There is a tendency to make flow measurement a highly theoretical and technical subject but what most influences quality measurement is the practical application of meters, metering principles, and metering equipment and the use of quality equipment that can continue to function through the years with proper maintenance have the most influence in obtaining quality measurement. This guide provides a review of basic laws and principles, an overview of physical characteristics and behavior of gases and liquids, and a look at the dynamics of flow. The authors examine applications of specific meters, readout and related devices, and proving systems. Practical guidelines for the meter in use, condition of the fluid, details of the entire metering system, installation and operation, and the timing and quality of maintenance are also included. This book is dedicated to condensing and sharing the authors' extensive experience in solving flow measurement problems with design engineers, operating personnel (from top supervisors to the newest testers), academically-based engineers, engineers of the manufacturers of flow meter equipment, worldwide practitioners, theorists, and people just getting into the business. The authors' many years of experience are brought to bear in a thorough review of fluid flow measurement methods and applications. Avoids theory and focuses on presentation of practical data for the novice and veteran engineer. Useful for a wide range of engineers and technicians (as well as students) in a wide range of industries and applications.
Author(s): E. Loy Upp, Paul J. LaNasa
Edition: 2
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Year: 2002
Language: English
Pages: 274
City: Boston
Tags: Механика;Механика жидкостей и газов;
Contents......Page 5
CHAPTER OVERVIEW......Page 11
REQUISITES OF FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 12
BACKGROUND OF FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 13
HISTORY OF FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 14
DEFINITION OF TERMS......Page 16
2 Basic Flow Measurement Laws......Page 34
REYNOLDS NUMBER......Page 36
GAS LAWS......Page 37
EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS......Page 41
80 degrees F 60 degrees F......Page 42
3 Types of Fluid Flow Measurement......Page 45
CUSTODY TRANSFER......Page 46
Measurement Contract Requirements......Page 47
Other Factors in Custody Transfer......Page 50
Control Signal......Page 56
Summary of Flow Measurement......Page 57
4 Basic Reference Standards......Page 58
Engineering and Operations: Measurement......Page 59
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)......Page 62
Determination of Water and Sediment......Page 66
Basic Calculation Data......Page 67
Flow Calculation Procedures......Page 69
ENGINEERS (ASME)......Page 73
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING MATERIALS (ASTM)......Page 74
GAS PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION (GPA)......Page 75
Measurement Standards......Page 76
INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF AMERICA (ISA)......Page 77
Key Industry Web Links......Page 79
5 From Theory to Practice......Page 82
IDEAL INSTALLATIONS......Page 83
FLUID CHARACTERISTICS DATA......Page 84
Limitations of Uncertainty......Page 85
Definition of Accuracy......Page 86
Design and Technical Limitations......Page 87
Recording and Calculating Data......Page 97
Good Flow Measurement Fluids......Page 101
Bad Flow Measurement Fluids......Page 102
Basic Requirements and Assumptions......Page 103
Data Sources......Page 106
Gases......Page 107
LIQUIDS......Page 114
REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS......Page 119
MEASUREMENT UNITS......Page 121
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS......Page 122
FLOW PATTERN......Page 123
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 126
OPERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON GAS MEASUREMENT......Page 127
UNCERTAINTY......Page 133
Examples of Gas Differential Meter System Uncertainties......Page 134
Example of Gas Linear Meter System Uncertainties......Page 137
Operating Influences on Liquids......Page 140
Meter Parameters......Page 142
Pressure Drop......Page 143
Tank Gauging......Page 144
9 Maintenance of Meter Equipment......Page 146
GAS MEASUREMENT MAINTENANCE......Page 148
Meter Tube Inspection and Cleaning......Page 153
Case 2......Page 156
Flow Computers Require Maintenance......Page 157
EFFECTS ON OTHER METERS......Page 159
GENERAL MAINTENANCE OF LIQUID METERS......Page 160
SPECIFIC LIQUID MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS......Page 162
Comparing Meters......Page 164
TYPES OF METERS......Page 166
Flow Meter Specification Terms......Page 169
11 Differential (Head) Meters......Page 172
ORIFICE METER......Page 174
Orifice Plate......Page 175
Installation Requirements......Page 176
ORIFICE METER DESCRIPTION......Page 179
EQUATIONS......Page 180
MAINTENANCE......Page 184
FLOW NOZZLES......Page 185
VENTURI METERS......Page 188
VENTURI INSTALLATION......Page 189
OTHER HEAD METERS......Page 190
Elbow Meters......Page 191
12 Linear and Special Meters......Page 193
Coriolis Meters......Page 194
Magnetic Meters......Page 196
Ultrasonic Meters......Page 197
Multiphase Meters......Page 202
Positive Displacement Meters......Page 205
Turbine Meters......Page 209
Vortex Shedding Meters......Page 214
OTHER AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE METERS......Page 216
Special-Application Meters......Page 218
ELECTRONICS......Page 223
RELATED DEVICES......Page 225
Relative Density or Specific Gravity......Page 228
NATURAL GAS SAMPLING......Page 231
CALORIMETRY......Page 235
14 Proving Systems......Page 236
LIQUID PROVERS......Page 237
GAS PROVERS......Page 242
CRITICAL FLOW PROVERS......Page 243
Gas Proving Summary......Page 244
15 "Loss and Unaccounted for" Fluids......Page 0
LIQUID......Page 246
Static Metering......Page 247
Comparison of Dynamic and Static Metering......Page 248
GAS......Page 249
The Meters and Fluids......Page 250
Meter Data......Page 251
The Fluid......Page 252
Summary of Gas Balance Studies......Page 253
16 Auditing......Page 254
LIQUID METERS......Page 255
AUDIT PRINCIPLES......Page 256
PROCEDURES......Page 257
DEFINITIVE TESTING......Page 258
CONTRACT REVIEW......Page 260
DATA REVIEW AND COMPARISON......Page 261
AUDITING GAS MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS......Page 262
AUDITING LIQUID MEASUREMENT......Page 263
FINALIZING THE AUDIT......Page 264
Index......Page 265
