Floriculture and Ornamental Plants

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1 Marigold
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Botany and Distribution
1.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
1.4 Plant Genetic Resources
1.4.1 Geographic Distribution
1.4.2 Primary Gene Pool
1.4.3 Wild Genetic Resources and Others
1.5 Collections and Conservation
1.5.1 Methods
1.5.2 Status of Collections (National, Regional, and Global with Appropriate Listing)
1.5.2.1 International
1.5.2.2 National
1.5.3 Conservation
1.5.3.1 Low Temperature Storage
1.5.3.2 Cryopreservation
1.6 Characterization and Evaluation
1.6.1 Characterization for Essential Features and Classification
1.6.1.1 Essential Oils
1.6.1.2 Carotenoids
1.6.1.3 Thiophenes
1.7 Evaluation of Genetic Diversity for Desired Traits
1.8 Available Sources of Breeding Value
1.8.1 Salt Tolerance
1.8.2 Drought Tolerance
1.9 Molecular Characterization
1.9.1 Molecular Markers
1.9.2 Genomics
1.9.3 Transgenics
1.10 Major Constraints in the Crop Production
References
2 Carnation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Origin and Description
2.3 Importance and Uses
2.3.1 Classification
2.4 Plant Genetic Resources
2.4.1 Geographic Distribution
2.4.2 Wild Genetic Resources and Others
2.5 Collections
2.5.1 Status of Collections
2.5.2 Gaps in Collections, Both Geographical and Genetic
2.6 Conservation
2.6.1 In Vitro Conservation
2.6.2 Ex Situ Conservation
2.6.3 Conservation Via Cryopreservation
2.7 Status of Plant Genetic Resources
2.8 Gaps in Available Diversity
2.8.1 Germplasm Availability
2.9 Characterization and Evaluation
2.9.1 Characterization for Essential Features and Classification
2.9.1.1 Essential Oils
2.9.1.2 Evaluation of Genetic Diversity for Desired Traits
2.9.1.3 Genome Sequencing
2.9.1.4 Characterization and Analysis for Stress Tolerance
2.10 Molecular Studies.
2.10.1 Marker Studies for Vase Life
2.10.2 Marker Studies for Disease Resistance
References
3 Gladiolus
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Botany and Distribution
3.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
3.4 Plant Genetic Resources
3.4.1 Geographic Distribution
3.4.2 Primary Gene Pool
3.4.2.1 Gladiolus x Hybridus
3.4.3 Wild Genetic Resources and Others
3.4.3.1 Plurifoliati
3.4.3.2 Paucifoliati
3.4.3.3 Unifoliati
3.4.3.4 Exfoliati
3.5 Collections and Conservation
3.5.1 Methods
3.5.2 Status of Collections (National, Regional, and Global with Appropriate Listing)
3.6 Gaps in Collections, Both Geographical and Genetic
3.6.1 Planning of Explorations and Collection
3.6.2 Problem in Identification and Characterization
3.6.3 Extensive Evaluation, Documentation, and Information Management
3.6.4 Geographic Considerations
3.6.5 Phytosanitary Regulations
3.6.6 Effective Utilization in Pre-breeding Programs
3.6.7 Loss of Genetic Integrity
3.7 Conservation
3.7.1 Methods
3.8 Cryopreservation of Gladiolus
3.9 Horticultural Classification
3.9.1 Large Flowered (Grandavensis) Hybrids
3.9.2 Primulinus
3.9.3 Miniatures
3.9.4 Peacock Hybrids
3.9.5 Star Flowered
3.9.6 Face Ups
3.9.7 Ochideola
3.10 Characterization and Evaluation
3.10.1 Characterization for Essential Features and Classification
3.10.1.1 Pigments
3.10.1.2 Fragrant Gladiolus
3.10.1.3 Mini Cultivar
3.10.2 Development/Identification of Gene Pools and Core Collections
3.10.3 Evaluation of Genetic Diversity for Desired Traits
3.10.4 Available Sources of Breeding (Listing of Genetic Resources Available for Various Biotic and Abiotic Stresses and Nutri...
3.10.4.1 Abiotic Stress
3.10.4.2 Biotic Stress
3.10.5 Breeding Options
3.10.5.1 Hybridization
3.10.5.2 Mutation Breeding
3.10.5.3 Polyploidy Breeding
3.10.6 Present Status of Use or Incorporation of Desired Traits
3.10.6.1 Biotechnological Approach
3.10.6.2 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
4 Lilium: Conservation, Characterization, and Evaluation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Botany and Distribution
4.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
4.4 Plant Genetic Resources
4.4.1 Geographical Distribution
4.4.2 Primary Gene Pool
4.4.2.1 Section Lilium
4.4.2.2 Section Martagon
4.4.2.3 Section Pseudolirium
4.4.2.4 Section Archelirion
4.4.2.5 Section Sinomartagon
4.4.2.6 Section Leucolirion
4.4.2.7 Section Daurolirian (L. bulbiferum and Dauricum Group)
4.4.3 Wild Genetic Resources
4.5 Collection and Conservation
4.6 Conservation
4.6.1 Ex Situ Conservation
4.6.1.1 Cold Storage of Bulbs
4.6.1.2 Conservation in Gene Banks
4.6.2 In Situ Conservation
4.6.2.1 Tissue Culture as In Vitro Gene Banks
4.6.2.2 Cryopreservation in Liquid Nitrogen
4.7 Characterization and Evaluation
4.7.1 Characterization for Essential Features and Classification
4.7.2 Development/Identification of Gene Pools and Core Collections
4.7.3 Evaluation of Genetic Diversity for Desired Traits
4.7.4 Available Sources of Breeding Value
4.7.5 Molecular Characterization of Genetic Resources
4.8 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
4.8.1 Major Constraints in the Crop Production
4.8.2 Common Sources Used to Overcome Production Constraints
4.8.3 Breeding Options
4.8.3.1 Breeding at the Diploid Level
4.8.3.2 Use of Unilateral Sexual Polyploidization
4.8.3.3 Bilateral Sexual Polyploidization
4.8.3.4 Somatic Chromosome Doubling
4.8.4 Present Status of Use or Incorporation of Desired Traits
4.9 Future Perspective
References
5 Alstroemeria: Conservation, Characterization, and Evaluation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Botany and Distribution
5.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
5.3.1 Growth Habit of Alstroemeria
5.3.2 Chromosome Studies of Alstroemeria
5.3.3 Genetics
5.3.4 Breeding History of Alstroemeria
5.3.5 Importance and Uses
5.3.6 Varieties of Alstroemeria
5.4 Plant Genetic Resources
5.4.1 Geographical Distribution
5.4.2 Primary Gene Pool
5.4.3 Classification of Alstroemeria Based on Origin
5.4.4 Classification of Alstroemeria Based on Floral Morphology
5.4.5 Wild Genetic Resources
5.5 Collection and Conservation
5.6 Conservation
5.6.1 Ex Situ Conservation
5.6.2 Field Gene Banks
5.6.3 In Situ Conservation
5.6.3.1 Tissue Culture as In Vitro Gene Banks
5.6.3.2 Cryopreservation in Liquid Nitrogen
5.7 Characterization and Evaluation
5.7.1 Characterization for Essential Features and Classification
5.7.2 Development/Identification of Gene Pools and Core Collections
5.7.3 Evaluation of Genetic Diversity for Desired Traits
5.7.4 Available Sources of Breeding Value
5.7.4.1 Species of Alstroemeria
5.8 Molecular Characterization of Genetic Resources
5.9 Use of Plant Genetic Resources.
5.9.1 Major Constraints in the Crop Production
5.9.2 Common Sources Used to Overcome Production Constraints
5.9.3 Breeding Options
5.9.3.1 Introduction
5.9.3.2 Hybridization
5.9.3.3 Mutation Breeding
5.9.3.4 Polyploidy Breeding
5.9.3.5 Biotechnological Approach
Somatic Embryogenesis
Protoplast Fusion
In Vitro Fertilization
Genetic Transformation
Meristem Culture
5.10 Future Perspective
References
6 Rose
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Distribution
6.3 Uses
6.4 Botany
6.5 Classification
6.6 Cultivars
6.7 Cultivation
6.8 Propagation and Cultural Practices
6.9 Micropropagation
6.10 Diseases and Pests and Plant Protection
6.11 Characterization
6.12 Development of New Variety
6.13 Post-Harvest Management
6.14 Molecular Breeding
References
7 Agro-Biodiversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Botany
7.3 Origin, Domestication, and Distribution
7.4 Plant Genetic Resources
7.4.1 Geographic Distribution
7.4.2 Primary Gene Pool
7.4.3 Wild Genetics Resources and Others
7.5 Collections
7.5.1 Gaps in Collection Both Geographical and Genetic
7.6 Conservation
7.6.1 Methods
7.6.1.1 Cold Storage
7.6.1.2 In Vitro Conservation
7.6.2 Conservation in Gene Banks
7.6.3 Cryopreservation
7.7 Characterization and Evaluation
7.7.1 Genetics of Tulip
7.7.2 Molecular Markers
7.8 Information Documentation
7.9 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
7.9.1 Common Sources Used to Overcome Constraints
7.9.2 Breeding Options
7.9.3 Novel Colors
7.9.4 Flower Longevity
7.9.5 Disease Resistance
7.9.6 Botrytis Blight [GrayMold; Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind]
7.9.7 Bulb Rot or Basal Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae)
7.9.8 Mild Mottle Mosaic Disease (Tulip Mild Mottle Mosaic Virus, TMMMV)
7.9.9 Tulip Breaking Virus (TBV)
7.9.10 Present Status of Use or Incorporation of Desired Traits
7.10 Future Perspective
References
8 Value Addition: Dehydration of Flowers and Foliage and Floral Craft
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Why Dry Flower Lasts Long?
8.3 Collection of Materials for Drying
8.3.1 Time and Season of Harvest
8.4 Techniques for Drying Flowers
8.4.1 Air Drying
8.4.2 Press Drying
8.4.3 Embedding/Drying Flowers by Using Desiccants
8.4.3.1 Sun Drying After Embedding
8.4.3.2 Oven/Hot Air Oven Drying After Embedding
8.4.3.3 Microwave Drying After Embedding
8.4.4 Freeze Drying
8.5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Moisture Loss During Drying
8.6 Precautions for Drying
8.7 Suitability of Technique
8.8 Post-dehydration Care
8.9 Utilization/Uses with Examples and Photographs
8.10 Combination of Other Botanicals with Dried Flowers and Its Potentiality
8.10.1 Preservation with Glycerine (Glycerinization)
8.10.2 Drying of Other Botanicals
8.10.3 Skeletonization
8.10.4 Bleaching and Coloring of Dehydrated/Skeletonized Botanicals
8.11 Making Different Products with Dried Flowers and Other Botanicals
8.11.1 Some Novel Techniques
8.12 Conclusion
References
9 Traditional Bulbous Plants
9.1 Agapanthus
9.1.1 Botany and Distribution
9.1.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.1.3 Plant Genetic Resources
9.1.4 Conservation
9.2 Canna
9.2.1 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.2.2 Plant Genetic Resources
9.2.3 Collection and Conservation
9.2.4 Characterization and Evaluation
9.2.5 Future Perspective
9.3 Crinum
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Botany and Distribution
9.3.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.3.4 Plant Genetic Resources
9.3.5 Collections and Conservation
9.3.6 Breeding Options and Constraints
9.3.7 Looking Forward for Future Perspective
9.4 Dahlia
9.4.1 Botany and Distribution
9.4.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.4.3 Plant Genetic Resources
9.4.4 Conservation
9.4.5 Characterization and Evaluation
9.4.6 Breeding Options
9.4.7 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
9.5 Eucharis
9.5.1 Botany and Distribution
9.5.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.5.3 Plant Genetic Resources and Conservation
9.6 Hymenocallis
9.6.1 Botany and Distribution
9.6.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.6.3 Plant Genetic Resources
9.6.3.1 Geographic Distribution
9.6.4 Gene Pool
9.6.5 Collections
9.6.6 Characterization and Evaluation
9.6.7 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
9.6.8 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
9.7 Iris
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 Botany and Distribution
9.7.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.7.4 Collections and Conservation
9.7.5 Characterization and Evaluation
9.7.6 Breeding and Use of Plant Genetic Resources
9.7.7 Major Constraints in the Crop Production
9.8 Ixia
9.8.1 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.8.2 Botany and Distribution
9.8.3 Plant Genetic Resources
9.8.4 Cultivation
9.9 Nerine
9.9.1 Botany and Distribution
9.9.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.9.3 Plant Genetic Resources
9.9.4 Important Species of Nerine
9.9.5 Molecular Characterization and Evaluation
9.9.6 Conservation
9.9.7 Future Perspective
9.10 Zephyranthes
9.10.1 Introduction
9.10.2 Botany and Distribution
9.10.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
9.10.4 Plant Genetic Resources
9.10.5 Collections and Conservation
9.10.6 Characterization and Evaluation
9.10.7 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
9.10.8 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
10 Tuberose (Polyanthes tuberosa Linn./Agave amica)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Botany
10.3 Systematics
10.4 Cytology
10.5 Distribution
10.6 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
10.7 Plant Genetic Resources
10.7.1 Description of the Species
10.7.2 Polianthes Subgenus Bravoa
10.7.3 Polianthes Subgenus Polianthes
10.8 Collection and Conservation
10.9 Genetic Diversity, Molecular Characterization, and Molecular Markers
10.10 Use of Tuberose Genetic Resources
10.10.1 Major Constraints
10.10.2 Overcoming the Constraints
10.11 Present Status of Breeding for Desired Traits
10.11.1 Breeding Breakthrough
10.11.2 Varieties Developed in India
10.11.3 Description of some Important Varieties Cultivated in India
10.12 Cultivation Practices
10.12.1 Propagation
10.12.2 Seed Propagation
10.12.3 Vegetative Propagation
10.12.4 Land Preparation and Planting
10.13 Nutrient Management
10.13.1 Nitrogen
10.13.2 Phosphorus
10.13.3 Potassium
10.13.4 Mode of Action of Nutrients
10.13.5 Micronutrients
10.13.6 Integrated Nutrient Management
10.13.7 Biofertilizer
10.14 Growth Regulators
10.15 Water Management
10.16 Intercultural Operation
10.16.1 Earthing Up
10.16.2 Weed Management
10.17 Harvesting and Yield
10.18 Ratooning of Tuberose
10.19 Lifting and Storage of Bulbs
10.20 Postharvest Management
10.21 Grading and Packaging
10.22 Extraction of Absolute and Concrete
10.23 Diseases
10.23.1 Stem Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)
10.23.2 Leaf Blight (Botrytis elliptica)
10.23.3 Basal Rot and Wilt (Sclerotium rolfsii)
10.23.4 Leaf Spot (Alternaria polyantha)
10.23.5 Bud Rot (Erwinia Sp.)
10.23.6 Flower Blight (Botrytis elliptica)
10.23.7 Peduncle Blight (Lasiodiplodia theobromae)
10.24 Pest
10.24.1 Thrips
10.24.2 Aphid
10.24.3 Bud Borer
10.24.4 Red Spider Mites
10.24.5 Nematodes
10.24.6 Foliar Nematode
References
11 Indian Orchid Germplasm
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Botany of the Orchids
11.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
11.4 Plant Genetic Resources
11.4.1 Orchid´s Distribution in India
11.5 Collections
11.5.1 Methods
11.5.2 Status of Collections
11.5.2.1 Threatened Orchid Species
11.5.2.2 Endemism
Endemic Genera
Endemic Species
11.5.2.3 Identification of Gaps in the Germplasm Collections
11.6 Conservation
11.6.1 In Situ Conservation
11.6.2 Ex Situ Conservation
11.6.2.1 Botanical Gardens
11.6.2.2 Orchidarium
11.6.2.3 Field Gene Banks
11.6.2.4 In vitro Conservation
11.6.2.5 Cryopreservation
11.6.2.6 DNA Barcoding of Indian Orchids
11.6.2.7 Orchids DNA Banking
11.7 Characterization and Evaluation
11.7.1 Molecular Characterization, Identifying Genomic Resources
11.8 Information Documentation
11.9 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
11.9.1 Major Constraints in the Crop Production
11.9.2 Common Sources Use to Overcome Production Constraints
11.9.3 Breeding Strategies for Orchids
11.9.3.1 Hybridization and Selection
11.9.3.2 Polyploidy Breeding
Present Status of Use or Incorporation of Desired Traits
11.9.4 Other Uses of Orchids
11.9.4.1 Sociocultural and Religious Importance
11.9.4.2 Orchids Used in the Traditional Healthcare System
11.9.4.3 Orchids in the Dietary System
11.10 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
12 Dahlia
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Botany
12.3 Origin, Domestication and Spread
12.4 Plant Genetic Resources
12.5 Collections
12.6 Conservation
12.7 Classification and Characterization
12.8 Information Documentation
12.9 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
12.10 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
13 Canna
13.1 Botany and Distribution
13.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
13.3 Plant Genetic Resources
13.3.1 Geographic Distribution
13.3.2 Primary Gene Pool
13.3.3 Wild Genetic Resources and Others
13.4 Collections
13.5 Conservation
13.5.1 Methods
13.5.2 Status of Plant Genetic Resources
13.5.3 Gaps in Available (Useful) Diversity
13.6 Characterization and Evaluation
13.6.1 Characterization for Essential Features and Classification
13.6.2 Development/Identification of Gene Pools and Core Collections
13.6.3 Evaluation of Genetic Diversity for Desired Traits
13.6.4 Available Sources of Breeding Value
13.6.5 Molecular
13.7 Information Documentation
13.8 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
13.8.1 Major Constraints in the Crop Production
13.8.2 Common Sources Used to Overcome Production Constraints
13.8.3 Breeding Options
13.8.4 Present Status of the Use or Incorporation of Desired Traits
13.9 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
14 Landscape Gardening Research
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Perspective of Landscape Gardening
14.3 Planning of Landscape Garden
14.4 General Principles
14.5 Elements of Landscape Design
14.5.1 Line
14.5.2 Form
14.5.3 Texture
14.5.4 Color
14.5.5 Variety
14.5.6 Repetition
14.5.7 Balance
14.5.8 Emphasis
14.5.9 Fragrance
14.5.10 Character
14.5.11 Harmony
14.6 Garden Features
14.7 Center of Diversity of Ornamental Plants
14.8 Genetic Resources of Ornamental Plants for Landscape Gardening
14.8.1 Diversity of Ornamental Trees in Tropical and Subtropical Garden for Beautification
14.8.2 Diversity of Ornamental Trees in the Temperate Garden for Beautification
14.8.3 Biodiversity of Ornamental Shrubs
14.8.3.1 Diversity of Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Tropical and Subtropical Gardens for Beautification of Shrubbery Borders
14.8.3.2 Diversity of Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Tropical and Subtropical Gardens for Beautification of Hedges and Edges
14.8.3.3 Diversity of Ornamental Foliage Shrubs in Tropical and Subtropical Gardens for Beautification of Shrubbery Borders
14.8.3.4 Diversity of Ornamental Foliage Shrubs in Tropical and Subtropical Gardens for Beautification of Hedges and Edges
14.8.3.5 Diversity of Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Temperate Gardens for Beautification of Shrubbery Borders and Hedges
14.8.4 Biodiversity of Ornamental Climbers and Creepers
14.8.5 Biodiversity of Ornamental Palms
14.8.5.1 Classification Based on Gardening
Indoor Gardening
Outdoor Gardening
14.8.6 Biodiversity of Ornamental Ferns
14.8.7 Biodiversity of Ornamental Grasses
14.8.7.1 Warm Season Grasses
14.8.7.2 Cool Season Grasses
14.8.8 Biodiversity of Ornamental House Plants
14.8.8.1 Classification Based on Light Requirement
Moderate Light to Full Filtered Sunlight
Full Filtered Sunlight
Moderate Filtered Sunlight
Direct Sunlight
Partial Shade
Shade
14.8.8.2 Classification Based on Importance of Plant Parts
Foliage Beauty
Flower and Foliage Beauty
14.8.9 Biodiversity of Bulbous Plants
14.8.9.1 Cut Flower Production
14.8.9.2 Other Bulbous Plants for Garden Beautifications
14.9 Wild Genetic Resources of Ornamentals in the Hills
14.10 Characterization and Evaluation of Plant Diversity
14.11 Conservation of Biodiversity in Landscape Gardening
14.12 Methods of Conservation of Ornamental Plants
14.12.1 Field Gene Banks
14.12.2 Cryopreservation
14.13 Utilization of Plant Diversity in Landscape Gardening
14.14 Future Perspective
References
15 Jasmine
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Botany
15.3 Origin, Distribution, and Domestication
15.4 Plant Genetic Resources
15.4.1 Commercial Species
15.4.1.1 Jasminum sambac (Arabian Jasmine, Tuscan Jasmine)
15.4.1.2 J. auriculatum
15.4.1.3 J. grandiflorum (Italian Jasmine, Royal Spanish Jasmine)
15.4.2 Lesser Known Species
15.4.2.1 J. arborescens (Tree Jasmine)
15.4.2.2 J. azoricum (Lemon-Scented Jasmine)
15.4.2.3 J. beesianum (Rosy Jasmine)
15.4.2.4 J. bignoniaceum (Syn: J. revolutum) (Trumpet Jasmine)
15.4.2.5 J. calophyllum
15.4.2.6 J. dichotomum (Rose Bud Jasmine, Everblooming Jasmine, Gold Coast Jasmine)
15.4.2.7 J. dispermum
15.4.2.8 J. favreri
15.4.2.9 J. flexile (Syn: J. caudatum)
15.4.2.10 J. floridum (Showy Jasmine, Florida Jasmine, Yellow Jasmine, Fruity Jasmine)
15.4.2.11 J. fluminense (Brazilian Jasmine)
15.4.2.12 J. fruticans (Wild Jasmine, Shrubby Jasmine)
15.4.2.13 J. humile (Yellow Jasmine)
15.4.2.14 J. multiflorum (Syn: J. pubescens) (Winter Jasmine, Furry Jasmine, Downy Jasmine, Kund, Kunda, Kundo, Indian Jasmine...
15.4.2.15 J. nitidum (Syn: J. laurifolium) (Star Jasmine)
15.4.2.16 J. nudiflorum
15.4.2.17 J. officinale (Poet´s Jasmine)
15.4.2.18 J. parkeri (Dwarf Jasmine, Himalayan Jasmine, Parker Jasmine)
15.4.2.19 J. polyanthum (Pink Jasmine, Chinese Jasmine)
15.4.2.20 J. primulinum (Syn: J. mesnyi) (Primrose Jasmine, Japanese Jasmine)
15.4.2.21 J. pubigerum
15.4.2.22 J. revolutum
15.4.2.23 J. rex (Royal Jasmine, King´s Jasmine)
15.4.2.24 J. smilacifolium
15.4.2.25 J. stephanense (Stephan Jasmine)
15.4.2.26 J. trinerve
15.4.2.27 Jasminum volubile (Syn: J. gracile) (Australian or Wax Jasmine)
15.4.2.28 J. wallichianum
15.4.3 Ecotypes of Jasmine
15.4.4 Varieties of Jasmine
15.5 Characterization
15.6 Molecular Approaches
15.7 Floral Volatiles Emission Mechanism in Jasmine Flower
15.8 Breeding Options
15.8.1 History of Jasmine Breeding
15.8.2 Breeding Methods for Jasmine
15.8.2.1 Clonal Selection
15.8.2.2 Open Pollinated Seedling Selection
15.8.2.3 Hybridization
15.8.3 Fruit Setting Potential
15.8.4 Natural Seed Set
15.8.5 Seed Set Under Artificial Pollination
15.8.6 Seed Germination
15.8.6.1 Mutation Breeding in Jasmine
15.8.6.2 Polyploidy Breeding in Jasmine
15.9 Future Perspective
References
16 Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis): Importance and Classification
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Importance and Uses
16.3 Origin and Botany
16.4 Taxonomy and Ecology
16.5 Distribution and Domestication
16.6 Germplasm of Hibiscus
16.7 Genetics and Breeding
16.8 Development of Hibiscus Hybrids
16.9 Plant Genetic Resources of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
16.10 Characterization of Candidate Cultivars and Hybrids´ Bloom
16.11 Hibiscus Breeding Program in the Philippines (UPLB)
16.11.1 Centennial Series
16.11.2 Millennium Series
16.11.3 Celebrity Star Series
16.11.4 Oblation Series
16.11.5 Women in Public Service Series
16.11.6 Women in Science Series, Women in Media and Arts Series, Women Saints and Institutions Named After Them, Women in Educ...
16.12 Hybridization of Hibiscus in Private Gardens
16.13 Some International Cultivars
References
17 Modern Techniques for Plant Breeding in Ornamentals
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Molecular Tools for Ornamental Plant Improvement
17.2.1 Genome and Transcriptome Sequences
17.2.2 Uses of Sequence Information in Genetic Manipulation
17.3 Genetic Modification in Ornamental Plants
17.3.1 Genetic Modification
17.3.2 Genetically Modified Ornamental Plants
17.3.3 Regulation of Genetically Modified Ornamental Plants
17.4 Other New Breeding Technologies (NBT)
17.5 Gene Editing in Ornamental Plants
17.5.1 Gene-Editing Methods by SDN
17.5.2 Gene Editing Using CRISPR/Cas9
17.5.3 CRISPR/Cas Delivery Systems
17.5.4 Gene Editing in Ornamental Plants: Other Technical Considerations
17.5.5 Legal Compliance of Gene-Edited Plants
17.5.6 Gene Editing in Ornamental Plants
17.6 Concluding Remarks
References
18 The Wild and Cultivated Mussaenda
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Botany and Distribution
18.3 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
18.4 Plant Genetic Resources
18.5 Collections
18.6 Conservation
18.7 Characterization and Evaluation
18.7.1 Pigmentation
18.7.2 Cytology
18.7.3 Genetics
18.7.4 Isozyme Polymorphism
18.7.5 Microsatellite Markers
18.8 Information Documentation
18.9 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
18.9.1 Propagation
18.9.2 Cultural Requirements
18.9.3 Paclobutrazol Treatment
18.9.4 Pest and Diseases
18.10 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
19 Chrysanthemum
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Botany
19.3 Geographical Distribution
19.4 Origin
19.4.1 Domestication
19.5 Classification
19.6 Species and Cultivars
19.7 Cultural Practices
19.8 The Art of Training
19.9 Protected Cultivation
19.10 Postharvest Managements (Harvesting, Grading, and Packaging)
19.11 Manipulation of Growth/Flowering and Vase Life
19.12 Chrysanthemum Trade
19.13 Diseases
19.14 Chromosome Status
19.15 Genetics
19.16 Improvement
19.17 Tissue Culture and Gene Transfer
19.18 Biotechnology
19.19 Characterization
References
20 Bougainvillea
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Uses
20.3 Botany
20.4 Origin, Elemental Species, and Cultivars
20.5 Introduction in India
20.6 Germplasm
20.7 Classification
20.8 Characterization
20.9 Genetics and Cytogenetics
20.10 Breeding System in Bougainvillea
20.11 Breeding
20.12 Induced Mutations
20.13 Propagation/Cultural Practices
20.14 Tissue Culture
20.15 Physiology and Postharvest Management
20.15.1 Disease
20.15.2 Marketing:
20.16 Registration of Bougainvillea Cultivars
References
21 GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Gerbera: Diversity and Plant Genetic Resources
21.2.1 Botany and Distribution
21.2.1.1 Vegetative Morphology
21.2.1.2 Reproductive Morphology
21.2.1.3 Flower Forms of Gerbera
21.2.2 Origin, Domestication, and Spread
21.2.2.1 Origin
21.2.2.2 Domestication
21.2.2.3 Spread
21.2.3 Plant Genetic Resources
21.2.3.1 Geographic Distribution
21.2.3.2 Primary Gene Pool
Species
21.2.3.3 Wild Genetic Resources and Others
21.2.4 Collections
21.2.4.1 Methods
21.2.4.2 Status of Collections (National, Regional, and Global with Appropriate Listing) (Tables 1 and 2)
21.2.4.3 Gaps in Collections, Both Geographical and Genetic
21.2.5 Conservation
21.2.6 Characterization and Evaluation
21.2.7 Information Documentation
21.2.8 Use of Plant Genetic Resources
21.2.9 Looking Forward or Future Perspective
References
22 Amaryllis/Hippeastrum
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Botany
22.3 History and Geographical Distribution
22.4 Distribution and Habitat
22.5 Genetic Diversity
22.6 Classification
22.7 Species and Cultivars
22.8 Breeding/Hybridization
22.9 Cytology
22.10 Propagation
22.11 Cultivation
22.12 Diseases and Pests
22.13 Manipulation of Flowering Period
22.14 Characterization of Germplasm by DNA Markers
References
23 Heliconias: Dramatic Flowers of the Tropics and Subtropics
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Traditional Uses
23.1.2 Evaluation of Genotypes for Multifaceted Uses
23.1.3 Common Names
23.1.4 Habitat and Distribution of Heliconia
23.1.5 Diversity and Distribution of Heliconia in Brazil
23.1.6 Geographic Distribution of Heliconia Which Occur in Brazil
23.1.7 Cultivation of Heliconia
23.1.8 Agro-morphological Traits of Heliconia
23.1.9 Postharvest Life of Heliconia Inflorescences
23.1.10 Heliconia: A Potential Storehouse of Natural Colorants
23.2 Botany and Taxonomy
23.2.1 Classification of Heliconia
23.2.2 Botanical Description
23.2.3 Floral Biology and Genetic Variability in Heliconia
23.2.4 Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity
23.2.5 Key Features of Some Common Heliconia Species
23.2.6 Genetic Relatedness of Heliconia Species Using DNA Markers
23.2.7 Cytological Markers to Affirm the Genesis of Heliconia Species and Hybrids
23.2.8 Self-Incompatibility (SI) in Heliconia
23.2.9 Other Mechanisms Promoting Outcrossing
23.2.10 Future Prospect
References
24 Biology of Floral Scent Volatiles in Ornamental Plants
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Diverse Functions of Floral Scents
24.3 The Chemical Diversity of Floral Scent Volatiles
24.3.1 Biosynthesis of Terpenoids
24.3.1.1 The Mevalonic Acid Pathway
24.3.1.2 The Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway
24.3.1.3 Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Diterpenes, and Sesquiterpenes
24.3.1.4 Regulation of Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway
24.3.2 Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids/Benzenoids
24.3.2.1 The Shikimate Pathway
24.3.2.2 Phenylpropanoid Metabolism
24.3.2.3 Benzenoid Metabolism
24.3.2.4 Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoid-Related Compounds
24.3.2.5 Regulation of Phenylpropanoid/Benzenoid Metabolism
24.3.3 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acid Derivatives
24.3.4 Modifications in the Volatile Backbone with Special Emphasis on Glycosylation
24.4 Mechanisms Governing Scent Emission from Flowers
24.4.1 Circadian Rhythms and Mechanisms of Circadian Oscillations in Floral Scent
24.4.2 Understanding Cuticular Waxes and Their Role in Regulating Floral Scent
24.4.3 Regulatory Role of Primary Metabolism and Its Intermediates in Modulating Floral Secondary Metabolism
24.5 Tissue-Specific Localization of Volatiles in Floral Parts
24.5.1 Uncovering of Scent-Emitting Tissues in the Flower
24.5.2 Collection and Analysis of Volatiles
24.6 Interpreting the Release and Emission of Floral Scent
24.7 Practical Applications of Floral Scent Research
24.8 Conclusion
References
25 Mirabilis: Medicinal Uses and Conservation
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Traditional Uses
25.1.2 Vernacular Names
25.1.3 Cultural Practices
25.2 Botany and Taxonomy
25.2.1 Taxonomic Tree
25.2.2 Botanical Description
25.2.3 Flower´s Colors
25.2.4 Habitat
25.2.5 Pollen Morphology
25.2.6 Ecology and Phytogeography
25.2.7 Distribution, Collection, and Conservation
25.2.8 History of Introduction and Spreading
25.2.9 Origin, Domestication, and Spreading
25.2.10 Available Species and Cultivars of Genus Mirabilis
25.2.11 Plant Genetic Resources
25.2.12 Characterization and Evaluation
25.2.13 Active Constituents
25.2.14 Physicochemical Characteristics
25.2.15 Medicinal Uses
25.2.16 Biological Activities
25.2.17 Antimicrobial Activity
25.2.18 Antiviral Activity
25.2.19 Antifungal Activity
25.2.20 Antioxidant Activity
25.2.21 Antispasmodic Activity
25.2.22 Anti-inflammatory Activity
25.2.23 Antinociceptive Activity
25.2.24 Anthelmintic Activity
25.2.25 Anti-diabetic Activity Studies
25.2.26 Anti-tubercular Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity
25.2.27 Cytotoxic Activity
25.2.28 Anti-corrosion Activity
25.2.29 Biofilm
25.2.30 Endophytic Mycoflora
25.2.31 Poisonousness
25.2.32 Gold Nanoparticles
25.2.33 Phytoremediation
25.2.34 Molecular Characterization of Several Physiochemical Factors of M. jalapa
25.2.35 Breeding Status
25.2.36 Genetics
25.2.37 Mechanism of Flower Color Inheritance
25.2.38 Inheritance and Genetic System of Flower Variegation in Mirabilis jalapa
25.2.39 Reproductive Biology
25.2.40 Fertility
25.2.41 Cytology
25.2.42 Future Prospect
References
Index