Flora of Australia Volume 37: Asteraceae

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Volume 37 of the Flora of Australia is the first of three volumes covering the family Asteraceae. This volume presents an introduction to the family in Australia, including a synoptic classification and keys, and treatments of all the tribes represented in Australia, with the exception of the large tribes Gnaphalieae and Astereae, which will each be the subject of a future volume of the Flora.

Nineteen tribes, 233 genera and 518 species are treated in this volume, of which the majority are introduced (only 47 genera include native species).

Asteraceae are the largest family of flowering plants, with over 1,600 genera and 24,000 species found on all continents except Antarctica, and also one of the largest families in Australia, with an estimated 290 genera and 1,430 species. The family is found throughout Australia, in all habitats, although scarce in rainforest.

Twenty-seven authors, illustrators and photographers have contributed to this volume.

Author(s): Australian Biological Resources Study
Series: Flora of Australia (vol. 37)
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Year: 2015

Language: English
Pages: 664
Tags: Asteraceae

Front cover
Front flap
front endpaper
Frontispiece
Title page
Copyright information
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 37
ILLUSTRATORS
PHOTOGRAPHERS
INTRODUCTION
Scope and Presentation of the Flora
Acknowledgments
Colour block 1
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
INTRODUCTION TO ASTERACEAE
History of Classification
Economic importance of Asteraceae
Edible plants
Seed oils
Beverages
Spices
Sweeteners
Insecticides
Medicines
Rubber
Dyes
Ornamental plants
Weeds
Poisonous plants
References
SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN ASTERACEAE
KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF AUSTRALIAN ASTERACEAE
Key to the genera of Australian Asteraceae treated in this volume
KEY TO ARTIFICIAL GROUPS
GROUP A
GROUP B
GROUP C
GROUP D
GROUP E
GROUP F
GROUP G
GROUP H
GROUP I
KEY TO AUSTRALIAN GENERA OF TRIBE GNAPHALIEAE
KEY TO AUSTRALIAN GENERA OF TRIBE ASTEREAE
Subfam. 1. MUTISOIDEAE
TRICHOCLINE
Trichocline spathulata
Subfam. 2. CARDUOIDEAE
Trib. 1. CARDUEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. HEMISTEPTIA
Hemisteptia lyrata
2. CARDUUS
1. *Carduus nutans
2. *Carduus thoermeri
3. *Carduus acanthoides
4. *Carduus pycnocephalus
5. *Carduus tenuiflorus
Excluded Name
3. SILYBUM
*Silybum marianum
4. PICNOMON
*Picnomon acarna
5. CIRSIUM
1. *Cirsium vulgare
2. *Cirsium arvense
2a. *Cirsium arvense var. arvense
2b. *Cirsium arvense var. vestitum
Excluded Names
6. NOTOBASIS
*Notobasis syriaca
7. CYNARA
*Cynara cardunculus
8. ONOPORDUM
1. *Onopordum acaulon
2. *Onopordum tauricum
3. *Onopordum acanthium
4. *Onopordum illyricum
Excluded Species
9. ARCTIUM
1. *Arctium lappa
2. *Arctium minus
10. CARTHAMUS
1. *Carthamus tinctorius
2. *Carthamus dentatus
3. *Carthamus leucocaulos
4. *Carthamus lanatus
11. RHAPONTICUM
1. Rhaponticum australe
2. *Rhaponticum repens
12. MANTISALCA
*Mantisalca salmantica
13. CENTAUREA
1. *Centaurea calcitrapa
2. *Centaurea aspera
3. *Centaurea melitensis
4. *Centaurea eriophora
5. *Centaurea solstitialis
6. *Centaurea benedicta
7. *Centaurea paniculata
8. *Centaurea stoebe
9. *Centaurea cineraria
10. *Centaurea nigra
11. *Centaurea ×moncktonii
12. *Centaurea jacea
Excluded name
Subfam. 3. CICHORIOIDEAE
Trib. 1. CICHORIEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. SCOLYMUS
1. *Scolymus hispanicus
2. *Scolymus maculatus
2. CICHORIUM
*Cichorium intybus
3. CHONDRILLA
*Chondrilla juncea
4. CREPIS
1. *Crepis capillaris
2. *Crepis setosa
3. *Crepis vesicaria
4. *Crepis foetida
5. *Crepis pusilla
Excluded Name
5. TARAXACUM
KEY TO SECTIONS
Sect. 1. AUSTRALASICA
1. Taraxacum cygnorum
2. Taraxacum aristum
Sect. 2. ERYTHROSPERMA
3. *Taraxacum gracilens
4. *Taraxacum sarcidanum
5. *Taraxacum gasparini
6. *Taraxacum hepaticolor
7. *Taraxacum multidentatum
8. *Taraxacum lambinonii
Sect. 3. HAMATA
Sect. 4. CELTICA
9. *Taraxacum bracteatum
10. *Taraxacum subbracteatum
11. *Taraxacum sect. Celtica
Sect. 5. TARAXACUM
Species Group 1
12. *Taraxacum khatoonae
13. *Other Taraxacum Group 1 species
Species Group 2
14. *Taraxacum squamulosum
15. *Taraxacum retzii
6. YOUNGIA
Youngia japonica
7. LAPSANA
*Lapsana communis
8. LACTUCA
1. *Lactuca serriola
1a. *Lactuca serriola L. f. serriola
1b. *Lactuca serriola f. integrifolia
2. *Lactuca saligna
9. SONCHUS
1. *Sonchus oleraceus
2. *Sonchus asper
3. Sonchus hydrophilus
10. ACTITES
Actites megalocarpus
11. LAUNAEA
Launaea sarmentosa
12. REICHARDIA
1. *Reichardia tingitana
2. *Reichardia picroides
13. MICROSERIS
1. Microseris lanceolata
2. Microseris scapigera
Doubtful names
14. HIERACIUM
*Hieracium aurantiacum
15. TOLPIS
1. *Tolpis barbata
2. *Tolpis virgata
16. HEDYPNOIS
*Hedypnois rhagadioloides
a. *Hedypnois rhagadioloides subsp. rhagadioloides
b. *Hedypnois rhagadioloides subsp. cretica
17. UROSPERMUM
1. *Urospermum picroides
2. *Urospermum dalechampii
18. HYPOCHAERIS
1. *Hypochaeris glabra
2. *Hypochaeris radicata
3. *Hypochaeris albiflora
Excluded Names
19. LEONTODON
*Leontodon saxatilis
20. HELMINTHOTHECA
*Helminthotheca echioides
21. PICRIS
1. Picris angustifolia
1a. Picris angustifolia subsp. angustifolia
1b. Picris angustifolia subsp. carolorum-henricorum
1c. Picris angustifolia subsp. merxmuelleri
2. Picris conyzoides
3. Picris squarrosa
4. Picris compacta
5. Picris wagenitzii
6. Picris drummondii
7. Picris burbidgeae
8. Picris eichleri
9. Picris evae
10. Picris barbarorum
22. SCORZONERA
*Scorzonera laciniata
a. *Scorzonera laciniata var. laciniata
b. *Scorzonera laciniata var. calcitrapifolia
23. TRAGOPOGON
1. *Tragopogon porrifolius
2. *Tragopogon hybridus
3. *Tragopogon dubius
Trib. 2. ARCTOTIDEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. ARCTOTHECA
1. *Arctotheca populifolia
2. *Arctotheca prostrata
3. *Arctotheca calendula
Hybrid
Arctotheca calendula × A. populifolia
2. ARCTOTIS
*Arctotis stoechadifolia
Excluded Name
3. CYMBONOTUS
1. Cymbonotus maidenii
2. Cymbonotus lawsonianus
3. Cymbonotus preissianus
4. GORTERIA
*Gorteria personata
5. BERKHEYA
*Berkheya rigida
6. GAZANIA
1. *Gazania linearis
2. *Gazania rigens
Unplaced Name
Trib. 3. VERNONIEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. ELEPHANTOPUS
1. *Elephantopus scaber
2. *Elephantopus mollis
2. PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS
*Pseudelephantopus spicatus
3. ETHULIA
*Ethulia conyzoides
4. CENTRATHERUM
1. *Centratherum punctatum
2. Centratherum riparium
5. PLEUROCARPAEA
1. Pleurocarpaea denticulata
2. Pleurocarpaea fasciculata
3. Pleurocarpaea gracilis
6. CYANTHILLIUM
1. *Cyanthillium cinereum
1a. *Cyanthillium cinereum var. cinereum
1b. *Cyanthillium cinereum var. lanatum
1c. *Cyanthillium cinereum var. linifolium
1d. Cyanthillium cinereum var. pinnatifidum
2. *Cyanthillium patulum
7. TARLMOUNIA
*Tarlmounia elliptica
8. VERNONIA
Vernonia junghuhniana
9. DECANEUROPSIS
*Decaneuropsis obovata
Excluded species
Subfam. 4. ASTEROIDEAE
Trib. 1. SENECIONEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. ABROTANELLA
1. Abrotanella forsteroides
2. Abrotanella nivigena
3. Abrotanella scapigera
2. CENTROPAPPUS
Centropappus brunonis
3. BEDFORDIA
1. Bedfordia arborescens
2. Bedfordia salicina
3. Bedfordia linearis
3a. Bedfordia linearis subsp. linearis
3b. Bedfordia linearis subsp. oblongifolia
3b1. Bedfordia linearis var. oblongifolia
3b2. Bedfordia linearis var. curvifolia
4. PETASITES
*Petasites fragrans
5. ROLDANA
*Roldana petasitis
6. DELAIREA
*Delairea odorata
7. EURYOPS
1. *Euryops abrotanifolius
2. *Euryops chrysanthemoides
8. CINERARIA
*Cineraria lyratiformis
9. SENECIO
KEY TO GROUPS
1. Disciform Group
1. Senecio minimus
2. Senecio diaschides
3. Senecio biserratus
4. Senecio picridioides
5. Senecio bipinnatisectus
6. Senecio distalilobatus
7. Senecio esleri
8. Senecio bathurstianus
9. Senecio hispidulus
10. Senecio hispidissimus
11. Senecio multicaulis
11a. Senecio multicaulis subsp. multicaulis
11b. Senecio multicaulis subsp. stirlingensis
12. Senecio glomeratus
12a. Senecio glomeratus subsp. glomeratus
12b. Senecio glomeratus subsp. longifructus
13. Senecio extensus
14. Senecio laceratus
15. Senecio runcinifolius
16. Senecio longicollaris
17. Senecio tasmanicus
18. Senecio campylocarpus
19. Senecio glabrescens
20. Senecio quadridentatus
21. Senecio dolichocephalus
22. Senecio queenslandicus
23. Senecio phelleus
24. #Senecio microbasis
25. Senecio scabrellus
26. Senecio tenuiflorus
27. Senecio gunnii
28. Senecio niveoplanus
29. Senecio prenanthoides
30. Senecio psilophyllus
31. Senecio lageniformis
32. Senecio nigrapicus
33. Senecio longipilus
34. Senecio oldfieldii
35. Senecio psilocarpus
36. Senecio squarrosus
37. Senecio macrocarpus
38. Senecio interpositus
39. Senecio georgianus
40. Senecio helichrysoides
2. Odoratus Group
41. Senecio anethifolius
41a. Senecio anethifolius subsp. anethifolius
41b. Senecio anethifolius subsp. brevibracteolatus
42. Senecio euclaensis
43. Senecio gawlerensis
44. Senecio lanibracteus
45. Senecio cunninghamii
45a. Senecio cunninghamii var. cunninghamii
45b. Senecio cunninghamii var. flindersensis
46. Senecio hypoleucus
47. Senecio odoratus
48. Senecio linearifolius
48a. Senecio linearifolius var. linearifolius
48b. Senecio linearifolius var. denticulatus
48c. Senecio linearifolius var. latifolius
48d. Senecio linearifolius var. intermedius
48e. Senecio linearifolius var. arachnoideus
48f. Senecio linearifolius var. macrodontus
48g. Senecio linearifolius var. dangarensis
48h. Senecio linearifolius var. gariwerdensis
48i. Senecio linearifolius var. graniticola
49. Senecio behrianus
50. Senecio garlandii
3. Ramosissimus Group
51. Senecio leucoglossus
52. Senecio gilbertii
53. Senecio ramosissimus
54. Senecio barkhausioides
4. Magnificus Group
55. Senecio platylepis
56. Senecio tuberculatus
57. Senecio murrayanus
58. Senecio gregorii
59. Senecio conferruminatus
60. Senecio gypsicola
61. Senecio megaglossus
62. Senecio magnificus
63. Senecio pilosicristus
64. Senecio velleioides
5. Macranthus Group
65. Senecio vagus
65a. Senecio vagus subsp. vagus
65b. Senecio vagus subsp. eglandulosus
66. Senecio macranthus
67. Senecio amygdalifolius
68. Senecio daltonii
69. Senecio leptocarpus
70. Senecio albogilvus
71. Senecio pectinatus
71a. Senecio pectinatus var. pectinatus
71b. Senecio pectinatus var. major
72. Senecio papillosus
73. Senecio primulaefolius
6. Glossanthus Group
74. Senecio glossanthus
75. Senecio productus
75a. Senecio productus I.Thomps. subsp. productus
75b. Senecio productus subsp. magnus
76. Senecio halophilus
77. Senecio serratiformis
77a. Senecio serratiformis subsp. serratiformis
77b. Senecio serratiformis subsp. stenophyllus
7. Lautusoid Group
78. Senecio condylus
79. Senecio spathulatus
79a. Senecio spathulatus var. spathulatus
79b. Senecio spathulatus var. latifructus
79c. Senecio spathulatus var. attenuatus
80. Senecio warrenensis
81. Senecio pinnatifolius
81a. Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius
81b. Senecio pinnatifolius var. latilobus
81c. Senecio pinnatifolius var. serratus
81d. Senecio pinnatifolius var. lanceolatus
81e. Senecio pinnatifolius var. capillifolius
81f. Senecio pinnatifolius var. alpinus
81g. Senecio pinnatifolius var. maritimus
81h. Senecio pinnatifolius var. leucocarpus
82. Senecio spanomerus
83. Senecio brigalowensis
84. Senecio depressicola
85. Senecio eremicola
86. Senecio lacustrinus
87. Senecio hamersleyensis
88. *Senecio madagascariensis
8. The Exotic Species
89. *Senecio pterophorus
90. *Senecio jacobaea
91. *Senecio elegans
92. *Senecio glastifolius
93. *Senecio tamoides
94. *Senecio macroglossus
95. *Senecio angulatus
96. *Senecio crassiflorus
97. *Senecio vulgaris
Doubtful or excluded names
10. ERECHTITES
*Erechtites valerianifolius
Doubtful or Excluded Names
11. ARRHENECHTHITES
Arrhenechthites mixtus
12. CRASSOCEPHALUM
*Crassocephalum crepidioides
13. EMILIA
1. *Emilia sonchifolia
1a. *Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. var. sonchifolia
1b. *Emilia sonchifolia var. javanica
2. *Emilia fosbergii
Excluded name
14. GYNURA
Gynura drymophila
a. Gynura drymophila var. drymophila
b. Gynura drymophila var. glabrifolia
Excluded name
Trib. 2. CALENDULEAE
1. CALENDULA
1. *Calendula arvensis
2. *Calendula officinalis
3. *Calendula palaestina
2. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES
a. *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera
b. *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata
3. DIMORPHOTHECA
1. *Dimorphotheca pluvialis
2. *Dimorphotheca sinuata
4. MONOCULUS
*Monoculus monstrosus
5. OLIGOCARPUS
*Oligocarpus calendulaceus
6. OSTEOSPERMUM
1. *Osteospermum jucundum
2. *Osteospermum muricatum
3. *Osteospermum ecklonis
4. *Osteospermum fruticosum
5. *Osteospermum spinescens
Trib. 3. ANTHEMIDEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. URSINIA
1. *Ursinia anthemoides
2. *Ursinia speciosa
Excluded name
2. TANACETUM
1. *Tanacetum parthenium
2. *Tanacetum vulgare
3. ARTEMISIA
1. *Artemisia arborescens
2. *Artemisia verlotiorum
Excluded Names
4. ACHILLEA
1. *Achillea distans
2. *Achillea millefolium
3. *Achillea tomentosa
5. LASIOSPERMUM
*Lasiospermum bipinnatum
6. CHAMAEMELUM
*Chamaemelum nobile
7. ANTHEMIS
1. *Anthemis arvensis
2. *Anthemis cotula
3. *Anthemis tinctoria
8. ARGYRANTHEMUM
*Argyranthemum frutescens
a. *Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. frutescens
b. *Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. foeniculaceum
9. GLEBIONIS
1. *Glebionis coronaria
2. *Glebionis segetum
10. MAURANTHEMUM
*Mauranthemum paludosum
11. LEUCANTHEMUM
1. *Leucanthemum vulgare
2. *Leucanthemum ×superbum
12. TRIPLEUROSPERMUM
*Tripleurospermum maritimum
13. MATRICARIA
1. *Matricaria recutita
2. *Matricaria matricarioides
14. ERIOCEPHALUS
*Eriocephalus africanus
15. ONCOSIPHON
1. *Oncosiphon suffruticosum
2. *Oncosiphon piluliferum
16. PENTZIA
1. *Pentzia incana
2. *Pentzia globosa
17. COTULA
1. Cotula vulgaris
2. Cotula cotuloides
3. Cotula australis
4. *Cotula turbinata
5. *Cotula coronopifolia
6. *Cotula bipinnata
7. Cotula alpina
18. LEPTINELLA
1. Leptinella filicula
2. Leptinella reptans
3. Leptinella drummondii
4. Leptinella longipes
19. SOLIVA
1. *Soliva sessilis
2. *Soliva valdiviana
3. *Soliva anthemifolia
4. *Soliva stolonifera
Trib. 4. INULEAE
KEY TO SUBTRIBES
Subtrib. 1. INULINAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. BLUMEA
1. Blumea pungens
2. Blumea riparia
3. Blumea milnei
4. Blumea axillaris
5. Blumea lacera
6. Blumea benthamiana
7. Blumea saxatilis
8. Blumea integrifolia
9. Blumea psammophila
10. Blumea diffusa
11. Blumea tenella
Excluded names
2. DITTRICHIA
1. *Dittrichia graveolens
2. *Dittrichia viscosa
3. ASTERISCUS
*Asteriscus spinosus
4. CARPESIUM
*Carpesium cernuum
Subtrib. 2. PLUCHEINAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. CRATYSTYLIS
1. Cratystylis conocephala
2. Cratystylis microphylla
3. Cratystylis centralis
4. Cratystylis subspinescens
Natural Hybrid
Cratystylis conocephala × C. microphylla
2. PTEROCAULON
1. Pterocaulon ciliosum
2. Pterocaulon sphacelatum
3. Pterocaulon sphaeranthoides
4. Pterocaulon paradoxum
5. Pterocaulon intermedium
6. Pterocaulon tricholobum
7. Pterocaulon discolor
8. Pterocaulon globuliflorum
9. Pterocaulon niveum
10. Pterocaulon xenicum
11. Pterocaulon serrulatum
11a. Pterocaulon serrulatum var. serrulatum
11b. Pterocaulon serrulatum var. velutinum
12. Pterocaulon redolens
13. Pterocaulon verbascifolium
3. SPHAEROMORPHAEA
1. Sphaeromorphaea major
2. #Sphaeromorphaea australis
3. Sphaeromorphaea harrisii
4. Sphaeromorphaea ephemera
5. Sphaeromorphaea littoralis
6. Sphaeromorphaea subintegra
4. ETHULIOPSIS
Ethuliopsis cunninghamii
5. PLUCHEA
1. Pluchea indica
2. Pluchea mesotes
3. Pluchea xanthina
4. Pluchea alata
5. Pluchea rubelliflora
6. Pluchea dentex
7. Pluchea macdonnellensis
8. Pluchea punctata
9. Pluchea baccharoides
10. Pluchea tetranthera
11. Pluchea dunlopii
12. Pluchea ferdinandi-muelleri
13. Pluchea longiseta
6. THESPIDIUM
Thespidium basiflorum
7. COLEOCOMA
Coleocoma centaurea
8. SPHAERANTHUS
1. Sphaeranthus africa
2. Sphaeranthus indicus
9. STREPTOGLOSSA
1. Streptoglossa macrocephala
2. Streptoglossa decurrens
3. Streptoglossa odora
4. Streptoglossa bubakii
5. Streptoglossa tenuiflora
6. Streptoglossa liatroides
7. Streptoglossa adscendens
8. Streptoglossa cylindriceps
10. ALLOPTERIGERON
Allopterigeron filifolius
Trib. 5. ARTHROISMEAE
CENTIPEDA
1. Centipeda elatinoides
2. Centipeda minima
2a. Centipeda minima subsp. minima
2b. Centipeda minima subsp. macrocephala
3. Centipeda borealis
4. Centipeda nidiformis
5. Centipeda racemosa
6. Centipeda pleiocephala
7. Centipeda cunninghamii
8. Centipeda crateriformis
8a. Centipeda crateriformis subsp. crateriformis
8b. Centipeda crateriformis subsp. compacta
9. Centipeda thespidioides
Trib. 6. HELENIEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. GAILLARDIA
1. *Gaillardia ×grandiflora
2. *Gaillardia pulchella
2. HELENIUM
*Helenium amarum
Trib. 7. COREOPSIDEAE
1. TRIONCINIA
1. Trioncinia retroflexa
2. Trioncinia patens
2. DIODONTIUM
Diodontium filifolium
3. GLOSSOCARDIA
1. Glossocardia refracta
2. Glossocardia bidens
3. Glossocardia orthochaeta
4. COSMOS
1. *Cosmos bipinnatus
2. *Cosmos caudatus
3. *Cosmos sulphureus
5. COREOPSIS
*Coreopsis lanceolata
6. BIDENS
1. *Bidens tripartita
2. *Bidens pilosa
2a. Bidens pilosa var. pilosa
2b. Bidens pilosa var. minor
3. *Bidens alba
4. *Bidens aurea
5. *Bidens bipinnata
6. *Bidens subalternans
6a. *Bidens subalternans DC. var. subalternans
6b. *Bidens subalternans var. simulans
6c. Bidens subalternans var. araneosa
Excluded names
7. DAHLIA
1. *Dahlia imperialis
2. *Dahlia ×pinnata
Colour block 2
Trib. 8. NEUROLAENEAE
ENYDRA
1. Enydra woollsii
2. *Enydra fluctuans
Trib. 9. TAGETEAE
1. FLAVERIA
*Flaveria trinervia
2. TAGETES
1. *Tagetes minuta
2. *Tagetes erecta
3. THYMOPHYLLA
*Thymophylla tenuiloba
Trib. 10. BAHIEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. SCHKUHRIA
*Schkuhria pinnata
2. FLORESTINA
*Florestina tripteris
Trib. 11. HELIANTHEAE
KEY TO SUBTRIBES OF HELIANTHEAE IN AUSTRALIA
Subtrib. 1. ECLIPTINAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. SYNEDRELLA
*Synedrella nodiflora
2. SYNEDRELLOPSIS
*Synedrellopsis grisebachii
3. BLAINVILLEA
1. *Blainvillea gayana
2. Blainvillea calcicola
3. Blainvillea cunninghamii
4. Blainvillea acmella
4. CALYPTOCARPUS
*Calyptocarpus vialis
5. ELEUTHERANTHERA
*Eleutheranthera ruderalis
6. PENTALEPIS
1. Pentalepis trichodesmoides
1a. Pentalepis trichodesmoides subsp. trichodesmoides
1b. Pentalepis trichodesmoides subsp. hispida
1c. Pentalepis trichodesmoides subsp. incana
2. Pentalepis grandis
3. Pentalepis ecliptoides
3a. Pentalepis ecliptoides subsp. ecliptoides
3b. Pentalepis ecliptoides subsp. hirsuta
3c. Pentalepis ecliptoides subsp. cucullata
4. Pentalepis linearifolia
4a. Pentalepis linearifolia subsp. linearifolia
4b. Pentalepis linearifolia subsp. nudibranchoides
5. Pentalepis kakaduensis
6. Pentalepis walcottii
7. ECLIPTA
1. Eclipta alatocarpa
2. Eclipta platyglossa
2a. Eclipta platyglossa subsp. platyglossa
2b. Eclipta platyglossa subsp. borealis
3. *Eclipta prostrata
8. SPHAGNETICOLA
*Sphagneticola trilobata
9. WOLLASTONIA
1. Wollastonia biflora
2. Wollastonia uniflora
10. APOWOLLASTONIA
1. Apowollastonia spilanthoides
2. Apowollastonia longipes
3. Apowollastonia verbesinoides
4. Apowollastonia hibernica
5. Apowollastonia stirlingii
5a. Apowollastonia stirlingii subsp. stirlingii
5b. Apowollastonia stirlingii subsp. fontaliciana
6. Apowollastonia hamersleyensis
7. Apowollastonia cylindrica
11. ACUNNIANA
Acunniana procumbens
12. PASCALIA
*Pascalia glauca
Subtrib. 2. MONTANOINAE
MONTANOA
1. *Montanoa bipinnatifida
2. *Montanoa hibiscifolia
Subtrib. 3. VERBESININAE
VERBESINA
*Verbesina encelioides
Subtrib. 4. SPILANTHINAE
1. ACMELLA
1. Acmella grandiflora
1a. Acmella grandiflora var. brachyglossa
1b. Acmella grandiflora var. discoidea
2. *Acmella uliginosa
2. SPILANTHES
*Spilanthes anactina
Subtrib. 5. ZINNIINAE
ZINNIA
1. *Zinnia peruviana
2. *Zinnia elegans
3. *Zinnia angustifolia
Subtrib. 6. HELIANTHINAE
1. TITHONIA
1. *Tithonia diversifolia
2. *Tithonia rotundifolia
2. HELIANTHUS
1. *Helianthus annuus
2. *Helianthus tuberosus
3. *Helianthus ciliaris
4. *Helianthus argophyllus
5. *Helianthus debilis
Subtrib. 7. AMBROSIINAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. AMBROSIA
1. *Ambrosia artemisiifolia
2. *Ambrosia confertiflora
3. *Ambrosia psilostachya
4. *Ambrosia tenuifolia
2. IVA
*Iva axillaris
3. PARTHENIUM
*Parthenium hysterophorus
4. XANTHIUM
1. *Xanthium spinosum
2. *Xanthium ambrosioides
3. *Xanthium canescens
4. *Xanthium catharticum
5. *Xanthium occidentale
6. *Xanthium cavanillesii
7. *Xanthium orientale
8. *Xanthium italicum
Trib. 12. MILLERIEAE
KEY TO SUBTRIBES AND GENERA
Subtrib. 1. DYSCRITOTHAMNINAE
1. TRIDAX
*Tridax procumbens
Subtrib. 2. GALINSOGINAE
2. GALINSOGA
*Galinsoga parviflora
Subtrib. 3. MELAMPODIINAE
3. ACANTHOSPERMUM
1. *Acanthospermum australe
2. *Acanthospermum hispidum
Subtrib. 4. MILLERIINAE
4. GUIZOTIA
*Guizotia abyssinica
Trib. 13. MADIEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. CENTROMADIA
*Centromadia pungens
2. MADIA
*Madia sativa
Trib. 14. EUPATORIEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1. AGERATINA
1. *Ageratina adenophora
2. *Ageratina riparia
3. *Ageratina ligustrina
2. STEVIA
*Stevia eupatoria
3. MIKANIA
*Mikania micrantha
4. AGERATUM
1. *Ageratum conyzoides
2. *Ageratum houstonianum
5. CHROMOLAENA
1. *Chromolaena odorata
2. *Chromolaena squalida
6. PRAXELIS
*Praxelis clematidea
7. EUPATORIUM
1. *Eupatorium serotinum
2. *Eupatorium lindleyanum
8. ADENOSTEMMA
1. Adenostemma lavenia
1a. Adenostemma lavenia var. lavenia
1b. Adenostemma lavenia var. lanceolatum
2. Adenostemma macrophyllum
9. GYMNOCORONIS
*Gymnocoronis spilanthoides
APPENDIX
New taxa, combinations and lectotypifications
TARAXACUM
Taraxacum cygnorum
MICROSERIS
Microseris scapigera
CYANTHILLIUM
Cyanthillium cinereum var. lanatum
Cyanthillium cinereum var. pinnatifidum
BLUMEA
Blumea milnei
Blumea benthamiana
Blumea psammophila
Blumea diffusa
PTERIGERON
BIDENS
Bidens subalternans var. araneosa
BLAINVILLEA
SPILANTHES
Spilanthes anactina
SIGESBECKIA
Sigesbeckia australiensis subsp. fugax
SUPPLEMENTARY GLOSSARY
Abbreviations and Contractions
Literature
Herbaria
States, Territories
General abbreviations
Symbols
Publication date of previous volumes
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Back endpaper
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