Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse: What a 50-Year-Old Model of the World Taught Me About a Way Forward for Us Today

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Looming environmental and social breaking points, like climate change and massive inequalities, are becoming increasingly apparent and large in scale. In this book, Gaya Herrington puts today’s key societal challenges in perspective. Her analysis, rooted in her research on a 50-year-old model of the world that forecasted the onset of global collapse right around the present time, brings some structure to what otherwise might feel like the overwhelming task of achieving genuine societal sustainability. Herrington's research, first published in 2020 in Yale‘s Journal of Industrial Ecology, went viral after it revealed empirical data tracked closely with the predictions of this world model, which was introduced in the 1972 best seller The Limits to Growth. Her book Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse contains an exclusive research update based on 2022 data and is written in a more personable and accessible style than the journal article. Herrington also elaborates more in this book on the many interlinkages between our economic, environmental, and social predicaments, and on what her findings indicate for future global developments. Herington lays out why “business as usual” is not a viable option for global society and identifies the root cause of this unsustainable path. Most importantly, her book teaches us what systemic changes humanity still has time to make to achieve a better tomorrow. A future in which society has transformed beyond the mere avoidance of collapse and is truly thriving.

Author(s): Gaya Herrington
Edition: 1
Publisher: MDPI
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 187
City: Basel
Tags: sustainability; system dynamics; limits to growth; collapse; world3

Contents
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Systems Thinking: Everything is Connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1. Systems Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1. The Systems Iceberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2. What Does It Mean That We Live in Systems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.3. Systems Thinking Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3.1. Stock & Flow Diagram and System Dynamics Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.3.2. Causal Loop Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.3.3. Delays and Tipping Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3.4. Leverage Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3.5. Archetypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.4. Limits to Growth Archetype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2. The World3 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3. LtG Publications and Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4. Updates to LtG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3. Pursuing Growth is the Cause, Not the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1. What I Did . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1. Scenario Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2. Determination of Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2.1. Measure 1: Value and Rate of Change Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2.2. Measure 2: NRMSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2. What I Found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3. World3 Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4. The End of the Growth Pursuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.1. “But How Will I Pay the Rent?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.2. Maybe We Just Need to Get Rid of GDP, Though? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4. A Better Goal: Fulfilling Human Needs with Respect for Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1. Closest and Least Close Alignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1.1. Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.1.2. Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1.3. Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.1.4. Food per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1.5. Industrial Output per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.6. Services per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.7. Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.1.8. Non-Renewable Natural Resources (Natural Capital) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.1.9. Human Welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.1.10. Ecological Footprint (EF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2. Most Closely Aligned Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3. Stabilized World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5. The Sustainability Revolution: Humanity’s Dying and Emerging New Narratives . . . . . . 63
5.1. Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.1. Misinterpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.2. Technical Modeling Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1.3. Economic Assumptions Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.2. Our Flawed Economic Mental Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3.1. Economic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3.2. Behavioral Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3.3. Social Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3.4. Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3.5. Rich to Riches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3.6. A Rising Tide Can Drown Us All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3.7. Inequality in a Global SD Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4. The Urgency of Our New Common Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4.1. Why Did We Not Act before? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4.2. The End of the Current Capitalist Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6. Prosperity over Growth: From “Never Enough” to “Enough for Each” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1. A New Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2. “Technology Can Save Us” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.3. Technology Will Not Save Us If We Don’t Want to Save Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.4. We Might Actually Want to Save Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7. Elements of a Dynamic Global Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1. Narrative and Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.1. Partnership and Domination Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.2. The Link between Expansion and the Domination Mindset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.1.3. Changing Our Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.2. Frameworks and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2.1. Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.1.1. Doughnut Economics and Well-Being Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2.2. Working Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.2.2.1. Why We Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.2.2.2. Who Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.2.3. How We Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.2.2.4. Pollution Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.2.2.5. Expert Elicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.2.2.6. Scenario Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.2.2.7. SD Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.2.2.8. Network Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.2.3. Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.2.4. Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.2.5. Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.3. The Big Five Turnarounds: Let’s Shoot for the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.3.1. The Difference between Leverage and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.4. Getting Comfortable with Uncomfortableness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8. Who, Where, and Why You Are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154