Finite Element Analysis for Design Engineers Second Edition

Acknowledgements......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
1.1 What Is Finite Element Analysis?......Page 16
1.3 Fields of Application of FEA and Mechanism Analysis; Differences Between Structures and Mechanisms......Page 17
1.5 What Is “FEA for Design Engineers”?......Page 19
1.6 Importance of Hands-On Exercises......Page 20
2.1 Formulation of the Mathematical Model......Page 22
2.2.1 Selected Numerical Methods in Computer Aided Engineering......Page 25
2.2.2 Reasons for the Dominance of Finite Element Method......Page 26
2.3.1 Meshing......Page 27
2.3.2 Formulation of Finite-Element Equations......Page 28
2.3.3 Errors in FEA Results......Page 29
2.4 Verification and Validation of FEA Results......Page 30
3.1.1 Closer Look at Finite Element......Page 32
3.1.3 Artificial Restraints......Page 35
3.2 The Choice of Discretization......Page 37
3.3.1 Element Dimensionality......Page 38
3.3.3 Element Order and Element Type......Page 44
3.3.4 Summary of Commonly Used Elements......Page 46
3.3.5 Element Modeling Capabilities......Page 47
Controlling Discretization Errors......Page 50
4.1 Presenting Stress Results......Page 51
4.2.1 h Convergence by Global Mesh Refinement......Page 53
4.2.2 h Convergence Process by Local Mesh Refinement......Page 57
4.2.3 Adaptive h Convergence Process......Page 60
4.2.4 p Convergence Process......Page 62
4.3 Discretization Error......Page 64
MTBlankEqn......Page 65
4.4.1 Stress Singularity......Page 66
4.4.2 Displacement Singularity......Page 72
4.5.1 Hollow Plate (Figure 4.33)......Page 79
4.5.2 L Bracket (Figure 4.34)......Page 81
4.5.3 2D Beam (Figure 4.35)......Page 82
5.1.1 Manual Meshing......Page 84
5.1.2 Semiautomatic Meshing......Page 85
5.1.3 Automeshing......Page 86
5.2.2 Incompatible Elements......Page 89
5.2.3 Forced Compatibility......Page 91
5.3.1 Element Distortion......Page 92
5.3.2 Mesh Adequacy......Page 95
5.3.3 Element Mapping to Geometry......Page 97
5.3.4 Incorrect Conversion to Shell Model......Page 98
5.4.1 BRACKET01 (Figure 5.24)......Page 99
5.4.2 Cantilever Beam (Figure 5.25)......Page 100
Modeling Process......Page 102
6.1.2 Selection of the Units of Measurement......Page 103
6.1.4 Definition of Material Properties......Page 104
6.1.5 Definition of Boundary Conditions......Page 105
6.2.1 Mirror Symmetry and Antisymmetry Boundary Conditions......Page 106
6.2.2 Axial Symmetry......Page 111
6.2.3 Cyclic Symmetry......Page 112
6.2.4 Realignment of Degrees of Freedom......Page 114
6.3.1 BRACKET02-1 (Figure 6.14)......Page 115
6.3.2 BRACKET02-2 (Figure 6.15)......Page 116
6.3.3 BRACKET02-3 (Figure 6.16)......Page 117
6.3.4 Shaft (Figure 6.17)......Page 118
6.3.5 Pressure Tank (Figure 6.18)......Page 119
6.3.6 RING (Figure 6.19)......Page 120
6.3.7 Link (Figure 6.20)......Page 121
7.1 Classification of Different Types of Nonlinearities......Page 124
7.2 Large Displacement Analysis......Page 125
7.3 Membrane Stress Stiffening......Page 132
7.4 Contact......Page 138
7.5.2 Torsion Shaft (Figure 7.7)......Page 143
7.5.4 LINK (Figure 7.17)......Page 144
7.5.6 CLAMP01 (Figure 7.21)......Page 145
7.5.8 Shrink Fit (Figure 7.27)......Page 146
8.1 Review of Nonlinear Material Models......Page 148
8.2 Elastic–Perfectly Plastic Material Model......Page 149
8.3 Use of Nonlinear Material to Control Stress Singularity......Page 152
8.4 Other Types of Nonlinearities......Page 154
8.5.2 L BRACKET (Figure 8.7)......Page 155
9.1 Differences Between Modal and Static Analysis......Page 158
9.2 Interpretation of Displacement and Stress Results in Modal Analysis......Page 159
9.3 Modal Analysis With Rigid Body Modes......Page 160
9.4 Importance of Supports in Modal Analysis......Page 162
9.5.1 Finding Modal Frequencies and Associated Shapes of Vibration......Page 163
9.5.2 Locating “Weak Spots” in Structure......Page 164
9.6 Prestress Modal Analysis......Page 165
9.7 Symmetry and Antisymmetry Boundary Conditions in Modal Analysis......Page 167
9.8 Convergence of Modal Frequencies......Page 169
9.10.1 Tuning Fork (Figure 9.12)......Page 170
9.10.2 Box (Figure 9.1)......Page 171
9.10.4 Ball (Figure 9.4)......Page 172
9.10.6 Helicopter Blade (Figure 9.7)......Page 173
9.10.7 Column (Figure 9.8)......Page 174
9.10.8 Bracket (Figure 9.10)......Page 175
Buckling Analysis......Page 176
10.1 Linear Buckling Analysis......Page 177
10.2 Convergence of Results in Linear Buckling Analysis......Page 180
10.3 Nonlinear Buckling Analysis......Page 181
10.4 Summary......Page 191
10.5.1 Notched Column—Free End (Figure 10.1)......Page 192
10.5.3 Button (Figure 10.11)......Page 193
10.5.6 CURVED_SHEET (Figure 10.17)......Page 194
11.1 Modal Superposition Method......Page 196
11.2 Time Response Analysis......Page 198
11.3 Frequency Response Analysis......Page 201
11.4 Nonlinear vibration analysis......Page 205
11.5.1 Hammer Impulse Load (Figure 11.2)......Page 208
11.5.3 ELBOW_PIPE (Figure 11.7)......Page 209
11.5.4 Centrifuge (Figure 11.10)......Page 210
11.5.5 PLANK (Figure 11.13)......Page 211
12.1 Heat Transfer Induced by Prescribed Temperatures......Page 212
12.2 Heat Transfer Induced by Heat Power and Convection......Page 213
12.3 Heat Transfer by Radiation......Page 216
12.4 Modeling Considerations in Thermal Analysis......Page 217
12.5 Challenges in Thermal Analysis......Page 219
12.6.2 Heat Sink (Figure 12.2)......Page 220
12.6.4 Space Heater (Figure 12.6)......Page 221
13.1 Differences Between CAD and FEA Geometry......Page 224
13.1.1 Defeaturing......Page 225
13.1.2 Idealization......Page 226
13.1.3 Cleanup......Page 228
13.2 Common Meshing Problems......Page 229
13.3. Mesh Inadequacy......Page 232
13.4.3 Computer-Aided Engineering Programs......Page 233
13.5.1 Positioning of CAD and FEA Activities......Page 234
13.5.2 Personnel Training......Page 235
13.5.3 FEA Program Selection......Page 237
13.5.5 Building Confidence in the FEA......Page 240
13.5.6 Return-On Investment......Page 241
13.6.1 Major Steps in FEA Project......Page 242
13.6.2 FEA Report......Page 245
13.6.3 Importance of Documentation and Backups......Page 246
13.6.4 Contracting Out FEA Services......Page 247
13.6.5 Common Errors in the FEA Management......Page 248
14.1 FEA Quiz......Page 250
_GoBack......Page 254
FEA Resources......Page 266
References......Page 267
_GoBack......Page 268
About the Author......Page 2
_GoBack......Page 274
Chapter 12......Page 12