This book introduces novel methods for leak and blockage detection in pipelines. The leak happens as a result of ageing pipelines or extreme pressure forced by operational error or valve rapid variation. Many factors influence blockage formation in pipes like wax deposition that leads to the formation and eventual growth of solid layers and deposition of suspended solid particles in the fluids. In this book, initially, different categories of leak detection are overviewed. Afterwards, the observability and controllability of pipeline systems are analysed. Control variables can be usually presented by pressure and flow rates at the start and end points of the pipe. Different cases are considered based on the selection of control variables to model the system. Several theorems are presented to test the observability and controllability of the system. In this book, the leakage flow in the pipelines is studied numerically to find the relationship between leakage flow and pressure difference. Removing leakage completely is almost impossible; hence, the development of a formal systematic leakage control policy is the most reliable approach to reducing leakage rates.
Author(s): Sina Razvarz, Raheleh Jafari, Alexander Gegov
Series: Studies in Systems, Decision and Control)
Edition: 1st ed. 2021
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 214
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 The Importance of Pipeline Transportation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 Material of Pipeline
1.3.1 Steel
1.3.2 Stress Cycles
1.3.3 Manufacture and Fabrication
1.3.4 Inspection and Testing
1.4 Implications for Pipeline Safety
1.5 Evolution of Pipeline Technology
1.6 Evolution of Pipeline
1.6.1 Types of Pipeline
1.7 Design and Operation
1.7.1 Components
1.7.2 Construction
1.7.3 Operation
1.7.4 Safety
1.8 Pipeline Milestones
References
2 A Review on Different Pipeline Defect Detection Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Non-destructive Testing Techniques for Flaw Identification in Pipelines
2.3 Acoustic Wave Reflectometry and Roving-Mass Technique
2.4 Risk Assessment in Pipeline Failure Event
2.5 The Most Common Causes of Leaking Pipes
2.5.1 Pipeline Damage Caused by the Stress Concentration
2.5.2 Pipeline Damage Caused by Third-Party Activities
2.5.3 Pipeline Damage Caused by Corrosion
2.5.4 Pipeline Damage Caused by the Operational Limitation
2.6 The Most Common Causes of Blocked Pipes
2.6.1 Pipeline Blockage Caused by Hydrate Formation
2.6.2 Pipeline Blockage Caused by the Agglomeration of Sand and Debris
2.6.3 Pipeline Blockage Caused by Roots
2.6.4 Pipeline Blockage Caused by Grease
2.7 Non-destructive Testing Methods for Leakage and Blockage Inspection
2.7.1 Visual Inspection of Damage
2.7.2 Magnetic Particle Inspection of Damage
2.7.3 Ultrasonic Inspection Method for Damage Detection
2.7.4 Radiographic Technique for Damage Detection
2.7.5 Pig Monitoring Systems for Damage Detection
2.7.6 Boiling Water Reactor for Damage Detection
2.7.7 Adding an Odourant to the Fluid for Damage Detection
2.7.8 Mass-Volume Balance Technique for Damage Detection
2.7.9 Real Time Transient Technique for Damage Detection
2.7.10 Supervisory Controls and Data Acquisition System for Damage Detection
2.7.11 Acoustic Emission Technique for Damage Detection
2.7.12 Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry Technique for Damage Detection
2.8 Signal Processing Methods for Damage Identification
2.8.1 Cepstral Analysis Technique for Damage Identification
2.8.2 Fast Fourier Transform Technique for Damage Identification
2.8.3 Wavelet Transform Technique for Damage Identification
References
3 Modelling of Pipeline Flow
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lagrangian and Eulerian Specification of the Flow Field
3.2.1 Lagrangian Field
3.2.2 Eulerian Field
3.2.3 Modeling of Liquid Flow in the Pipeline
3.2.4 Momentum Equation
3.2.5 Continuity Equation
3.3 Modeling of Flow in Pipeline
3.4 Steady State Model
3.4.1 Case 1
3.4.2 Case 2
3.4.3 Case 3
3.4.4 Case 4
3.4.5 Case 5
3.4.6 Case 6
3.5 Observability and Controllability Analysis of Linear System
References
4 Theory and Applications of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Flowing Fluids
4.1 Mathematical Preliminaries
4.2 Fuzzy Logic Systems
4.2.1 Example 1
4.2.2 Example 2
4.2.3 Example 3
4.2.4 Example 4
4.3 Conclusions
References
5 Basic Concepts of Neural Networks and Deep Learning and Their Applications for Pipeline Damage Detection
5.1 Different Types of Threats Occurring in Pipeline Systems
5.2 Neural Systems
5.3 Memory Networks
5.4 Applications
5.4.1 Example 0.1
5.4.2 Example 0.2
References
6 Leakage Modelling for Pipeline
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Leak Modeling
6.3 The Model Modification of the Pipeline with Leakage
6.4 Observer Formulation
6.5 Luenberger Observer
6.5.1 Linear Approaches
6.5.2 Nonlinear Approaches Luenberger Extension
6.6 Lie Derivative
6.7 Example (Model for Pipe with Two Sections)
6.8 Simulation
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Blockage Detection in Pipeline
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Blockage Modelling
7.3 Observer Design by Using the Extended Kalman Filter
7.3.1 Observer Scheme
7.4 Simulation Results
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Leakage Detection in Pipeline Based on Second Order Extended Kalman Filter Observer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pipeline Modeling
8.3 Observer Design
8.3.1 Nonlinear State Space Model
8.3.2 System Approximation by Taylor Expansion
8.3.3 Second Order Extended Kalman Filter Recursions
8.4 Simulation Results
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Control of Flow Rate in Heavy-Oil Pipelines Using PD and PID Controller
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods for Modelling of the System
9.2.1 Modelling of the Pipeline
9.2.2 Modelling of the Actuator
9.2.3 Modelling of the Pump
9.3 The Tuning Method Based on PD and PID Controller
9.3.1 PD Controller
9.3.2 PID Controller
9.4 Numerical Analysis
9.5 Conclusions
References
