This book covers topics on engineering science, technology and applications of the classification of particles in liquids suspensions in hydrocyclones. It is divided into 12 chapters starting with the introduction of the hydrocyclone to the mining industry and its several applications of classification, followed by the fundamentals of classification. A special chapter on the fundamentals of sedimentation as the mechanism of the hydrocyclone classification is given. The authors also cover the fundamentals hydrodynamics of solid–fluid interaction with application to the fluids and suspensions flow of in circular pipelines and discusses the flow pattern in hydrocyclones from a fluid dynamics point of view. The physical design, the empirical, phenomenological and numerical hydrocyclone models are presented. The two last chapters deal with the applications of hydrocyclones system design and instrumentation study cases of application in hydrocyclones to the mining industry. Several parts of this book are the result of the work of their research and professional groups from the university and industry.
Author(s): Fernando Concha A., Juan Luis Bouso A.
Series: Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 126
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 309
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Hydrocyclones
1.2 Hydrocyclone Applications
References
2 Classification Fundamentals
2.1 Concentration Measures
2.2 Variables that Affect Hydrocyclone Behavior
2.2.1 Design Variables
2.3 Material Parameter
2.3.1 Mass Balance
2.3.2 Selectivity Function
2.3.3 Classification Function
2.3.4 Reduced Classification Function Equations
2.3.5 Fish-Hook
2.4 Operating Variables
2.4.1 Input Variables
2.4.2 Output Variables
2.5 Balance Adjustment
References
3 Sedimentation of Particulate System
3.1 Hydrodynamic Force on a Sphere in Stokes Flow
3.2 Hydrodynamic Force on a Sphere in Euler’s Flow
3.3 Prandtl’s Flow
3.4 Sedimentation Velocity of a Sphere in Prandtl’s Flow 1 < Re < 1.5 × 10−5
3.5 Sedimentation of a Suspension of Spheres
3.6 Sedimentation of Particles of Arbitrary Shape
References
4 Flow of Fluids in Circular Pipelines
4.1 Newtonian Fluid in Laminar and Turbulent Flow
4.2 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows in Circular Pipelines
4.3 Critical Transport Velocity
References
5 Flow Pattern in Hydrocyclones
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fluid Dynamics Equations
5.3 Model Based on the Exact Solutions of the Reynolds Equation
5.4 Extreme Solutions
5.4.1 Euler’s Inviscid Isochoric Models
5.5 Boundary Layer Models
5.6 Similarity Solution of Reynolds Equations
5.7 Asymptotic Solutions of the Reynolds Equations
5.8 Modeling the Air Core
5.9 Type of Hydrocyclone Discharge and Roping
References
6 Numerical Models of Hydrocyclones
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Finite Element Method
6.3 Turbulence Modeling
6.3.1 Eddy Diffusivity Model (EDM)
6.3.2 A k - ε Stress Model
6.3.3 k - ε RNG Stress Model
6.3.4 Reynolds Stress Model
6.3.5 TFM Simulation
6.4 Additional Experimental Measurements
References
7 Phenomenological Hydrocyclone Models
7.1 Equilibrium Orbit Model
7.2 Flow Pattern in a Hydrocyclone
7.3 Phenomenological Model
7.4 Mathematical Model
7.4.1 Classification Function
7.4.2 Short Circuit to the Under Flow
7.4.3 Leakage to the Overflow
7.4.4 Selectivity Function
7.4.5 Separation Size
7.4.6 Capacity-Pressure Drop Relationship
7.5 HYDROSIM Simulator
References
8 Hydrocyclone Design
8.1 Hydrocyclone as a Turbo Machine
8.1.1 Turbo Machine Design Criteria
8.1.2 Hydrocyclone Inlet Design
8.1.3 Pressure–volume Flow in a Hydrocyclone as a Turbo Machine
8.2 Industrial Application of the Design
8.3 Vortex Finder Length and Apex-to-Vortex Ratio
8.4 Cylinder Length and Cone Angle
8.5 Apex Design
References
9 Hydrocyclone Selection
9.1 Arterburn Hydrocyclone Selection Model
9.2 Hydrocyclone Simulation Models
9.2.1 Lynch and Rao Simulation Model
9.2.2 Plitt Simulation Model
9.2.3 CYCLOSIM Hydrocyclone Simulator
9.2.4 Nagewararao’s Model
References
10 Hydrocyclone System Design
10.1 Hydrocyclone as an Element in Grinding-Classification System Design
10.1.1 Pulp Feeding Tank
10.1.2 Hydrocyclone Configuration
10.1.3 Construction Materials
10.1.4 Hydrocyclones and Connecting Pipes
10.2 Operating Conditions
10.3 Hydrocyclones and Distributors: Design and Instrumentation
10.4 Installation and Operation of Hydrocyclones and Batteries of Hydrocyclones
10.5 Operating Recommendations
References
11 Instrumentation and Control
11.1 Feed Concentration Measurement
11.2 Underflow Concentration Measurement
11.2.1 Electrical Capacitance
11.2.2 Acoustic Sensor
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Tomograhpy
11.2.4 Gravimetric Method
11.2.5 Image Analysis
11.2.6 Vibration Sensing
References
12 Case Studies
12.1 Application of Cavex Hydrocyclones in the Mining Industry
12.1.1 Application of Cavex 650CVX13 Hydrocyclones at Placer Dome’s La Coipa Gold Plant in Chile
12.1.2 Test of Cavex 400CVX10° Hydrocyclone at Minsur S.A., Puno, Perú
12.1.3 Evaluation of Cavex650CVX Hydrocyclone in the Ok Tedi Grinding Circuit in Papua New Guinea (PNG) [4]
12.1.4 ReCyclone at El Soldado Copper Mine in Chile
12.2 Hydrocyclone Optimization for the Chuquicama Division of chile’s Codelco
12.3 Optimization of Hydrocyclones for Brine Recovery in SQM SALAR
12.4 Special Types of Hydrocyclones
12.4.1 Grinding Circuits
12.4.2 Coarse Classification (Fractioning)
12.4.3 Desliming/Classification
12.4.4 Thickening
12.4.5 Classification/Thickening
12.4.6 Densifications with Hydrocyclones
12.4.7 Desliming Hydrocyclones
12.4.8 Degritting
12.5 Optimizing the Grinding-Classification Circuit at Pucobre S. A.’s Medium-Sized San José Copper Concentrator
12.6 Economic Cost of Roping in Hydrocyclones: Evaluation of the Performance of the PST Instrument in Minera Escondida’s Laguna Seca Plant, Chile
12.7 Hydrocyclones in Industrial Minerals and Other Industries
12.7.1 Fine Silica Grinding for Fiber Cement Manufacturing
12.7.2 Desliming, Classification and Refining of Silica Sand and Kaolin
12.7.3 Desliming and Classification of Silica Sand for Fracking
12.7.4 Quartz Sand Washing and Classification for Glass Production
12.7.5 Washing and Desliming of Sand for Construction and Fine Sand Recovery
12.7.6 Desliming and Classification of Dredging Sand
12.7.7 Heating Oil Deggriting
12.7.8 Alumina Classification
12.7.9 Wolfram Mineral Ore Treatment
12.7.10 Complex Sulphides, Cu, Pb, Zn, Closed Grinding Circuit
12.7.11 Phosphate Classification
12.7.12 Gold Process
References
