Fish Vaccines: Health Management for Sustainable Aquaculture

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Foreword by Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan
Foreword by Prof Chris Secombes
Foreword by Dr. Tim Connelley
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Vaccines in Aquaculture: A Preface
Chapter 1 Understanding Vaccine Development in Aquaculture
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Vaccine
1.2.1 Ideal Vaccine
1.2.2 History
1.2.3 Requirement of Vaccine in Aquaculture
1.2.4 Conventional and Modern Methods in Vaccine Development
1.2.4.1 Conventional Methods
1.2.4.2 Modern Methods
1.2.5 Development of Vaccine for Specific Disease
1.2.5.1 Bacterial Fish Vaccines
1.2.5.2 Viral Fish Vaccines
1.2.5.3 Fish Vaccines Against Parasite
1.2.6 Challenges in the Prevention and Control of Fish Diseases
1.2.7 Progress in Fish Vaccine Development
1.2.8 Challenges in Fish Vaccine Development
1.2.9 Opportunities in Fish Vaccine Development
1.2.10 Effects and Benefits of Vaccine in Aquaculture
1.3 Limitations
1.4 Future Prospects
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Antigens and Immune Responses in Fishes: An Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Immune System in Fishes
2.2.1 Immunity of Agnathans
2.2.2 Immunity of Osteichthyes
2.2.3 Fish Innate Immunity
2.2.3.1 Surface Barrier
2.2.3.2 Humoral Factors
2.2.3.3 Cellular Factors
2.3 Immune Organs of Fish
2.3.1 Lymphoid Organs of Fish
2.3.1.1 Primary Lymphoid Organs
2.3.1.2 Secondary Lymphoid Organs
2.4 Antigens in Fish
2.5 Elements of Immune Responses
2.5.1 Innate Immunity
2.5.2 Nonspecific Cellular Immunity
2.5.2.1 Toll-Like Receptors
2.5.2.2 Macrophages
2.5.2.3 Granulocytes
2.5.3 Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells
2.5.4 Lysozymes
2.5.5 Alkaline Phosphatase
2.5.6 Complements
2.5.7 Interferons
2.5.8 C-Reactive Protein
2.5.9 Transferrin
2.5.10 Lectins
2.5.11 Adaptive Immunity
2.6 What is Immunity Modulation?
2.6.1 How Does the Fish Immune System Work?
2.6.2 Why is Immune Regulation Important?
2.6.3 Immunomodulatory Effects of Hormones
2.6.3.1 Cortisol
2.6.3.2 Growth Hormone and Prolactin
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Aquaculture: Facing an Array of Pathogens
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Turning Intensive Shrimp Farming Into Land-Based IMTA
3.3 Bioeconomy of Land-Based IMTA with Shrimp and Fish as the Fed Species
3.4 Canvas-Pond Culture of Marine Shrimp
3.5 Feeding on Different Trophic Levels
3.6 The Health of Extractive Fish Species
3.7 A Possible Vaccination Program for Fish in Land-Based IMTA Systems
3.7.1 Vaccines for Seawater Nile Tilapia
3.7.2 Vaccines for the Asian Sea Bass
3.7.3 Vaccines for Groupers (Epinephelus Spp.)
3.8 Conclusions
References
Section II: Vaccination in Fishes: Types and Methods
Chapter 4 Concepts and Types of Vaccines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vaccines
4.2.1 Fish Immune System
4.2.1.1 Fish Immunity
4.2.1.2 Vaccine Efficacy
4.2.1.3 Adverse Effects
4.2.2 History of Vaccines
4.3 Infectious Diseases of Fish
4.3.1 Bacterial Diseases
4.3.2 Viral Diseases
4.3.3 Protozoan Diseases
4.3.4 Types of Vaccines
4.3.4.1 Inactivated Vaccines
4.3.4.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines
4.3.4.3 Subunit Vaccines
4.3.4.4 Virus-Like Particle Vaccines
4.3.4.5 DNA Vaccines
4.3.4.6 RNA Vaccines
4.4 Adjuvants
4.4.1 Adjuvants Usage
4.4.2 Signal 1 Facilitators
4.4.2.1 Freund's Complete Adjuvant
4.4.2.2 Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant
4.4.2.3 Montanide
4.4.2.4 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) (PLGA) Particles
4.4.3 Signal 2 Facilitators
4.4.3.1 Alum
4.4.3.2 β-Glucans
4.4.3.3 Cytokines
4.4.3.4 Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C)
4.4.3.5 Synthetic CpG Oligonucleotides
4.4.3.6 Lipopeptides
4.5 New Technologies for Vaccine Development
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Disclosure Statement
References
Chapter 5 Antigen Discovery
5.1 The Choice of Vaccine Method for Fish Disease Vaccine
5.1.1 The Current Situation of Fish Vaccine Development
5.1.2 A Proposed Workflow for Vaccine Development
5.2 Sequential Approach in Selecting Antigen
5.2.1 Reverse Vaccinology to Identify Antigens Through Sequence Similarity
5.2.1.1 Conventional Reverse Vaccinology
5.2.1.2 The Pan-Genome and Comparative Genome Analysis
5.2.2 Identify Antigens Through Subcellular Localization
5.3 Immunoinformatic Assistance in Antigen Discovery
5.3.1 Prediction of T-Cell and B-Cell Epitopes
5.3.2 Molecular Docking
5.3.2.1 Obtaining Molecular Structures
5.3.2.2 Molecular Docking Tools
5.4 Antigen Validation by Experimental Approaches
5.4.1 A Classic Pipeline of Antigen Discovery Validation
5.4.2 Different Methods for Antigenic Evaluation of Predicted Antigens
5.4.2.1 Antibody Analysis
5.4.2.2 Lymphocytes Analysis
5.4.2.3 Cytokine Profile
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6 Novel Advancements in Vaccine Delivery and Methods of Vaccination: Experimental Strategies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Novel Advancements in Vaccine Delivery
6.2.1 A Brief Description on Adjuvants
6.2.2 Nanovaccine Delivery
6.2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.2.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
6.2.2.3 Nanoliposomes
6.2.2.4 ISCOMs
6.2.2.5 Virus-like Particles
6.2.2.6 Nano Emulsions
6.2.3 Nanovaccines Activate Innate Immunity
6.2.4 Nanovaccines Activate Adaptive Immunity
6.2.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity Activation
6.2.6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity Activation
6.2.7 Immunological Memory is Boosted by Nanovaccines
6.3 Methods of Vaccination
6.3.1 Oral Method
6.3.2 Immersion: Dip and Bath Methods
6.3.3 Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection
6.4 Advantages and Limitations in Aquaculture
6.4.1 Advantages
6.4.2 Limitations
6.5 Conclusion
References
Section III: Adjuvants in Vaccination: An Underpinning
Chapter 7 Role of Adjuvants in Vaccination Studies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Origins and Functions of Adjuvants in Vaccine Production
7.2.1 History of the Discovery of Adjuvants
7.2.2 How Does Adjuvant Function in Vaccines?
7.3 Classifications of Different Types of Adjuvants
7.4 Requirements for Using Adjuvants
7.5 Mechanism of Immune Stimulation
7.6 Optimal Conditions in the Adjuvant Formulation
7.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Adjuvant
7.8 Adjuvanted Vaccine for Fish
7.9 Challenges in Fish Vaccine Adjuvant Development
7.10 Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Chapter 8 Development of Mucosal Adjutants for Fish Vaccination
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Roles of Adjuvant in Vaccination
8.3 Classification of Adjuvant
8.4 The Use of Adjuvants in Fish Vaccination
8.5 Fish Adjuvant
8.6 Necessity of the Use of Adjuvant in Vaccination
8.7 Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Section IV: Technological Advancements and Efficacy of Fish Vaccination
Chapter 9 Biotechnological Approaches to Vaccines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Vaccine Generation
9.2.1 First Generation of Vaccine
9.2.2 Second Generation of Vaccine
9.2.3 Third Generation of Vaccine
9.3 Conventional Vaccines and Their Drawbacks
9.4 Status of Non Expressed Vaccines
9.4.1 Subunit Vaccines
9.4.2 Biofilm Vaccines
9.4.3 Egg Yolk Edible Vaccine IgY
9.4.4 Genetically Altered Vaccine
9.5 Vector Expressed Vaccines
9.5.1 DNA Vaccine
9.5.2 RNA Vaccine
9.5.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccine
9.5.4 Reverse Vaccine
9.6 Expression Methods for Vaccine Development
9.6.1 Bacterial Expression System
9.6.2 Yeast Expression System
9.6.3 Baculovirus Expression
9.6.4 Mammalian Cell Line Expression
9.6.5 Micro-Algal Expression
9.7 Role of Adjuvant in Vaccine Development
9.8 Safety Delivery Methods Using Nanomaterials
9.9 Conclusion and Future Direction
Disclosure Statement
References
Chapter 10 Safety and Efficacy of Vaccines in Aquaculture
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Vaccine Administration in Aquaculture
10.3 Types of Fish Vaccines and Their Efficacies
10.3.1 Inactivated Whole-Cell Vaccines
10.3.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines
10.3.3 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Vaccines
10.3.4 Subunit Vaccines
10.4 Adjuvants for Fish Vaccines and the Protective Efficacies
10.5 Side Effects of Fish Vaccination
10.6 The Potency and Safety Testing of Fish Vaccines
10.7 The Stability of Vaccine Preparation
10.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
Disclosure Statement
References
Chapter 11 Mass Vaccination in Aquaculture: Possibilities and Limitations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aquatic Organisms' Immune System
11.3 History and Current Progress in Vaccine Development
11.3.1 Vaccines in Commercial-Scale Fish Farming
11.4 Vaccine—Types of Administration
11.4.1 Vaccine Administration—Intraperitoneal/Intramuscular Injection Method
11.4.2 Administration of Immersion Vaccines in Aquatic Organisms
11.4.3 Oral Administration of Vaccines in Large-Scale Aqua Farming
11.4.4 Vaccine Regimes
11.5 Vaccine Development and its Challenges
11.5.1 Types of Vaccination in Aquaculture
11.5.1.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines
11.5.1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Delivery
11.5.1.3 mRNA Vaccines
11.5.1.4 Prime Booster vs Prime Vaccination
11.5.1.5 Autogenous Vaccines
11.6 Future Perspectives of Vaccine Development
11.7 Conclusion
References
Section V: Vaccines in Aquaculture: Challenges and Perspectives
Chapter 12 Fish Vaccination: How Close Are the Fish Farmers?
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ideal Fish Vaccine and Benefits of Vaccination
12.3 Vaccine Development Versus Antimicrobial Treatment in Aquaculture
12.3.1 Global Trend on Antibiotic Use
12.3.2 Impact of Vaccination on Antibiotics' Use in Aquaculture
12.4 Global Status of Fish Vaccination
12.4.1 Vaccination Status of High-Priced Fish in the Established and Developed Category
12.4.2 Vaccination Status of Fish in the Established and Developing Phase
12.4.3 Fish Vaccination Status in the Under Development Stage
12.4.4 Cost of Vaccination Per Fish as a Constraint to Vaccine Development
12.5 Challenges in Vaccine Development
12.5.1 Lack of Epidemiological Data on Disease
12.5.2 Management Challenges in Polyculture and Integrated Farming System
12.5.3 Unskilled Personnel and Low Infrastructure Investment
12.5.4 Several Pathogens with Tropism for Multiple Host Species
12.5.5 Fish Production Cycle and Vaccination Regimes
12.5.6 Characterizing the Fish Immune System and the Development of Diagnostic Tools
12.5.7 Challenges in Development of Vaccines for Intracellular Replicating Bacteria
12.5.8 Challenges for the Pharmaceutical Industry in Vaccine Production
12.6 Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Chapter 13 Development of Fish Vaccines: Challenges and Future Perspectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Considering the Market From the Outset
13.3 Challenges with the Pathogen
13.4 Challenges with the Host
13.5 Challenges with Formulation
13.6 Challenges with Assessing Efficacy
13.7 Challenges Pre- and Post-Launch
13.8 Conclusion and General Outlook
References
Chapter 14 Fish Vaccine: From Field to Development
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Epidemiological Assessment and Field Needs
14.2.1 Field Needs and R&D Requirements
14.2.2 Epidemiology Assessment
14.2.2.1 Pathogens Choice and Disease
14.3 Vaccine Developments
14.3.1 Multifactorial Choice Between Industry Demand and Laboratory Answers
14.3.2 Field Trial and Vaccination Training
14.4 Economic Analysis: Market Evaluation
14.4.1 Field Data Analysis vs Economic Evaluation
14.5 Conclusions
References
Index