As the population is growing and urbanization is progressing, higher numbers of people are exposed to disaster risks, especially in the developing countries. Climate change is further worsening the impacts of existing risks and introducing new ones. It is imperative that countries need to invest more in disaster risk reduction (DRR) as well as climate change adaptation (CCA) not only to minimize their impacts but also to build resilience.
To date, various international arenas have recommended increasing investment in DRR. The Sendai Framework for DRR, adopted by the UN member states in 2015 during the Third UN World Conference on DRR, emphasizes investment as a priority for decreasing disaster risks and losses. The Yangon Declaration set the goal of doubling investment to address water-related disasters. However, most countries are not able to proactively invest enough in DRR. Understanding the current scale and estimate of investment and its effects is crucial for promoting DRR investment, but such information and estimates are rarely available.
This book examines the current investment trends and issues in DRR and CCA. Based on specific case studies, field data and evidence, the book identifies challenges in increasing investment and recommends various investment policies and innovative approaches to sustainable progress towards a resilient future.
Chapter 12 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Author(s): Mikio Ishiwatari, Daisuke Sasaki
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 199
City: Singapore
Preface
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Understanding the Context: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia
1 Financing Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Opportunities and Challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.2 International Initiatives for Promoting DRR and CCA Investment
1.3 Current Scale and Estimate of Demand for DRR and CCA
1.3.1 Current Scale of Investment in Flood Protection
1.3.2 Estimation of Investment in Flood Protection and CCA
1.3.3 Trends in Official Development Assistance for DRR
1.4 Issues Affecting the Promotion of Investment in DRR and CCA
1.4.1 Definition and Data Collection
1.4.2 Harmonization of Response Activities, Recovery Efforts, and Development
1.4.3 Justification of Investment in DRR and CCA
1.4.4 Investment in Green Infrastructure as Innovative Measures
1.5 About the Book
1.5.1 Part I Understanding the Context: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia
1.5.2 Part II Case Studies
1.5.3 Part III Policy for Bridging Gaps
References
2 Financing in Climate Change Adaptation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 International Agreements and Financial Flows from Developed to Developing Countries
2.2.1 International Agreements
2.2.2 Financial Flows Reported by the Developed Countries
2.2.3 Criticism of the Amount of Assistance Reported for the Developed Countries
2.3 Uncertainty in Financial Flows
2.3.1 Targets for ODA
2.3.2 What is Climate Change Financing?
2.3.3 Rio Marker
2.3.4 What is Adaptation?
2.4 International Funds Related to Adaptation
2.4.1 Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Funds Related to It for Adaptation
2.4.2 Adaptation Fund (AF)
2.4.3 Green Climate Fund (GCF)
2.5 Private Financing
2.5.1 Catastrophe Bonds (CAT Bonds)
2.5.2 Resilience Bonds
2.6 Discussion
References
3 Recent Trends in Disaster Risk Reduction Investments: A Literature Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Narrative Summary of the Literature Review
3.3.2 Text Mining Analysis
3.4 Conclusions
References
Part II Case Studies
4 Exploring people’s Perception of Disaster Risk Reduction Investment for Flood Management: The Case of Jakarta Floods in Indonesia
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Investment for Floods in Jakarta
4.1.2 People’s Perception of Floods in Jakarta
4.1.3 Hypothetical Framework
4.2 Method
4.2.1 Participants
4.2.2 Measures
4.2.3 On-Line Survey Implementation
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Experience of Flooding
4.3.2 Flood Risk Perception and Investment Need
4.3.3 Cross Tabulation Between Investment Need and the Demographic Variables
4.3.4 Correlation Analysis Between Investment Need, SCI, and CCRAM
4.3.5 Multiple regression Analysis
4.4 Discussion
References
5 Factors Influencing Climate Change Adaptation Investment by Local Government Units in the Philippines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.3 Methods
5.4 Results
5.5 Discussion
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Financing Infrastructure of DRR: Possibility of Integrating Investments in Maintenance and DRR
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Existing Studies
6.2.1 Optimal Management Policy
6.2.2 Relationship Between Deterioration Condition and Damage by Earthquake
6.3 Model and Optimal Repair Policy
6.4 Case Study
6.5 Implications from a Financing Perspective
References
7 Financing Climate-Resilient Coasts: Tracking Multilateral Aid for Ocean and Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change in Asia-Pacific
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Blue Finance to Climate Change Adaptation
7.2.1 Overview of Blue Finance
7.2.2 Climate Change and Blue Financing
7.2.3 The Role of International Aid in Ocean and Coastal Adaptation Actions
7.3 Climate Change Adaptation of the Ocean and Coastal Zones in Asia–Pacific
7.3.1 Fisheries and Aquaculture
7.3.2 Urban Infrastructure
7.3.3 Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Service
7.3.4 Community Disaster Management
7.3.5 Cross-Sectoral Approaches for Integrated Coastal Management
7.4 Tracking Aid Projects for Ocean and Coastal Adaptation in the Asia–Pacific
7.4.1 Methodology
7.4.2 Project Identification
7.4.3 Categorization by Sector and Approach
7.5 Results
7.5.1 Trends in Ocean and Coastal Adaptation Development Finance in the Asia–Pacific
7.5.2 Sectoral Classification
7.5.3 Mapping the Project Components
7.6 Discussion
7.7 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Early Recovery in Humanitarian Response—In the Cases of Four Disasters in the Asia-Pacific Region
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Humanitarian Leadership, Humanitarian Country Team, and the Humanitarian Cluster System
8.2.1 Humanitarian Leadership, Resident Coordinator, and Humanitarian Coordinator
8.2.2 Humanitarian Country Team (HCT)
8.2.3 The Humanitarian Cluster System
8.2.4 UNDAC
8.3 Initial Humanitarian Response Planning
8.3.1 Flash Appeal (FA)
8.3.2 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP)
8.4 Assessment and Analysis Process
8.5 Reporting and Appeal
8.5.1 Flash Appeal as a Financial Mobilization Tool
8.6 Financing Sources
8.6.1 Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)
8.6.2 Humanitarian and Bilateral Development Donors
8.7 Focus on Early Recovery as the Bridge Between Humanitarianism and Development
8.8 Case Studies
8.8.1 Typhoon Haiyan (2013) in the Philippines
8.8.2 Cyclone Pam (2015) in Vanuatu
8.8.3 Gorkha Earthquake (2015) in Nepal
8.8.4 Sulawesi Earthquake (2018) in Indonesia
8.9 Analysis and Findings
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 Is the Post Disaster Needs Assessment Important to Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation? Lessons from Indonesia and the Philippines Based on Literature Review
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Investment in DRR and CCA Written in PDNA Guidelines
9.1.2 Investment in DRR and CCA Written in PDNA Reports
9.2 Methods
9.3 Results
9.3.1 Cases of PDNA Implementation
9.3.2 Legal System
9.3.3 Problems Related to Implementation
9.3.4 Methodology
9.3.5 PDNA and Investment in DRR and CCA
9.4 Conclusion
9.4.1 Summary
9.4.2 Discussions
9.4.3 Future Research
References
Part III Policy for Bridging Gaps
10 Estimating the Benefits of Flood Protection—Reviewing the Transition of the Cost–Benefit Analysis Manual in Japan and the Implementation Status of the International Flood Protection Project
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Objective
10.3 Japan’s Investment in Flood Protection
10.4 Positioning Cost–Benefit Analysis
10.5 Methodology
10.5.1 Reviewing the Revision Process of the Manual
10.5.2 The Implementation Status of Cost–Benefit Analysis for JICA Projects
10.6 Examination
10.6.1 Changes in Flood Damage Estimation Methods
10.6.2 The Process of Revising the Manual for Economic Survey on Flood Protection (Draft)
10.6.3 Calculating Psychological Damage
10.7 Case Study
10.7.1 Chao Phraya River Basin Integrated Flood Management Plan, Thailand (2018)
10.7.2 Medjerda River Integrated Watershed Management and Flood Protection Study, Republic of Tunisia (2013)
10.8 Conclusions
References
11 Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Japan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Initiatives for Green Infrastructure
11.2.1 Green Infrastructure in Japan, Europe, and USA
11.2.2 Green Infrastructure in Japan
11.2.3 Green Infrastructure and Finance
11.3 Practice of Nature-Based Solutions and Green Infrastructure—Case Studies of River Restoration
11.3.1 Tashizen River Management (Nature-Oriented River Management [NORM])
11.3.2 Disaster Recovery Projects and Nature-Oriented River Management
11.3.3 Expansion into River Town Initiatives
11.3.4 Watershed-Based Flood Management and Green Infrastructure
11.4 Concluding Remarks
References
12 Future Perspectives of Financing Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Amount of Investment in DRR and CCA
12.3 Issues to Be Resolved, Required Approaches, and Research Gaps
12.3.1 Data Definition and Accurate Estimation of Financing DRR and CCA
12.4 Harmonization of Pre-disaster, Response Activities, Recovery Efforts, and Development
12.4.1 Imbalance in the Allocation of Assistance Funding Among the Pre-disaster and the Response and Recovery Phases
12.4.2 Barriers to Accomplishing Continuity from Response to Recovery and Development
12.5 Justification of Investment in DRR and CCA
12.5.1 National Level
12.5.2 Project Scale
12.5.3 Resilient Infrastructure
12.5.4 Factors Affecting Investment Needs
12.6 Innovative Measures of Investment in DRR and CCA
12.6.1 Issues Found
12.6.2 Research Gaps
12.7 Conclusion
References
