‘Bridging European and gender studies, this volume deserves a great welcome to the literature. It not only offers a feminist reading of Europeanisation in general, but also discusses the process of Europeanisation and de-Europeanisation of Turkey with regard to changes in gender policy. The book demonstrates that the EU is the leading body to advocate gender equality, and also proves that it is a firm gender actor compared to other international organisations. However, as the volume also shows, the EU is not yet a normative gender actor due to the absence of a feminist rationale in promoting gender equality abroad. The contributions offer significant insights into EU-Turkey relations from a gender studies perspective.’
Ayhan Kaya, Professor of Politics and Jean Monnet Chair for European Politics of Interculturalism, Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey
‘Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm and Cin have curated a timely volume that applies a feminist lens to the well-known Europeanisation framework. Using the case of Turkey, the book extends the focus of European studies scholarship that analyses the adaptation of non-member states to EU policies and practices to setting a new feminist agenda in the adaptation to the EU. Beyond the new insights offered on the Turkish case study, the volume provides a powerful critique, and highlights the limits of the EU’s reach outside of its current border.’
Toni Haastrup, Senior Lecturer in International Politics, University of Stirling, UK
‘This pioneering volume, which extends feminist perspectives to the study of EU toward candidate countries, is a must-read for scholars of EU integration and gender studies.’
Bahar Rumelili, Professor and Jean Monnet Chair at the Department of International Relations, Koc University, Turkey
This book explores the Europeanisation of gender policies and addresses some of the challenges of the debates surrounding the EU’s impact on domestic politics. Using Turkey as a case study, it illustrates that Europeanisation needs a feminist agenda and perspective. The first part of the book critically engages with the literature on Europeanisation, the EU’s gender policies and gender policymaking, and the interaction between Europeanisation and gender policies to argue that the Europeanisation framework falls short in devising sustainable gender policies due to a lack of feminist rationale and theory. Subsequently, the book develops a feminist framework of Europeanisation by drawing on the work of key feminist philosophers (Carole Pateman, Onora O’Neill, Nancy Fraser, Anne Phillips, Iris Young) and uses this framework to offer a critique of the Europeanisation of gender policies in various areas where the EU has prompted changes to domestic policies, including in civil society, political representation, private sector, violence against women, education, and asylum policy.
Author(s): Rahime Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm, F. Melis Cin
Series: Gender and Politics
Edition: 1
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 303
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Tables
Part I: Conceptual Framework
Chapter 1: Introduction: Why Gender and the EU?
Why the EU and Gender Equality?
Overview of the Book
References
Chapter 2: Enlargement Strategy of the EU: A Framework for Analysis for the (De)Europeanisation in Turkey
Introduction
Europeanisation of Gender Equality Policies: Pathways and Mechanisms
Interest-Driven Change: Conditionality
Norm-Driven Change: Social Learning
Lesson-Driven Change
Outcomes of Europeanisation
Summary of Analytical Framework
References
Chapter 3: EU Foreign Policy and Gender: How Does the EU Incorporate Gender in Its External Relations?
Introduction
The EU’s Gender Equality Regime
The Gender Mainstreaming of the EU’s Trade Agreements and Development Aid
Cross-Cutting Issues: Bureaucratic and Institutional Problems and the Entrenched Gendered Mentalities
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Alternative Explanations from Feminist Theories: Towards a Feminist Framework for the Europeanisation Process
Introduction
A Feminist Critique of the Europeanisation Debate
Interest-Driven Model
Norm-Driven Model
Feminist Framing of Europeanisation: Insights from Feminist Philosophy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Construction of a Gender Equality Regime? The Case of European Union Assistance in Turkey
Introduction
Background: Gender Mainstreaming, Europeanisation, and Civil Society
Frame Analysis of Gender Equality in European Union Policy Documents
Gender Equality as Economic Empowerment
Gender Equality as Human Rights and Legal Transposition of Rights
Gender Equality as Democracy Promotion
Conclusion
References
List of Analysed Documents
Part II: Empirical Analysis of Gender Policies in Turkey
Chapter 6: Internationalism and Europeanisation in the Struggle Over Gender Equality: Women’s Rights/Feminist Movement in Turkey
Introduction
First and Second Waves of the Feminist Movement
Women’s Rights/Feminist Movement and Politics: Where Does Internationalism and the EU Stand?
Reconsidering the EU Reference in the Last Decade
Conclusion
Interviews
References
Chapter 7: Cherry-Picking in Policymaking: The EU’s Presumptive Roles on Gender Policymaking in Turkey
Introduction
Cherry-Picking in the Europeanisation of Gender Policy in Turkey: From an Interest-Driven to a Norm-Driven Model
The EU and Women’s Representation in the Turkish Parliament: Descriptive and Substantive Representation
Turkish Women in Parliament: Electoral System and Party Competition
Committee and Parliamentary Works on Gender
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Turkey’s Legislative Reforms to Address Violence Against Women, and the EU: Uphill Struggles, Hard-Won Achievements and a Promising Ally
Introduction
An Overview of EU Action and Legislation to Combat Violence Against Women
Legislative Reforms Addressing Violence Against Women in Turkey
The Adoption of Law No. 4320 in 1998 and the Assessment of the EU’s Role
The Adoption of Law No. 6284 in 2012 and the Assessment of the EU’s Role
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Budgetary Impact of Gender Mainstreaming and Its Implementations in the EU and Turkey
Introduction
Gender Mainstreaming and Gender-Responsive Budgeting in the EU: Legal Foundations and Sample Practices
Gender-Responsive Budgeting in Central and Local Governments in Turkey: Insights from Feminist Europeanisation
Compliance with the EU Norms at Central Level
Compliance with the EU Norms at the Local Level
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Gender Inequality in Businesses: Woman Managers and Resilient Gender Norms
Introduction
Gender Equality in Employment Policy: Legislative Harmonisation
Analysing Gender Norms in Business in Turkey: Women Managers and Employment Policies
Gender Pay Gaps
Glass Ceiling Syndrome
Work-Life Imbalance
Occupational Gender Segregation
Sexual Harassment
Informal Institutions and Reproduction of Resilient Gender Norms
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Gender Equality in Basic Education: Feminist Constructions of the EU
Introduction
Legislative Policy Template: Mapping the EU’s Education Acquis
Towards a More Gender-Equal Agenda in Basic Education: The Europeanisation of Major Initiatives and Policies
From Europeanisation to De-Europeanisation: Was Gender Equality Ever a Concern?
Conceptualising the Role of the EU in Gender Equality in Education
Conclusion: Feminist Rationale for Education
References
Chapter 12: The External Dimension of EU Migration and Refugee Policies: Gender-Specific Challenges
Introduction
The EU Asylum Policy and the Europeanisation of Turkish Asylum Policy
EU Asylum Policy and Its Gendered Dimensions
Turkey’s Asylum Policy and Europeanisation
Gender and Third Country Cooperation in Migration Management
Gender Mainstreaming and EU Cooperation with Third Countries
Cooperation with Turkey in the Aftermath of the ‘Refugee Crisis’
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Conclusion: Can the EU Be a Feminist Actor?
Introduction
Lessons Learned from the Case of Turkey
The EU as a Progressive Gender Actor
References
Index
