Esters......Page 731
Background......Page 732
Analytical considerations......Page 733
GC-MS analysis of the headspace......Page 734
Proficiency tests and monitoring exercises......Page 737
References......Page 738
Introduction......Page 743
Potential for migration and migration processes......Page 744
Other substances......Page 746
Innovative materials......Page 750
Analytical Methods......Page 751
General analytical considerations regarding compliance of migrants......Page 754
Identification of constituents and additives in the material......Page 756
Specific migration testing and analytical determination of migrants......Page 757
Examples: styrene, 1-octene, limonene......Page 761
Medium volatiles and non-volatiles organic substances......Page 764
Example for additives from plastics: plasticizers such as phthalates, adipates, etc......Page 765
Example for coatings: BADGE and derivatives, multianalytes......Page 766
Inorganic substances......Page 769
Approaches......Page 771
Quality measures and context of official controls......Page 773
Hazard characterization......Page 775
Food consumption data......Page 776
Migration aspects......Page 777
Future Trends......Page 778
References......Page 781
Non-Target Multi-Component Analytical Surveillance of Food Contact Materials......Page 784
Current status of legislation on food contact materials......Page 785
Future developments in legislation on FCMs......Page 786
Migration experiments......Page 787
Separation of the migrants......Page 788
Evaluation of analytical data......Page 789
Paper and board......Page 791
Polymers......Page 792
Cans......Page 793
Safety Assessment of Migrants from FCM......Page 794
TTC principle......Page 795
Example: functional group assay for aromatic amines......Page 797
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 800
References......Page 801
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