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Flexible Thermoelectric Polymers and Systems

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Flexible Thermoelectric Polymers and Systems

Comprehensive review of the rapidly evolving field of flexible thermoelectric polymers

Flexible Thermoelectric Polymers and Systems delivers an expansive exploration of the most recent developments in flexible thermoelectric polymers and composites, as well as their applications in thermoelectric generators and Peltier coolers. The book focuses on novel designs and applications of technologies such as low-dimensional thermoelectric materials and how the latest advances have begun to overcome problems including poor mechanical flexibility and high fabrication costs.

The book begins with a review of the fundamentals of thermoelectric materials, including discussions of the properties of thermoelectric materials, the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric generators, cooling, and sensors. It goes on to discuss more advanced developments in the field, such as flexible thermoelectric plastics and the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers with ionic conductors.

The book also includes:

  • Thorough introductions to thermoelectric materials and systems, as well as the chemistry and physics of intrinsically conductive polymers
  • Comprehensive explorations of thermoelectric PEDOTs, p-type thermoelectric polymers, and N-type thermoelectric polymers
  • Practical discussions of thermoelectric composites of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanomaterials
  • In-depth examinations of polymer composites of inorganic thermoelectric semiconductors

Perfect for academic and industrial researchers and engineers in physics, materials science, chemistry, and engineering, Flexible Thermoelectric Polymers and Systems is also an indispensable resource for graduate students and early-career professionals working in those fields.

Author(s): Jianyong Ouyang
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 266
City: Hoboken

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Fundamental Knowledge on Thermoelectric Materials
1.1 Properties of Thermoelectric Materials
1.1.1 Thermoelectric Effect
1.1.2 Seebeck Effect
1.1.3 Peltier Effect
1.1.4 Thomson Effect
1.1.5 Electrical Conductivity
1.1.5.1 Charge Carrier Density
1.1.5.2 Charge Carrier Mobility
1.1.5.3 Temperature Dependence of Conductivity
1.1.5.4 Conductivity of Composites
1.1.6 Thermal Conductivity
1.2 Thermoelectric Generators
1.2.1 Dependence of Thermoelectric Efficiency on ZT
1.2.2 Effect of Electrical and Thermal Contact Resistances On Thermoelectric Performance
1.2.3 Equation of Thermoelectric Efficiency
1.3 Peltier Cooling
1.4 Thermoelectric Sensors
1.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2 Conductive Polymers for Flexible Thermoelectric Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 The Discovery and Development of Conductive Polymers
2.1.2 Representative Structures
2.1.2.1 Polyacetylene (PAc)
2.1.2.2 Polyaniline (PAni)
2.1.2.3 Polypyrrole (PPy)
2.1.2.4 Polythiophene (PTh) and Derivatives
2.1.3 Conductive Mechanism
2.2 Chemical Design and Synthesis of Conductive Polymers
2.2.1 Energy Level Design of Conjugated Polymers
2.2.2 Tuning Molecular Conformations
2.2.3 Melt and Solution Processability
2.3 Doping of Conductive Polymers
2.3.1 n-Type Doping
2.3.2 p-Type Doping
2.4 The Properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
2.4.1 Oxidative and in situ Polymerization of EDOT to PEDOT
2.4.2 Counterions for PEDOT
2.4.3 PEDOT:PSS
2.4.4 Applications in Organic Electronics
2.4.4.1 As an Electrode in Organic Solar Cells
2.4.4.2 Buffer Layer in Organic Solar Cells
2.4.4.3 Polymer-Based
2.5 Processing Technics for Flexible Thermoelectric Generators
2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Flexible Thermoelectrics Based on Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 TE Materials and Devices
3.2.1 Fundamental Principles and Theory of Thermoelectrics
3.2.2 PEDOT and Its Composites as TE Materials
3.2.3 General Configuration of TE Devices and Generators
3.2.4 Parameters of TE Device and Generator Performances
3.2.4.1 Output Voltage
3.2.4.2 Output Power Density
3.3 PEDOT-Based Flexible TE Materials
3.4 PEDOT:PSS-Based TEGs
3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interests
References
Chapter 4 Flexible Thermoelectric Plastic Via Electrochemistry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Electrochemical Deposition of CPs
4.3 Electronic Structure and Optical Properties
4.4 Electrochemical Doping and De-doping
4.5 Thermoelectric Performance of Flexible CP Films
4.5.1 Polythiophenes
4.5.2 Polyselenophenes
4.5.3 Polycarbazolyls
4.5.4 Copolymers
4.6 Control in Thermoelectric Performance by Electrochemistry
4.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Thermoelectric Properties of Conducting Polymers with Ionic Conductors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors
5.3 Ionic Conductor/Conducting Polymer Heterostructures
5.4 High-Performance Ion-Conducting TE Polymers
5.5 Applications of Electronic–Ionic Coupled TE Organics
5.5.1 TE Generators
5.5.2 Ionic TE Capacitors
5.5.3 Multifunctional Sensors
5.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Thermoelectric Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials/Polymer Composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conducting Polymers
6.2.1 PEDOT:PSS
6.2.1.1 CNT/PEDOT:PSS
6.2.1.2 Graphene/PEDOT:PSS
6.2.2 Polyaniline (PANI)
6.2.2.1 Powder Mixing Method
6.2.2.2 Solution Mixing Method
6.2.2.3 In Situ Polymerization Method
6.2.2.4 Layer-by-Layer(LBL) Deposition
6.2.3 Polypyrrole (PPy)
6.2.4 Other P-Type Conducting Polymers
6.2.5 N-Type TE Composites
6.3 Non-Conducting Polymers
6.3.1 Wrap
6.3.2 Layer-by-Layer Deposition
6.3.3 Segregated Network
6.4 Ternary Thermoelectric Material
6.4.1 Non-conducting Polymer
6.4.2 Conducting Polymer
6.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 7 Low-dimensional Thermoelectric Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Zero-Dimensional (0D) Inorganic Semiconducting Nanocrystals
7.2.1 Measurements
7.2.2 Materials and Properties
7.2.2.1 Fullerene
7.2.2.2 Graphene Quantum Dots
7.3 One-Dimensional (1D) Thermoelectric Materials
7.3.1 1D Organic Thermoelectric Materials
7.3.1.1 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
7.3.1.2 Other Polymer Nanowires
7.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes
7.4 Two-Dimensional (2D) Thermoelectric Materials
7.4.1 Graphene
7.4.2 Black Phosphorus
7.4.3 Mxenes
References
Index
EULA