This reference presents a comprehensive account of the recent advances and research in fiber optic sensor technology. It offers a progressive history of each sensor type as well as basic principles and fundamental building blocks for practical applications in the electrical aerospace, defense and manufacturing, smart structure, undersea surveillance, medical, and gas and oil industries. Fiber Optic Sensors highlights the development of fiber optic sensors and classic applications; provides new methods for the construction of high-speed and high-capacity fiber sensor systems; and describes recent developments in fiber optic amplifiers, fiber Bragg grating sensors, optical isolators, optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), and fiber optic gyroscopes. The book details structural fatigue monitoring for dams and bridges, the effect of external and environmental factors on fiber optic sensor performance, interferometer configuration multiplexing architecture, polarization fading mitigation, and system integration, and updated applications of fiber optic sensors.
Author(s): Francis T.S. Yu, Shizhuo Yin
Series: Optical engineering 76
Edition: 1
Publisher: Marcel Dekker
Year: 2002
Language: English
Pages: 495
City: New York
Fiber Optic Sensors......Page 1
Preface......Page 7
Contributors......Page 12
Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 0
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 14
1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND INTENSITY-BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS......Page 15
1.3 SPECTRALLY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS......Page 24
1.4.1 The Sagnac Interferometer......Page 30
1.4.2 The Mach–Zehnder and Michelson Interferometers......Page 35
1.5 MULTIPLEXING AND DISTRIBUTED SENSING......Page 41
1.6 APPLICATIONS......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 50
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 53
2.2 THEORY OF THE FABRY–PEROT INTERFEROMETER......Page 54
2.3 FIBER FABRY–PEROT SENSOR CONFIGURATIONS......Page 56
2.3.1 Intrinsic Fiber Optic Fabry–Perot Interferometer (FFPI) Sensors......Page 57
2.4 OPTICAL INTERRGATION METHODS AND MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES......Page 59
Laser (Single Wavelength)......Page 61
Multiple Wavelengths......Page 64
Broadband Light Source......Page 65
Time Division Multiplexing......Page 67
Coherence Multiplexing......Page 68
2.5 EMBEDDED SENSORS......Page 69
2.6.1 Temperature Measurement......Page 73
2.6.2 Strain Measurement......Page 75
2.6.3 Pressure Measurement......Page 77
2.6.4 Other Applications......Page 81
2.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 82
REFERENCES......Page 83
3.2 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT WAVES......Page 87
Circular Polarization......Page 90
3.2.1 Jones Matrix Algebra......Page 91
3.2.3 Bi-refringent Optical Fiber......Page 93
High Bi-refringence Fibers and Their Applications......Page 94
3.3 POLARIMETRIC SENSORS......Page 96
The Optical Phase Change Mechanism......Page 98
3.3.2 Overmoded Sensors......Page 99
Combined Strain and Temperature Measurement......Page 101
3.3.3 Coherence......Page 102
3.3.4 Coherence Multiplexed Sensors......Page 104
Quasi-distributed Polarimetric Strain and Temperature Sensors......Page 106
3.3.5 Coherence Multiplexed Impact Detection......Page 109
3.4.1 Principle of Operations......Page 111
3.4.2 Crystal-based Optical Current Transducers......Page 117
Temperature and Vibration Compensation Schemes for Crystal-based OCTs......Page 118
3.5.1 Polarimeric Voltage Sensors......Page 125
3.5.2 Optical Network Instability Diagnosis......Page 128
3.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 134
4.2.1 FBG Theory and Fabrication Technology......Page 135
Strain and Temperature Sensing......Page 136
Wavelength-Amplitude Conversion......Page 139
Wavelength-Frequency Conversion......Page 143
Wavelength-Phase Conversion......Page 144
Wavelength-Position Conversion......Page 146
Fourier Transform......Page 147
4.2.4 Cross-Sensitivity......Page 148
Reference Grating......Page 149
Bragg Grating and Fiber Polarization-Rocking Filter......Page 150
FBGs with Different Fiber Diameters......Page 151
4.2.5 Nonstrain/Temperature Sensors......Page 152
4.3.1 WDM......Page 153
4.3.3 WDM= TDM......Page 156
4.3.4 IWDM......Page 158
4.3.5 SDM......Page 159
4.3.6 Applications in Smart Structure......Page 161
4.4 LONG-PERIOD FIBER GRATING SENSORS......Page 162
LPFG Theory......Page 163
Fabrication Techniques......Page 165
Temperature and Strain Sensing......Page 166
LPFGs of Super-High Temperature Sensitivity......Page 167
Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Sensing Using LPFG and Hybrid LPFG= FBG......Page 169
4.5.1 Refractive Index Sensing......Page 172
4.5.2 Optical Load Sensors......Page 175
4.5.3 Optic Bend Sensors......Page 176
Optical Bend Sensing Based on Wavelength Shift Detection......Page 177
Optical Bending Based on Mode-Splitting Measurement......Page 178
Intensity-Measurement-Based Sensors......Page 179
Dual-Resonance Sensors......Page 180
4.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 193
5.2 BASIC SENSING PRINCIPLES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS......Page 194
Intensity-type Fiber Optic Sensors Using Microbending......Page 195
Intensity-type Fiber Optic Sensors Using Evanescent Wave Coupling......Page 196
Mathematical Description of the Polarization......Page 198
Polarization-based Fiber Optic Sensor......Page 205
5.2.3 Phase-based Fiber Optic Sensors......Page 206
Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Mach–Zehnder Interferometer......Page 207
Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Michelson Interferometer......Page 208
Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Fabry–Perot Interferometer......Page 209
5.3 DISTRIBUTED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS......Page 211
5.3.1 Intrinsic Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors......Page 213
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry Based on Rayleigh Scattering......Page 214
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry Based on Raman Scattering......Page 216
Optical Time-Domain Re.ectometry Based on Brillouin Scattering......Page 218
Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry......Page 220
Quasi-distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 227
5.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 244
6.2 FIBER SPECKLEGRAM FORMATION......Page 245
6.2.1 Some Remarks......Page 254
6.3 SPECTRAL RESPONSE......Page 255
6.4 MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING......Page 257
6.5 COUPLED-MODE ANALYSIS......Page 262
6.6 SPECKLEGRAM SIGNAL DETECTION......Page 273
6.7.1 Acoustic-Sensing Array......Page 276
6.7.2 Structural-Fatigue Monitoring......Page 277
6.8 INNER-PRODUCT FSS......Page 279
6.9 SENSING WITH JOINT-TRANSFORM CORRELATION......Page 287
6.10 DYNAMIC SENSING......Page 293
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 301
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 303
Linearly Wavelength-dependent Optical Filters......Page 306
Linearly Wavelength-dependent Couplers......Page 309
7.2.2 Power Detection......Page 310
7.2.3 Identical Chirped Grating Pair Interrogator......Page 311
7.2.4 CCD Spectrometer Interrogator......Page 312
7.3 ACTIVE DETECTION SCHEMES......Page 314
7.3.1 Fiber Fourier Transform Spectrometer Interrogator......Page 315
7.3.2 Fabry–Perot Filter Interrogator......Page 317
7.3.3 Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Interrogator......Page 321
7.3.4 Matched Fiber Bragg Grating Pair Interrogator......Page 325
7.3.5 Unbalanced Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Interrogator......Page 328
Pseudo-Heterodyne Method......Page 330
Quadrature Signal Processing Techniques......Page 332
Interrogation for Multiplexed Sensors......Page 334
Phase Modulation with High Frequency......Page 336
7.3.6 Michelson Interferometer Interrogator......Page 338
7.3.7 Long- Period Fiber Grating Pair Interferometer Interrogator......Page 340
7.4.1 The Use of Wavelength Tunable Sources......Page 342
7.4.2 The Use of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers with Wavelength-Time Conversion......Page 343
7.4.3 Interrogation for Optical CDMA Fiber Grating Sensors......Page 345
7.4.4 Frequency Modulation Techniques......Page 347
7.4.5 Intragrating Sensing......Page 349
Reflection Spectrum Analysis Method......Page 350
Group-Delay Measurement Method......Page 351
Experiments......Page 352
7.4.6 Other Techniques......Page 353
7.5 THE THEORY OF FIBER GRATINGS......Page 354
7.5.1 Guided Modes in Optical Fibers and Resonant Couplings in Fiber Gratings......Page 355
7.5.2 Coupled-Mode Theory......Page 358
Contradirectional Coupling......Page 363
Codirectional Coupling......Page 364
Transfer Matrix Method for Nonuniform Gratings......Page 365
7.5.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 368
7.5.4 Long-Period Fiber Gratings......Page 371
Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 375
Phase-Shifted and Cascaded Long-Period Fiber Gratings......Page 377
CONCLUSIONS......Page 380
REFERENCES......Page 382
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 390
8.2 PROGRESSION OF FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE DEVELOPMENT......Page 391
8.3.1 Sagnac Effect......Page 392
8.3.2 Basic Con.guration......Page 394
8.3.3 Minimum Configuration......Page 395
8.3.4 Open-Loop Biasing Scheme......Page 396
8.3.5 Closed-Loop Signal Processing Schemes......Page 399
8.3.6 Fundamental Limit......Page 401
8.4.1 All-PM Fiber IFOG......Page 402
8.4.2 PM Fiber= Integrated Optics IFOG......Page 403
8.5 PHASE-TYPE BIAS ERROR......Page 404
8.5.4 ‘‘Shupe’’ Effect......Page 405
8.6 ANTI-‘‘SHUPE’’ WINDING METHODS......Page 408
8.7 APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPES......Page 417
8.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 418
REFERENCES......Page 419
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 423
9.2.1 Mach–Zehnder interferometer......Page 425
9.2.2 Michelson Interferometer......Page 426
9.2.3 Fabry–Perot Interferometer......Page 427
9.2.4 Sagnac Interferometer......Page 428
9.3.1 Phase-generated Carrier (PGC)......Page 429
9.3.2 Phase-modulated Compensator (PMC)......Page 431
9.3.3 Frequency-modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)......Page 433
9.3.4 Differential Delayed Heterodyne (DDH)......Page 434
9.4.1 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)......Page 436
9.4.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)......Page 438
9.4.4. Hybrid Multiplexing......Page 439
9.4.5 Optical Amplification in Sensor Arrays......Page 440
Erbium-doped Fiber Ampli.cation......Page 441
Raman Amplification......Page 442
9.5 SENSOR HEAD DESIGN......Page 443
9.6 POLARIZATION-FADING MITIGATION TECHNIQUES......Page 444
9.7 COMPONENT AND SYSTEM ISSUES......Page 448
9.8 FINAL REMARKS......Page 449
REFERENCES......Page 450
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 454
10.2 APPLICATIONS TO LARGE COMPOSITE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES......Page 455
10.2.1 Bridges......Page 456
10.2.2 Dams......Page 465
10.2.4 Marine Vehicles......Page 469
10.2.5 Aircraft......Page 470
10.3.1 Load Monitoring of Power Transmission Lines......Page 474
10.3.2 Winding Temperature Measurement......Page 475
10.4 APPLICATIONS TO MEDICINE......Page 476
10.4.1 Temperature......Page 477
10.4.2 Ultrasound......Page 484
10.5 APPLICATIONS TO CHEMICAL SENSING......Page 486
10.6 APPLICATIONS TO THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY......Page 487
10.6.1 Pressure Sensing......Page 488
10.6.2 Temperature Sensing......Page 489
REFERENCES......Page 490
