This book examines how macro-fiscal policy can lead to gender-aware human development in an emerging economy like India, with special reference to gender budgeting. Integrating gender lens in macro-fiscal policies has been widely recognized in international and national policy making and budgeting. The book highlights the gender diagnosis―the measurement issues relate to construction of gender outcome variables; the statistical invisibility of unpaid care economy sector and how deficiency in public infrastructure can accentuate the private costs; the analytical link between gender outcome variables and macro-fiscal policy frameworks; the role and impact of fiscal transfers on gender equality outcomes at subnational levels; time series of gender budgets in India across sectors and its fiscal marksmanship; gender disaggregated public expenditure benefit incidence analysis to understand the distributional impacts of public spending on women across income quintiles and suggest policy alternatives. The book uses unique database―time use survey data and the disaggregated demand for grants, expenditure budgets using gender lens. The book employs case study, simple statistical tools for the analysis and econometric methodology.
Author(s): Lekha S. Chakraborty
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 313
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
The Macroeconomic Backdrop
The Rationale
The Analytical Framework
Ex Ante and Ex Post Frameworks of Gender Budgeting
The Structure
References
2 Macroeconomic Policy Coherence for Gender Equality in Asia-Pacific
Fiscal Policy Stance
Effective Fiscal Management and Governance
Inequalities in Fiscal Policy
Linking Resources to Results: Outcome Budgets
Normative Framework and Methodology to Analyse the Fiscal Policy for Gender Equality
Monetary Policy Stance
Structural Reforms
Mapping of Macro Policies in Asia-Pacific
Identifying Specific Policy Tools
References
3 Gender-Budgeting and Gender Equality Outcomes: Evidence from Asia-Pacific
Measuring Gender Equality
Interpreting Data
The Empirical Investigation
The Significance to Go Beyond Models
References
4 Gender Budgeting and the Efficacy of Measuring Unpaid Care Economy
Statistical Invisibility of Unpaid Care Economy
Time-Use Pattern Across Gender and Geography in India
Valuation of Unpaid Care Economy: An Illustration
Gender Budgeting: The Link Between Public Investment and Time Allocation
References
5 Determining Gender Equality in Fiscal Federalism: Evidence from India
Theoretical and Empirical Literature
Fiscal Federalism in India: Institutional Details
Fiscal Federalism Arrangements and Gender Equality
The Empirical Models and Results
References
6 Fiscal Decentralization and Ex Ante Gender Budgeting: Case Studies of Selected Countries Including India
Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Frameworks
Third Tier Institutional Details: Fiscal Devolution Through a Gender Lens
Fiscal Decentralization and Local Level Gender Budgeting: Case Studies
The Philippines
India
Kerala
Reversed Sequence of Decentralization
New Democratic Space for Gender
Identifying Spatial Gender Needs for Budgeting
Appraisal and Approval of Plans
Karnataka
Planning and Budgetary Process at Local Level
West Bengal
Planning and Budgetary Process at Local Level
Fiscal Decentralization and Local Level Gender Budgeting in Other Countries: Case Studies
Morocco
South Africa
Ethiopia
Nepal
IMF Government Finance Statistics (GFS): Analyzing “General Government” Data
References
7 Fiscal and Regional Context of Gender Budgeting in Asia
Overview of Gender Budgeting in Asia
Country-Specific Gender Budgeting Efforts in Asia Pacific
Australia
Initial Project on Gender Budgeting
A Backlash: Office of Status of Women demoted from Prime Minister’s Office
Abrupt End to Gender Budget Statements
Korea
Legal Backing for Conducting Gender Budgeting
Institutionalizing Gender Budgeting
Gender Budgeting in Infrastructure
Local Level Gender Budgeting
Challenges
Summary of Prominent Gender Budgeting Efforts
The Philippines
Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Budgeting
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Pakistan
Country-Specific Outcomes
Positive Outcomes of Gender Budgeting
References
8 Gender Budgeting, as Fiscal Innovation in India
Gender Budgeting, as a Fiscal Innovation
Integrating Gender in Intergovernmental Transfers
Tax Side Gender Budgeting and Tax Incidence Analysis
Strengthening Accountability Mechanisms and Capacity Building and Gender Mainstreaming
Phase 1: Country-Specific Gender Diagnosis and Intergovernmental Fiscal Framework Models
Phase 2: Intergovernmental Institutional Design
Phase 3: Capacity Building
Phase 4: Accountability Mechanisms
Public Expenditure Tracking
Gender Equality Outcomes Across Indian States
References
9 The Political Economy of Gender Budgeting in India and Fiscal Marksmanship
Fiscal Rules and Financing of Deficits in India
The Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers in India, 2021–2022
Applying “Gender Lens” to Union Budget 2021–2022
Fiscal Marksmanship
References
10 Gender-Budgeting Outcomes and Public Expenditure Benefit Incidence
The Analytical Framework
The Public Expenditure Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) Methodology
Estimating Unit Cost
Identifying the Users
Aggregating Users into Groups
Calculating the Benefit Incidence
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)—Benefit Incidence
Quintile-Wise Benefit Incidence and Polarization Ratio
References
11 COVID-19 Context and the Way Ahead
Constraints of Rules-Based Policy Space
Obsession with “Economic Growth” Frameworks
Fiscal Sustainability in Low Interest Rate Regime
Strengthening Fiscal Marksmanship
Innovative Financing of Deficits
Incorporating Unpaid Care Economy into Macro Policy
Acknowledging Intersectionality Issues in Gender Budgeting
Fiscal Decentralization: Move Ahead from “One Size Fits All” Gender Budgeting
Link Between Fiscal Policy and Gender Equality Outcomes
Public Expenditure Tracking and Fiscal Incidence Analysis
Measuring Gender-Aware Human Development Outcomes
Second Generation Reforms of Gender Budgeting
Integrating Gender in Intergovernmental Fiscal Mechanisms
Gender Budgeting and Feminization U
Strengthening Gender Budgeting on Taxation Side
Fiscal Transparency and Accountability Through Gender Budgeting
Political Will for Sustainable Gender Budgeting as PFM
References
