This text provides a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of thermal and fluid sciences in a concise manner in a rigorous yet easy to follow language and presentation. Elucidation of the principles is further reinforced by examples and practice problems with detailed solutions. Firmly grounded in the fundamentals, the book maximizes readers’ capacity to take on new problems and challenges in the field of fluid and thermal sciences with confidence and conviction. Standing also as a ready reference and review of the essential theories and their applications in fluid and thermal sciences, the book is applicable for undergraduate mechanical and chemical engineering students, students in engineering technology programs, as well as practicing engineers preparing for the engineering license exams (FE and PE) in USA and abroad.- Explains the concepts and theory with a practical approach that readers can easily absorb;
- Provides the just the right amount of theoretical and mathematical background needed, making it less intimidating for the reader;
- Covers fluid and thermal sciences in a straight-forward yet comprehensive manner facilitating a good understanding of the subject matter;
- Includes a wide spectrum and variety of problems along with numerous illustrative solved examples and many practice problems with solutions.
Author(s): Nuggenhalli S. Nandagopal
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 487
City: Cham
Contents
Chapter 1: Fluid Properties and Units
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Systems of Units
1.3 Units of Force
1.4 Fluid Properties
1.4.1 Density
1.4.2 Specific Weight
1.4.3 Specific Gravity
1.4.4 Viscosity of Fluids
1.4.4.1 Dynamic Viscosity
1.4.4.2 Kinematic Viscosity
1.5 Further Reading
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
2.1 Pressure Due to a Fluid Column (Static Pressure)
2.2 Differential Manometers
2.3 Forces on Submerged Surfaces
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conservation of Mass: Continuity Equation
3.3 Standard Pipe Sizes and Nomenclature
3.4 Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow Through Pipes
3.4.1 Reynolds Number
3.4.2 Criteria for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
3.5 Friction Head Loss and Pressure Drop for Fluid Flow in Pipes
3.5.1 Calculating the Friction Head Loss for Pipe Flow: Darcy Equation
3.5.2 Fanning Friction Factor
3.5.3 Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
3.5.4 Determining the Darcy Friction Factor: Moody Diagram
3.6 Flow Through Noncircular Cross Sections
3.7 Friction Head Loss Across Pipe Fittings and Valves
3.7.1 Velocity Head Method
3.7.2 Equivalent Length Method
3.7.3 Head Loss at Pipe Entrance and at Pipe Exit
3.7.4 Head Loss Due to Change in Pipe Cross Section
3.7.4.1 Sudden Expansion (Fig. 3.6)
3.7.4.2 Sudden Contraction
3.7.4.3 Gradual Expansion
3.7.4.4 Gradual Contraction
3.8 Flow Through Pipes in Series
3.9 Flow Through Pipes in Parallel
3.10 Flow Past Solid Objects: Boundary Layer Theory, Drag and Lift Forces
3.10.1 Boundary Layer Theory
3.10.2 Drag Force
3.10.2.1 Drag Coefficient for Different Objects
3.10.2.2 Terminal Velocity
3.10.3 Lift Force
3.11 Impulse-Momentum Principle
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 4: Energy Equation and Its Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Mechanical Energy Equation
4.3 Pump Power Equation
4.4 Bernoulli´s Equation
4.5 Pump Performance Parameters
4.5.1 System Curve and Operating Point
4.5.2 Pumps in Series
4.5.3 Pumps in Parallel
4.6 Affinity Laws (Also Known as ``Pump Laws,´´ ``Fan Laws´´)
4.7 Cavitation of Pumps
4.8 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 5: Fluid Flow Measurements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pitot Tube
5.3 Orifice Meter
5.4 Venturi Meter
5.5 Orifice Meter and Venturi Meter Comparison
5.5.1 Calculation of Permanent Pressure Loss in an Orifice Meter
Practice Problems
Practice Problems Solutions
References
Chapter 6: Fundamentals of Compressible Flow
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Continuity Equation for Compressible Flow
6.2.1 Calculation of Density of Gases
6.3 Mach Number and Its Significance in Compressible Flow
6.4 Isentropic Gas Flow
6.4.1 Application of the Steady Flow Energy Equation for Isentropic Flows
6.4.2 Stagnation-Static Relationships
6.4.3 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes
6.5 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction Loss
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 7: Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dimensionless Parameters Used in Fluid Mechanics
7.2.1 Benefits of Using Dimensionless Parameters
7.2.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem
7.3 Similitude
7.3.1 Requirements for Successful Simulation
7.3.1.1 Geometric Similarity
7.3.1.2 Kinematic Similarity
7.3.1.3 Dynamic Similarity
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 8: Heat Transfer Principles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General Equation for Heat Transfer Modeling
8.3 Heat Transfer Modes
8.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
8.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer
8.3.2.1 Free Convection
8.3.2.2 Forced Convection
8.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
8.4 Thermal Circuit Analogous to Electrical Circuit
8.5 Conduction-Convection Systems
References
Chapter 9: Conduction Heat Transfer
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fourier´s Law of Heat Conduction
9.3 Conduction Through a Rectangular Slab
9.3.1 Multilayer Conduction
9.3.2 R-Values for Insulation and Building Materials
9.4 Conduction Through a Cylindrical Wall
9.5 Conduction Through a Spherical Wall
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 10: Convection Heat Transfer
10.1 Newton´s Law of Cooling
10.2 Convection Heat Transfer Resistance
10.3 Free and Forced Convection
10.4 Dimensionless Parameters Used in Heat Transfer
10.5 Correlations Used in Calculating Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
10.6 Typical Range of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
10.7 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients in Conduction-Convection Systems
10.7.1 Order of Magnitude Analysis to Determine the Value of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
10.8 The Relationship Between Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
10.8.1 Colburn Analogy Between Fluid Friction Factor and Heat Transfer Coefficient
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 11: Radiation Heat Transfer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Stefan-Boltzmann´s Law of Thermal Radiation
11.2.1 Nonideal Radiators: Gray Bodies
11.2.2 Absorptivity, Transmissivity, and Reflectivity
11.3 Radiation View Factor
11.3.1 View Factor Relationships
11.4 Calculation of Net Radiation Heat Transfer
11.4.1 Radiation Heat Transfer from a Small Object to an Enclosure, Both Being Black Bodies
11.4.2 Radiation Heat Transfer from a Small Object to an Enclosure, Both Being Gray Bodies
11.5 Heat Transfer Equilibrium in Radiation Systems
11.5.1 Correction for Thermocouple Readings
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 12: Heat Exchangers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Heat Balance
12.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
12.3.1 LMTD Correction Factors
12.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
12.5 Heat Exchanger Design Equation
12.6 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
12.6.1 Effectiveness-NTU Method
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 13: Thermodynamics Fundamentals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Variables
13.2.1 Specific Properties
13.2.2 Intensive and Extensive Properties
13.3 Ideal Gas Law
13.3.1 Concept of Mole
13.3.2 Universal Gas Constant and Ideal Gas Equation in Molar Form
13.3.3 STP, NTP, SCF, ACF, and Molar Volume of Ideal Gas
13.3.3.1 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) and Molar Volumes
13.3.3.2 Normal Temperature Pressure (NTP)
13.3.3.3 Standard Cubic Feet (SCF) and Actual Cubic Feet (ACF)
13.4 Specific Heats of Gases
13.5 Nonideal Behavior of Gases
13.5.1 Generalized Compressibility Chart
13.6 Thermodynamic Processes Involving Ideal Gases
13.6.1 Isothermal Process
13.6.2 Isobaric Process
13.6.3 Isochoric Process
13.6.4 Isentropic Process
13.6.5 Constant Enthalpy/Throttling Process
13.7 Calculation of Work, Internal Energy Changes, Enthalpy Changes, and Entropy Changes for Processes Involving Ideal Gas
13.7.1 Work
13.7.1.1 Work for a Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process
13.7.1.2 Work for a Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process
13.7.1.3 Work for a Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process
13.7.1.4 Constant Entropy (Isentropic) Process
13.7.2 Internal Energy Change
13.7.3 Enthalpy Change
13.7.4 Entropy Change
13.8 Thermodynamic Phase Diagrams
13.8.1 Phase Diagram for Water
13.9 Properties of Steam
13.9.1 Saturated Steam Tables
13.9.1.1 Calculation of Properties of Liquid-Vapor Mixtures
13.9.2 Superheated Steam Tables
13.9.3 Properties of Compressed Liquid
13.10 Mollier Diagram
13.11 Pressure-Enthalpy (P - h) Phase Diagram
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 14: Conservation of Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics
14.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
14.1.1 First Law for a Closed System
14.1.2 I Law for Open Systems-Energy Balance
14.2 I Law Applied to Turbines and Compressors
14.2.1 Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines
14.2.2 Isentropic Efficiency of Compressors
14.3 I Law Applied to Heating and Cooling of Fluids
14.4 I Law Applied to Nozzles and Diffusers
14.5 Pumps
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 15: Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychrometrics
15.1 Ideal Gas Mixtures
15.1.1 Key Definitions for Ideal Gas Mixtures
15.1.2 Laws Related to Ideal Gas Mixtures
15.1.2.1 Dalton´s Law
15.1.2.2 Amagat´s Law
15.2 Air-Water Vapor Mixture and Psychrometrics
15.2.1 Moist Air Properties and Definitions
15.2.2 Relationship Between Humidity Ratio and Relative Humidity
15.2.3 Use of Psychrometric Chart to Obtain Properties of Moist Air
15.3 Air-Conditioning Processes
15.3.1 Cooling and Dehumidification
15.3.2 Heating and Humidification
15.3.3 Sensible Heating
15.3.4 Other Air-Conditioning Processes
15.4 Cooling Towers
15.5 Mixing of Air Streams
15.6 Use of Psychrometric Formulas
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 16: Fuels and Combustion
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fuels
16.2.1 Heating Value of Fuels
16.2.1.1 Higher Heating Value of Fuels
16.2.1.2 Lower Heating Value of Fuels
16.3 Combustion Fundamentals and Definitions
16.3.1 Stoichiometry of Combustion Reactions
16.3.2 Combustion in Air
16.3.3 Theoretical Air, Air-Fuel Ratio, and Excess Air
16.3.3.1 Theoretical Air
16.3.3.2 Air-Fuel Ratio
16.3.3.3 Combustion Using Excess Air
16.3.4 Analysis of Combustion Products-Flue Gas Analysis
16.3.4.1 Orsat Analysis of Flue Gases
16.4 Combustion of Coal: Use of Gravimetric Analysis of Coal
16.5 Dew Point of Combustion Products
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Chapter 17: Thermodynamic Cycles
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Carnot Cycle and Reversed Carnot Cycle
17.2.1 Carnot Cycle
17.2.1.1 Thermal Efficiency of Carnot Cycle
17.2.1.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Carnot Efficiency
17.2.2 Reversed Carnot Cycle
17.2.2.1 Performance Measure of Reversed Carnot Cycle: Coefficient of Performance (COP)
17.3 Rankine Cycle
17.3.1 Analysis of Rankine Cycle
17.3.2 Rankine Cycle with Regenerative Feedwater Heating
17.3.3 Rankine Cycle with Reheat
17.4 Brayton Cycle
17.4.1 Analysis of Brayton Cycle
17.4.2 Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
17.5 Combined Cycle
17.6 Cogeneration Power Plants: Combined Heat and Power
17.7 Otto Cycle
17.8 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
17.8.1 Analysis of Vapor Compression Cycle
17.8.2 Performance Measures for Vapor Compression Cycles
Practice Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
References
Index
