A fibre Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fibre that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all the others. As such, FBGs can be used as inline optical filters to block certain wavelengths, or as wavelength-specific reflectors. Applications include optical fibre communications, sensors and fibre lasers. This book addresses the critical challenge of developing Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) for applications as sensors in harsh and space environment. Coverage ranges from the basic principles through design, fabrication, and testing to their industrial implementation. A thorough review includes the in-depth examination of the FBGs properties and the most important developments in devices and applications. A particular emphasis is given to the applications of fibre optic sensors in the space environment, which is characterized mainly by vacuum, high thermal gradients, mechanical vibrations and various types of cosmic radiation. The book concludes with a summary and overview of challenges faced by FBG technology. The book is supplemented by an extensive survey of published papers, books and conference reports. As an added benefit, the book is structured in such a way as to provide useful and in-depth training and skills development to graduate/undergraduate students, specialised engineers, and academic/industrial experts.
Author(s): Brahim Aïssa, Emile I. Haddad, Roman V. Kruzelecky, Wes R. Jamroz
Series: IET Materials Circuits and Devices Series, 69
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 231
City: London
Cover
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1 Fundamentals
1.1 Concept of fibre Bragg gratings interrogation
1.2 Wavelength-division multiplexing
1.3 Time-division multiplexing
References
2 Basic concepts, processes and material-based fibre optic sensors
2.1 Fibre Bragg grating sensing basics
2.2 Temperature compensation basics
2.3 Calibration of fibre Bragg grating sensors with temperature and evaluation of the uncertainty
2.4 Photosensitivity in optical fibres
2.5 Type of gratings
References
3 Harsh environment fibre Bragg grating sensing
3.1 Introduction and motivation
3.2 Temperature sensing principle
3.3 Distributed thermal sensing
3.4 Fibre optic sensors doped with rare earth for temperature sensing application
3.5 High-pressure fibre Bragg grating sensing
3.6 High reliability of the fibre Bragg gratings for the high strain measurements
3.7 Fibre Bragg gratings exposed to high-dose radiation
3.8 Conclusions
References
4 Main applications of optical fibres and fibre Bragg grating sensors
4.1 Classification of fibre optic sensors
4.1.1 Categories according to fibre Bragg grating application
4.1.2 Categories according to measurable spatial scope
4.1.2.1 Point sensors
4.1.2.2 Quasi-distributed sensors
4.1.2.3 Fully distributed sensors
4.1.3 Categories according to the modulation process
4.1.4 Categories according to technology
4.2 Advances in optical fibre communication systems
4.3 Ground applications of the fibre Bragg grating sensors
4.3.1 Composite and concrete structures
4.3.2 Bridges
4.3.3 Application for dams
4.3.4 Application for the mining industry
4.3.5 Application in the electric power industry
4.3.6 Application for load monitoring of power transmission lines
4.3.7 Application in the petroleum industry and monitoring pipeline
4.3.8 Crack sensors
4.4 Medical applications of the fibre Bragg grating sensors
4.5 Conclusions
4.6 Annex
References
5 Main fibre Bragg grating fabrication processes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of the photosensitivity in optical fibres
5.3 Defects in germanosilica optical fibres
5.3.1 Intensification of the photosensitivity property in silica optical fibres
5.3.1.1 Hydrogenation of optical fibre (H2 loading)
5.3.1.2 Flame brushing
5.3.1.3 Boron co-doping
5.3.1.4 Argon fluoride excimer ultraviolet laser radiation
5.3.2 Mechanism behind the photoinduced refractive index variation
5.3.2.1 The model of colour centre
5.3.2.2 Dipole model
5.3.2.3 Compaction (or compression) model
5.3.2.4 Stress-relief model
5.4 Processes for the Bragg gratings inscription in the optical fibres
5.4.1 Externally written Bragg gratings in optical fibres
5.4.1.1 Interferometric fabrication technique
5.4.1.2 Laser source requirements
5.4.2 Phase-mask technique
5.4.3 Point-by-point fabrication process of the Bragg gratings
5.4.4 Mask image projection
5.5 Types of fibre Bragg gratings
5.5.1 Common Bragg reflector
5.5.2 Blazed Bragg gratings
5.5.3 Chirped Bragg grating
5.5.4 Type II Bragg gratings
5.5.5 Novel structures of the Bragg grating
5.5.5.1 Superimposed multiple Bragg gratings
5.5.5.2 Superstructure Bragg gratings
5.5.5.3 Phase-shifted Bragg gratings
5.6 Fibre Bragg grating encapsulation
References
6 Fibre Bragg grating sensors for micrometeoroids and small orbital debris
6.1 Shield against micrometeorites and orbital debris
6.2 Micrometeorites and orbital debris impact detection
6.2.1 Methods not using fibre optic sensors
6.2.2 Detection with optical fibres
6.3 Experimental study of micrometeorites and orbital space debris
6.4 Fibre Bragg grating response to hypervelocity impacts
6.5 Experimental results with different target materials
6.5.1 Main effects of space debris micrometeorites
6.5.2 Experimental work
6.5.3 Selection of the 5E2N monomer for the self-healing materials
6.5.4 The 5E2N monomer encapsulation
6.5.5 Chemical constituents
6.5.6 Monomer diffusion under vacuum
6.5.7 Fabrication of woven carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer samples embedded microcapsules containing 5E2N and dicyclopentadiene monomers and Grubb's catalyst
6.5.8 Fibre Bragg grating within multilayer Kevlar/Epoxy
6.5.9 Fibre Bragg grating within multilayer carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer/epoxy
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Fibre sensors for space applications
7.1 Optical fibre sensing
7.2 Optical-fibre-sensing development for space
7.2.1 Fibre Bragg grating sensors
7.2.2 Fibre Bragg grating interrogation systems
7.2.2.1 Spectrometer-based systems
7.2.2.2 Edge filter-based systems
7.2.2.3 Tuning laser-based systems
7.2.3 MG-Y tunable laser technology
7.3 Space engineering systems characteristics
7.3.1 Design constraints
7.3.1.1 Compatibility with environment
7.3.2 Development guidelines
7.3.3 Space radiation
7.3.4 Radiation effects
7.3.4.1 Radiation effects on optical components
7.3.4.2 Radiation damage in optical fibres
7.3.4.3 Radiation effects on fibre Bragg gratings
7.3.5 Simulation of radiation exposure for orbital missions
7.3.5.1 Microgravity and vacuum
7.3.5.2 Thermal issues
7.3.5.3 Outgassing issues
7.3.5.4 Shock and vibration
7.4 Development of optical fibre sensing systems for space
7.4.1 Optical fibre sensing interrogation technology for space applications
7.4.2 Fibre Bragg grating sensor-based scanning laser interrogation principle
7.5 Experimental data acquisition fibre optic sensor demonstrator on the Europeans Space Agency's' PROBA-2 Satellite
7.5.1 Fibre optic sensor demonstrator system
7.5.2 Fibre optic sensor demonstrator sensors
7.5.3 System ground qualification
7.6 Fibre optic sensor demonstrator flight and validation
7.6.1 Interrogation with PROBA-2
7.7 Experimental high-temperature fibre Bragg grating regeneration and sensor packaging
7.7.1 Validation test at re-entry environment plasmas laboratories
7.7.2 Validation Test in a wind tunnel – Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Cologne
7 .7.3 ROTEX-T re-entry mission
7.7.4 Measuring experimentally the stability of fibre Bragg gratings under high gamma radiation
7.8 Conclusions
References
8 Fibre Bragg gratings/microelectromechanical system-integrated optical devices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microelectromechanical systems/fibre Bragg grating temperature sensing
8.3 Tunable fibre-optic variable delay line
8.4 Microelectromechanical systems/fibre Bragg grating pressure sensor
8.5 Inertial sensing
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Summary and challenges of the fibre optic sensor technology
9.1 Summary of the book
9.2 Recent tendency and challenges of the fibre optic sensing technology in space and composite structures
References
Index
Back Cover
