This book opens by approaching current trends in preparation and chemical modification of flocculant polysaccharides derived from plants and their flocculation performance. The authors go on to propose plant extracts which can efficiently perform coagulation and flocculation operations without the environmental risk of residual sludge with high concentrations of aluminum or iron. The authors propose that the design and operation of flocculators is largely dependent on the following features: floc characteristics, flocculation kinetics, and engineering aspects of flocculation. This book also discusses current knowledge on algal organic matter (AOM) flocculation, the impact of AOM on the removal of other compounds and links AOM composition and character to the efficiency of flocculation, the reaction conditions and mechanisms and finally, to the properties of flocs. Additionally, the performance of natural coagulant tanin compared to chemical coagulants aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride commonly used in the treatment of raw wastewater from tannery, by means of the physicochemical processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation are examined. The authors outline research about combining assisted sedimentation with other operations such as oxidation processes in order to evaluate the solids removal of the complete designed wastewater treatment focusing on OMW treatment.
Author(s): Eleonora Vollan
Series: Chemistry Research and Applications
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 190
City: Hauppauge
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Flocculant Polysaccharides Mainly from Plants
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Short Summary on Polysaccharides
3. General Aspects of the Flocculation Process
3.1. Mechanisms of Polysaccharide Bio-Based Flocculant
3.2. The Effect of Physical-Chemical Factors on Flocculating Activity
4. Plant Flocculant Polysaccharides
4.1. Cellulose
4.2. Starch
4.3. Pectin
4.4. Other Polysaccharide´ Flocculants Derived from Plants
5. Flocculant Polysaccharides of Non-Plant Sourced
5.1. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Bacteria
5.2. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Fungi
5.3. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Algae
5.4. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Animals
5.4.1. Chitosan
6. Polysaccharide Flocculants for Wastewater Applications
6.1. Dyes Removal
6.2. Cleaning of Heavy Metal Ions
6.3. Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluents
6.4. Removal of Agricultural and Food Contaminants
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 2
Coagulation and Flocculation with Plant Extracts
Abstract
Introduction
Conventional Coagulants
Plants with Coagulation Capacities
Selection of Plants with the Potential to Produce Biopolymers for Coagulation and Water Flocculation
Biopolymer Extraction Methodologies
Extraction of the Plants Melocactus sp, Opuntia dilleni, Stenocereus griseus, Cereus forbesii, Aloe arborescens and Aloe vera
Extraction of Cicer Arietinum Coagulant
Tests of the Biopolymers Obtained
Preparation of the Solutions for Coagulation and Flocculation of Melocactus sp, Opuntia dilleni, Stenocereus griseus, Cereus forbesii, Aloe arborescens and Aloe vera
Preparation of Coagulation Solutions of Cicer arietinum L
Control Parameters in Rockrose Tests
Results of Jar Tests with Natural Coagulant Biopolymers
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 3
The Process of Water Treatment with Aluminum Sulphate Associated with the Application of the Cactus Opuntia Cochenillifera
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Flocculation: Mechanisms and Applications for Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Stability of Particles in Water
3. Principles of Flocculation
Destabilization with Inorganic Salts
Destabilization with Surfactants
Destabilization by Oily Agglomeration
Destabilization with Aquasoluble Polymers
4. Principles of Flocculation Hydrodynamic Mixing
5. Flocculation Processes
Hydraulic Flocculators
Baffled Flocculators
Helical Flow Flocculators
Alabama Flocculator
Cox Flocculator
Mechanical Flocculators
Vanes
Impellers (Turbine and Propeller)
6. Pneumatic Flocculators or Air-Assisted Floculation
7. Flocculation Applications
Flocs Generator Reactor (FGR)
Bioflocculation in Wastewater Treatment Plants
References
Chapter 5
Flocculation of AOM in Water Treatment
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. What Is AOM
2.1. Origin of AOM
2.2. Composition of AOM
2.2.1. AOM Peptides/Proteins
2.2.2. AOM Carbohydrates
2.3. Properties of AOM Related to Water Treatment
2.3.1. Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity
2.3.2. Molecular Weight Distribution
2.3.3. Charge
3. Flocculation of AOM
4. Impact of AOM on Coagulation of Other Impurities
4.1. Inorganic Particles
4.2. Humic Substances
4.3. Algal Cells
5. AOM as a Coagulant
6. Influence of AOM on Floc Properties
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 6
Comparison of Natural Coagulant and Chemistry in Tanning Wastewater Treatment Using the Flocculation Process
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Moringa oleifera Seed Use in Salina Solution in Water Treatment in Lentic Bodies
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Evaluating New Biopolyelectrolytes for the Meat Processing Wastewater Treatment via Coagulation-Flocculation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Wastewater Sampling
2.2. Zeta Potential f (pH) Profiles of the Industrial Wastewater and BPE
2.3. Wastewater Coagulation-Flocculation Tests Using BPE
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Meat Processing Wastewater
3.2. f (pH) Profiles of the BPE
3.3. Coagulation-Flocculation Tests with Biopolyelectrolytes
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 9
Treatment of Residual Waters of the Brewery Industry through the Flocculation Process with the Use of Inorganic and Organic Coagulants
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Application of Electrocoagulation with Voltage Variation to Obtain Potable Water
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
An Evaluation of the Performance of the Coagulation/Flocculation Process with Aluminum and Ferric Salts on the Removal of Algal Toxins
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Algae Culture
Natural Water
Chemicals
Coagulation/Flocculation Experiment
Analytical Method
Turbidity
Determination of Intracellular and Extracellular Microcystins
Results and Discussion
Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Coagulation/Flocculation
Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Aluminum Sulphate
Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Ferric Chloride
Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Ferrous Sulphate
Literature Review
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Treatment of Leachate from the Ouled Berjal Landfill in Morocco by Coagulation Flocculation: A Study of the Effect of Order for Reagent Introduction
Abstract
Introduction
Coagulation Flocculation Process
Principle of the Process
Coagulation or Destabilization of Particles
Flocculation or Formation of Flocs
Coagulants Used
Mineral Coagulants
Organic Coagulants
Bio-Coagulants
Floculants Used
Materials and Methods
Sanitary Landfill Leachate Sample
2.2. Analytical Methods
Reagents Used
Ferric Chloride
Polyacrylamide Himoloc
Chitosan
Flocculant Superfloc SD2065
Results and Discussion
Monitoring of Leachate Flow over Time
Characteristics of Ouled Berjal Landfill Leachate
Variation of pH
Variation of COD and BOD5
Variation of Turbidity, SS and Color
Variation of Conductivity
Variation of Phenol
Variation of Surfactants
Variation of Total Phosphorus
Variation of Absorbance at 254nm
Variation of Ammonium Ions
Variation of Nitrates
Characteristics of Leachate Used in this Study
Leachate Treatment Using Different Flocculants Mixed with Ferric Chloride
Elimination of Abs at 254nm
Elimination of Phenol
Elimination of COD
Volume of Sludge
Elimination of Turbidity
Elimination of Color
Conclusion
Effect of Order of Introduction of the Reagents on the Efficiency of Coagulation Flocculation Treatment
Elimination of Turbidity
Elimination of COD
Elimination of Color
Elimination of Phosphorus
Volume of Sludge
Elimination of Abs at 254nm
Elimination of Phenol and Surfactant
Elimination of Nitrogen Compounds
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
OMW Pretreatment by Assisted Sedimentation Methods: Coagulation/Flocculation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Factors Involved in Flocculation as a Pretreatment
2.1. Mixing Conditions
2.2. pH Effect
2.3. Temperature Influence
2.4. Classification and Coagulant Dosage
3. Combination of Flocculation with Other Operations in OMW Treatment
4. New Trends
References
Chapter 14
Chitosan Based Flocculants for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Materials
Apparatus
Preparation of Chitosan Flocculants
Solubility Tests
Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution
UV-vis Spectroscopic Titration
Zeta Potential Measurements
Results and Discussion
Preparation of Chitosan Flocculants
Structural Characterization of Chitosan Flocculants
Solubility of Chitosan Flocculants
Effect of pH on the Removal of Cu(II)
Complexation Stoichiometry
Effect of Complexation Stoichiometry on the Removal of Cu(II)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Determination of the Kinetic Coefficient of Aggregation and the Kinetic Coefficient of Rupture in the Turbidity Removal Process
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
Conclusion
References
Index
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