Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Copyright Page
Dedication
Ralph D. Feigin, MD April 3, 1938–August 14, 2008
Editors photos page
Contributors
Preface
Volume 1
Part I: Host-Parasite Relationships and the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases
Chapter 1: Molecular Determinants of Microbial Pathogenesis
Colonization
Pilus Adhesins
Nonpilus Adhesins
Other Mechanisms of Adherence
Tissue Tropism
Biofilms
Cell Entry and Intracellular Life
Invasion
Intracellular Survival
Viral Cell Entry
Cell-to-Cell Spread
Damage to the Host
Bordetella pertussis Toxins
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Shiga Toxins
Tissue-Degrading Toxins
Evasion of Immunity
Antiphagocytic Factors
Evasion of Complement Activity
Evasion of Humoral Immunity
Encapsulation
Viral Immune Suppression and Latency
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 2: Normal and Impaired Immunologic Responses to Infection
Host-Pathogen Interactions
General Features of Host-Pathogen Interactions
Main Features of Host Responses to Specific Classes of Infectious Agents
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Features of Normal Immune Function
Innate Immune Responses
Epithelia, Defensins, and Other Antimicrobial Peptides
Toll-Like Receptors
Cytokines
Chemokines
Natural Killer Cells
Complement System
Complement activation.
Classical pathway.
Alternative pathway.
Mannan-binding lectin pathway.
Effector functions of complement in host defense.
Opsonic activity.
Inflammation.
Microbicidal activity.
Immune regulation.
Phagocytes
Phagocyte recruitment to infected sites.
Phagocytosis.
Phagocyte microbicidal mechanisms.
Important Interactions Among Innate Immune Mechanisms
Adaptive Immune Responses
Antigen Presentation and Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity
Class I major histocompatibility complex.
Class II major histocompatibility complex.
CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
T Lymphocytes
Regulatory T cells.
T-cell memory.
T-cell activation by superantigens.
B Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins
B lymphocytes.
Immunoglobulin.
Immunoglobulin isotypes.
Clinical Conditions Associated With Deficient Host Responses to Infection
Immature Host Responses of the Newborn Infant
Cell-Mediated Immunity
B Cells and Antibody
B cells.
Antibody.
Complement
Phagocytes
Primary and Heritable Immunologic Deficiencies
Antibody Deficiencies
X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
IgG subclass deficiency.
IgA deficiency.
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy.
Antibody deficiency with normal or elevated levels of immunoglobulins.
Defects of Cell-Mediated Immunity: DiGeorge Syndrome
Combined Defects of Cellular and Humoral Immunity
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
Common variable immunodeficiency.
Hyper–immunoglobulin M syndrome.
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
Ataxia-telangiectasia.
Defects of the Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Pathways
Complement Deficiencies
Disorders of Phagocyte Function
General features of phagocyte disorders.
Intrinsic disorders of cell migration
Type 1 leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
Type 2 leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
Type 3 leukocyte adhesion deficiency (integrin activation defect).
Specific granule deficiency.
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.
Neutrophil actin dysfunction.
Glycogen storage disease type 1B.
Extrinsic or secondary defects of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration
Defective neutrophil chemotaxis associated with serum inhibitors of cell function.
Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome.
Other secondary or poorly defined disorders of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration.
Defects in phagocyte microbicidal activity.
Chronic granulomatous disease.
Deficiencies of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione synthetase.
Myeloperoxidase deficiency.
Important Examples of Secondary Immunodeficiency (Excluding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection)
Asplenia
Sickle-Cell Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Ciliary Dyskinesia
Evaluation for Immunodeficiency in the Child With Recurrent or Severe Infections
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Studies
Prevention of Infection
Prospects for Correction of Serious Primary Immunodeficiencies
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 3: Host Response to Infections
Introduction
Host Responses for Improving the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Genomics
Basics of the Genomics Approach
Genomics in Infectious Diseases
Epigenetics
Basics of the Epigenetics Approach
Epigenetics in Infectious Diseases
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
Transcriptomics
Basics of the Transcriptomics Approach
Microarray Analyses
RNA Seq
Use of Transcriptomics in Infectious Diseases
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Human Studies
Areas for Improved Diagnosis in Pediatrics
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI)/Pneumonia
Febrile Infant Without a Source
Differentiating Infection Versus Colonization
Proteomics
Basics of the Proteomics Approach
Protein Separation Strategies
Nonprotein Separation Strategies
Proteomics in Infectious Diseases
In Vitro Studies
Human Studies
C-Reactive Protein
Procalcitonin
Metabolomics
Basics of the Metabolomic Approach
Metabolomics in Infectious Diseases
In Vitro and Animal Model Studies
Human Studies
Future Perspectives
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 4: Fever: Pathogenesis and Treatment
Normal Body Temperature
Thermoregulation
Pathogenesis of Fever
Effects of Fever
Adverse Effects
Beneficial Effects
Clinical Thermometry
Types of Thermometers
Measurement Site
Treatment
Indications
Antipyretics
External Cooling
Summary
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 5: The Human Microbiome
Introduction
Development in Early Life Through Childhood
Impact of Environmental Factors: Diet and Medications
Body Metabolism and Immunity
Microbiome at Different Body Sites
Airway and Respiratory Tract Microbiome
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Skin and Vaginal Microbiomes
Summary
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 6: Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Infectious Diseases
Epidemiologic Studies
Design of Studies
Overview and Definitions
Elements of an Analytic Study
Types of Studies
Experimental Studies
Observational Studies
Cohort studies.
Case-control studies.
Cross-sectional studies.
Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies
Cohort Studies
Case-Control and Cross-Sectional Studies
Summary Statistics
Continuous Variables
Categorical Variables
Bias
Causes of Disease
Historical Perspectives
General Concepts
Factors Related to the Infectious Agent
Intrinsic Properties
Epidemiologic Properties Relating to the Host
Infectivity.
Pathogenicity.
Virulence.
Immunogenicity.
Factors Related to Relationship Between Infectious Agent and Host
Reservoirs of infectious agents.
Mechanisms of transmission.
Factors Related to the Host
Biologic Factors
Age
Sex, Race, and Ethnicity
General Health Status
Immunity and Immune Response
Human Behavior
Factors Related to the Environment
Geographic and Geologic Factors
Climate
Socioeconomic Conditions
Occurrence of Disease in Populations
Infection and Disease in the Individual
Infection and Disease in Populations
Sources of information.
Relating infection and disease to personal characteristics.
Relative usefulness and importance of characteristics.
Age patterns.
Age adjustment of rates.
Sex patterns.
Ethnic or racial patterns.
Disease patterns in kinships.
Family episodes of infection and disease.
Socioeconomic patterns.
Relating Infection and Disease to Place
Global variation.
Local patterns of infection and disease.
Temporal Patterns of Infection and Disease
Definitions.
Time clusters.
Short-term patterns
Epidemics.
Seasonal and cyclic variations.
Long-term trends.
Emerging infections.
Biostatistics
Statistical Significance
Hypothesis Testing
Type I Error, Type II Error, and Statistical Power
Multiple Comparisons
Tests of Statistical Significance
Continuous Variables
Categorical Values
Confidence Intervals
Adjustment for Potential Confounding Variables
Meta-Analysis
Diagnostic Tests
What Is Normal?
Accuracy of a Diagnostic Test
Predictive Value of a Diagnostic Test
Assessment of the Protective Efficacy of a Vaccine (or of Any Intervention)
Clinical Trials
Observational Cohort Studies
Case-Control Studies
Quality Improvement
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Part II: Infection of Specific Organ Systems
Section 1: Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Chapter 7: The Common Cold
History
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 8: Infections of the Oral Cavity
Microbiologic Considerations in Dental Infections
Normal Flora
Pathogenic Organisms
Anatomic Considerations
Treatment of Odontogenic Infections
General Therapeutic Principles
Nursing Bottle Caries
Periapical Abscess
Periodontal Infections
Pericoronitis
Oral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children
Oral Care of Children With Cancer
Complications of Odontogenic Infections
Fascial Space Infections
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Odontogenic Sinusitis
Buccal and Periorbital Cellulitis
Orbital and Intracranial Complications
Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Children
Predisposing Factors
Microbiology
Clinical Findings
Suppurative Osteomyelitis
Infantile Osteomyelitis
Garré Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
Intraoral and Perioral Piercings
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 9: Pharyngitis (Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Tonsillopharyngitis, and Nasopharyngitis)
History
Nasopharyngitis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, and Tonsillopharyngitis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
General
Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Adenitis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 10: Uvulitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 11: Peritonsillar, Retropharyngeal, and Parapharyngeal Abscesses
Keywords
Epidemiology of Head and Neck Space Infections in Children
Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Retropharyngeal Abscess (Posterior Visceral Space, Retrovisceral Space, and Retroesophageal Space Abscesses)
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Parapharyngeal Abscess (Pterygomaxillary, Pharyngomaxillary, Lateral, and Pharyngeal Space Abscesses)
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Microbiology of Deep Neck Abscesses
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 12: Cervical Lymphadenitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 13: Parotitis
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Parotid Enlargement
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
New Reference Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 14: Rhinosinusitis
Keywords
History
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute and Subacute Sinusitis
Chronic and Recurrent Sinusitis
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 15: Otitis Externa
Epidemiology
Normal Anatomy
Protective Mechanisms of the External Ear
Normal Bacterial Flora
Acute Otitis Externa
History and Physical Examination
Pathogens in Acute Otitis Externa
Management of Acute Otitis Externa
Chronic Otitis Externa
Otomycosis
Necrotizing Otitis Externa
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 16: Otitis Media
Incidence and Epidemiology of Acute Otitis Media
Risk Factors
Microbiology of Acute Otitis Media in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era
Etiology in Neonates
Pathophysiology
Tympanic Membrane
Eustachian Tube
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations of AOM
Diagnostic Signs of Acute Otitis Media
Examination of the Ear
Otoscopy
Tympanometry
Acoustic Reflectometry
Audiometric Testing
Tympanocentesis and Myringotomy
Radiography
Management of Acute Otitis Media
Tympanocentesis as Treatment
Watchful Waiting
Pain Management
Duration of Treatment
Treatment in the Penicillin-Allergic Child
Management of Otitis Media With Effusion
Biofilms
Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
Immunology
Prevention
Advising Parents
Vaccinations to Prevent Acute Otitis Media
Pneumococcal Vaccines
Influenza Virus Vaccines
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine
Complications and Sequelae
Hearing Loss
Mastoiditis
Petrositis
Labyrinthitis
Meningitis
Facial Paralysis
Other Suppurative Complications
Vestibular Dysfunction
Effects of Otitis Media on Development of the Child
Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane and Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Cholesteatoma
Adhesive Otitis Media
Tympanosclerosis and Tympanic Atrophy
Surgical Options
Myringotomy and Tympanocentesis
Myringotomy, Tympanostomy Tubes, and Adenoidectomy
Importance of Official Guidelines for Management of Middle Ear Disease
Randomized Controlled Trials
Otitis Media With Effusion
Guidelines: Myringotomy, M&T, and Adenoidectomy for Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion
Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
Guidelines: Myringotomy and Tympanostomy Tube Placement for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
Tympanostomy Tube Placement and Physiologic Functions of the Eustachian Tube
Other Indications for Placement of Tympanostomy Tubes
When Should Tympanostomy Tubes Be Removed?
Complications and Sequelae
Other Surgical Procedures
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 17: Mastoiditis
Keywords:
History
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Microbiology
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 18: Croup (Laryngitis, Laryngotracheitis, Spasmodic Croup, Laryngotracheobronchitis, Bacterial Tracheitis and Laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis) and Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis)
Keywords
Historical Aspects
Terminology
Etiology of Croup Syndromes
Etiology of Supraglottitis
Epidemiology of Croup
Epidemiology of Supraglottitis
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Croup
Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Supraglottitis
Clinical Presentation
Acute Laryngitis
Acute Laryngotracheitis
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis and Laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis (Bacterial Tracheitis)
Spasmodic Croup
Supraglottitis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis in Croup Syndromes
Specific Diagnosis in Supraglottitis
Treatment of Croup
Acute Laryngotracheitis and Spasmodic Croup
Laryngotracheobronchitis and Laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis (Bacterial Tracheitis)
Laryngitis
Treatment of Supraglottitis
Securing the Airway
Antibiotics
Other Supportive Measures
Prognosis
Prevention of Croup
Prevention of Epiglottitis Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type B
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 2: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Chapter 19: Acute Bronchitis
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis and Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 20: Chronic Bronchitis
Differential Diagnosis
Asthma
Acute Infections
Cystic Fibrosis
Ciliary Dyskinesia
Primary Immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency (Including HIV Infection)
Airway Blockage
Noxious Agents
Epidemiology and Etiology
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 21: Bronchiolitis and Infectious Asthma
Definitions
History
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Complications and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 22: Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Etiology
Viral Pathogen
Bacterial Pathogens
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Outpatient Setting
Inpatient Setting
Management
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 23: Empyema and Lung Abscess
Empyema
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Microbiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation
Imaging
Pleural Fluid Analysis
Additional Diagnostic Studies
Management
Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome
Lung Abscess
Pathophysiology
Microbiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Additional Complications
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 24: Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Classification
Postinfectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Organizing Pneumonia
Infections
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Toxic Inhalation
Eosinophilic Pneumonias
Pulmonary Vasculitis Syndromes
Collagen-Vascular Diseases
Sarcoidosis
Drug Hypersensitivity
Nonspecific Lymphoproliferation
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Evaluation
High-Resolution Computed Tomography
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Lung Biopsy
Treatment
Outcome
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Outcome
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 25: Cystic Fibrosis
Keywords
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Specific Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens
Viral Pathogens
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia Complex
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
Anaerobic Bacteria
Fungal Species
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Treatment of Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus
Early Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Early Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Treatment of Pulmonary Exacerbations
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Burkholderia cepacia Complex
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Long-Term Suppressive Therapy
Inhaled Antibiotics
Macrolide Antibiotics
Lung Transplantation
Antiinflammatory Therapy
CFTR Modulators
Prevention
Immunizations
Infection Control Precautions
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 3: Infections of the Heart
Chapter 26: Infective Endocarditis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Microbiology
Streptococci
Staphylococci
Gram-Negative Organisms
Gram-Positive Bacilli
Other Organisms
Fungi
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 27: Infectious Pericarditis
Anatomy and Function
Bacterial Pericarditis
Population and Incidence
Etiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Viral Pericarditis
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Investigative Techniques
Course and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 28: Myocarditis
Epidemiology
Etiologies
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Chest Radiography
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiography and Cardiac MRI
Endomyocardial Biopsy
Molecular Diagnostic Studies
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Virologic and Bacteriologic Studies
Serum Biomarkers
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Standard Approaches
Immune-Modulating Agents
Prognosis
Myocarditis in Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Parasitic Myocarditis
Chagas Disease
Other Parasitic Causes of Myocarditis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 29: Acute Rheumatic Fever
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Vaccine Development
Rheumatic Fever in Developing Countries
Pathology
Clinical Course
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Cardiac Surgery
Prognosis
Prevention
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 30: Mediastinitis
Acute Mediastinitis
Mediastinitis Due to Esophageal Perforation
Mediastinitis Due to Extension of Infection From Adjacent Structures
Postoperative Mediastinitis
Chronic Mediastinitis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 4: Central Nervous System Infections
Chapter 31: Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period
Incidence and Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Epidemiology of Meningococcal Meningitis
Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
Pathophysiology
Organisms Encountered
Routes of Infection
Pathogenesis
Mucosal Colonization
Bacteremia
Bacterial Traversal of the Blood-Brain Barrier
BBB Dysfunction and Intracranial Inflammation
Neuronal Injury
Factors Predisposing the Host to Bacterial Meningitis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiologic Relationships
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antimicrobial Therapy
Adjunctive Therapy
Antiinflammatory Therapy
Corticosteroids
Glycerol
Supportive Care
Prognosis and Sequelae
Prevention
Pneumococcal Infection
Chemoprophylaxis
Immunoprophylaxis
Meningococcal Infection
Chemoprophylaxis
Immunoprophylaxis
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
Chemoprophylaxis
Immunoprophylaxis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 32: Parameningeal Infections
Brain Abscess
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Rupture of Brain Abscess Into the Ventricular System
Laboratory Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Adjunctive Agents
Subdural Empyema
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidural Abscess
Spinal Epidural Infections
Sources of Infection
Clinical Manifestations
Phase 1: Spinal Ache
Phase 2: Root Pain
Phases 3 and 4: Weakness and Paralysis
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 33: Fungal Meningitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Infection With Specific Organisms
Candidal Meningitis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Aspergillosis
Sporotrichosis
Mucormycosis
Other Fungal Infections
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 34: Eosinophilic Meningitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Course and Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 35: Aseptic Meningitis and Viral Meningitis
History
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Enteroviruses
Aseptic Meningitis Caused by Other Agents
Recurrent Aseptic Meningitis (Mollaret Meningitis)
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 36: Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis
History
Etiology
Viruses
Enteroviruses and Human Parechoviruses
Herpesviruses
Arboviruses
Vaccine-Preventable Viruses
Rare and/or Newly Emerging Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites and Free-Living Amoebae
Fungi
Other Putative Agents of Encephalitis
Postimmunization Encephalitis
Postinfectious Encephalitis
Chronic Encephalitic or Encephalopathic Illnesses
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation of a Patient With Encephalopathy or Possible Encephalitis
Neuroimaging
Electroencephalography
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 37: Parainfectious and Postinfectious Disorders of the Nervous System
Chapter 37A: Parainfectious and Postinfectious Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical Variants
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Role of Infection
Role of Immunization
Immunologic Factors
Pathogenesis
Clinical Evaluation
Treatment
Outcome and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 37B: Infection-Associated Myelitis and Myelopathies of the Spinal Cord
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Diagnostic Criteria
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Radiologic Features
Lumbar Puncture
Differential Diagnosis
Conditions That Mimic Acute Transverse Myelitis
Extramedullary Lesions
Intramedullary Lesions
Peripheral Lesions
Disease-Associated Acute Transverse Myelitis
Role of Infections in Transverse Myelitis
Infectious Myelopathies
Postinfectious Acute Transverse Myelitis
Role of the Immune System in Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis
Treatment
Outcome and Prognosis
Recurrences
Disability
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 37C: Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Subtypes
Differential Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Evaluation
Treatment
Outcome and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 5: Genitourinary Tract Infections
Chapter 38: Urethritis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Noninfectious
Infectious
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 39: Cystitis and Pyelonephritis
Epidemiology
Risk for Urinary Tract Infection
Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection
Uncircumcised Boys
Dysfunctional Voiding
Constipation
Sexual Activity
Catheters
Pathogenesis
Bacteriology
Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Physical Examination
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious
Noninfectious
Diagnosis
Collection of a Urine Specimen
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection
Microscopy
Urine Dipsticks
Determining the Site of Infection
Imaging
Renal Ultrasonography
Renal Scintigraphy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Voiding Cystourethrography
Computed Tomography
Treatment
Antibiotics for Treatment of Acute Infection
Corticosteroids
Dysfunctional Voiding
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Epidemiology
Natural History
Management
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
Surgery
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 40: Renal Abscess
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Considerations
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 41: Prostatitis
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 42: Genital Infections
General Approach to Evaluation of Prepubertal Child
Normal Vaginal Flora
Lower Genital Tract Infections
Vulvovaginitis
Prepubertal
Postpubertal
Nonspecific Vulvovaginitis
Prepubertal.
Vulvovaginitis secondary to poor perineal hygiene.
Vulvovaginitis secondary to intestinal parasites.
Vulvovaginitis secondary to vaginal foreign bodies.
Specific Non–Sexually Transmitted Vulvovaginitis
Vulvovaginitis secondary to respiratory pathogens
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) vulvovaginitis.
Vulvovaginitis secondary to other nasopharyngeal bacteria.
Vulvovaginitis secondary to specific enteric pathogens.
Vulvovaginitis secondary to skin infections.
Mycotic (fungal) vulvovaginitis
Prepubertal.
Postpubertal.
Diagnosis.
Treatment.
Specific Sexually Transmitted Vulvovaginitis
Gonorrhea
Prepubertal
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chlamydia
Prepubertal
Diagnosis
Treatment
Trichomoniasis
Prepubertal
Postpubertal
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bacterial Vaginosis
Prepubertal
Postpubertal
Diagnosis
Treatment
Infections of the Clitoris
Urethritis
Bartholinitis and Bartholin Abscess
Vulvovaginal Lesions, Ulcerations, and Granulomatous Infections
Human Papillomavirus and Genital Warts
Prepubertal
Postpubertal
Diagnosis
Treatment
Molluscum Contagiosum
Ulcerations and Granulomatous Infections
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Cervicitis
Prepubertal
Postpubertal
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Upper Genital Tract Infections
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Endometritis
Salpingitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Perihepatitis
Tubo-ovarian Abscess
Oophoritis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 6: Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Chapter 43: Esophagitis
Pathophysiology and Causative Organisms
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Barium Esophagography
Esophagoscopy
Prevention
Treatment
Candida Esophagitis
Other Causes of Fungal Esophagitis
Viral Esophagitis
Bacterial Esophagitis
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 44: Approach to Patients With Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning
Epidemiology
Epidemiologic Categories of Diarrhea
Diarrhea Acquired in Institutional Centers: Childcare Centers
Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhea
Diarrhea in Immunosuppressed Host
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Food- and Waterborne Diseases: Food Poisoning
Foodborne disease due to bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Food poisoning by chemicals.
Prevention of foodborne disease.
Waterborne disease.
Clinical Classification of Diarrhea Episodes
Organisms That Cause Diarrhea
Viruses
Rotaviruses
Noroviruses
Astroviruses
Enteric Adenoviruses
Bacteria
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
Shiga toxin–producing E. coli.
Enteropathogenic E. coli.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Enteroinvasive E. coli.
Enteroaggregative E. coli.
Diffusely adherent E. coli.
Adherent invasive E. coli.
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yersinia enterocolitica
Aeromonas hydrophila
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
Listeria monocytogenes
Parasites
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia intestinalis
Cryptosporidium
Isospora belli
Cyclospora
Microsporidia
Strongyloides stercoralis
Diagnosis
Macroscopic Stool Examination
Microscopic Examination
Fecal Leukocytes
Ova and Parasites
Special Stains for Coccidia
Stool Cultures
Immunologic Methods
Molecular Methods
Treatment
Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
Nutritional Management
Antimicrobial Therapy
Therapy for Dysentery
Shigella
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Shiga Toxin–Producing E. coli
Therapy for Other Bacterial Agents
Diarrheagenic E. coli
Cholera
Therapy for Intestinal Parasites
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Microsporidia
Strongyloides
Additional Therapy
Zinc
Probiotics
Antisecretory Agents
Antiemetics
Prevention
Vaccines
Rotavirus Vaccine
Vaccines for Other Enteric Viruses
Vaccines for Enteric Bacteria
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 45: Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
History
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 46: Whipple Disease
History
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Acute Infection
Gastroenteritis
Bacteremia
Pneumonia
“Classic” Whipple Disease
Gastrointestinal Tract
Joints
Central Nervous System
Eye
Skin
Heart
Skeletal Muscle
Lymph Nodes and Spleen
Lungs
Kidney
Blood
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 7: Liver Diseases
Chapter 47: Hepatitis
History
Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation
Patient History
Physical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Infectious Causes
Viruses
Hepatitis Viruses
Hepatitis A virus.
Hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis C virus.
Hepatitis D virus.
Hepatitis E virus.
Herpesviruses
Herpes simplex virus.
Varicella-zoster virus.
Cytomegalovirus.
Epstein-Barr virus.
Human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8.
Herpes B virus.
Adenoviruses
Erythroviruses: Human Parvovirus B19
Enteroviruses
Measles Virus
Rubella Virus
Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Bacteria
Spirochetes
Rickettsiae
Parasites and Fungi
Noninfectious Causes
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 48: Cholangitis and Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Complications of Cholangitis
Specific Populations and Cholangitis
Cholangitis and Biliary Atresia
Cholangitis After Liver Transplantation
Cholangitis in Immunocompromised Patients
Cholangitis in Association With Congenital Anatomic Abnormalities: Choledochal Cysts and Caroli Disease
Cholangitis After Endoscopic and Other Biliary Procedures
Cholecystitis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation
Management
Complications
Acalculous Cholecystitis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 49: Pyogenic Liver Abscess
Pathogenesis
Microbiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 50: Reye Syndrome
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings
Treatment and Prevention
New Reference Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 8: Other Intraabdominal Infections
Chapter 51: Appendicitis and Pelvic Abscess
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Microbiology
Bacteria
Parasites
Viruses
Fungi
Treatment
Nonperforated Appendicitis
Perforated Appendicitis
Prognosis and Complications
Pelvic Abscess
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 52: Pancreatitis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Causes
Infectious Causes
Viral Infections
Parasite Infestations and Infections
Mycoplasmal and Bacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Complications
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 53: Peritonitis and Intraabdominal Abscess
Peritonitis
Anatomy
Pathogenesis
Primary Peritonitis
Secondary Peritonitis
Peritonitis and Implanted Devices
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Intraabdominal Abscess
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
References
Chapter 54: Retroperitoneal Infections
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Microbiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 9: Musculoskeletal Infections
Chapter 55: Osteomyelitis
Introduction
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Pathogenesis
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Microbiology
Radiology
Plain radiographs.
Magnetic resonance imaging.
Radionuclide imaging.
Computed tomography.
Treatment of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Surgical Intervention
Antimicrobial Therapy
Special Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Brodie Abscess
Osteomyelitis in Patients After Closed Fractures
Epiphyseal and Apophyseal Osteomyelitis
Involvement of Nontubular Bones
Spinal Osteomyelitis
Diskitis
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Special Populations
Osteomyelitis in Newborns
Osteomyelitis in Children With Hemoglobinopathies
Osteomyelitis in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Osteomyelitis in Patients With Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Nonhematogenous Osteomyelitis
Puncture Wound Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis Caused by Spread of Infection From a Contiguous Focus
Orthopedic Fixator Devices
Unusual Microbial Causes of Osteomyelitis
Actinomyces
Brucella
Fungi
Chronic Osteomyelitis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 56: Septic Arthritis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Findings
Radiologic Findings
Laboratory Evaluation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Antibiotic Therapy
Prognosis
Special Problems
Neonatal Septic Arthritis
Fungal Arthritis
Joint Infections During Rheumatologic Disease
Reactive Arthritis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 57: Bacterial Myositis and Pyomyositis
Pyomyositis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment in the United States and India
Acute Bacterial Myositis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and the Eagle Effect
Miscellaneous Causes of Myositis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 10: Skin Infections
Chapter 58: Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Infections
History
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Pathology of Exanthems
Clinical Manifestations
Erythematous Macular Exanthems
Erythematous Maculopapular Exanthems
Vesicular Exanthems
Petechial and Purpuric Exanthems
Urticarial Exanthems
Papular, Nodular, and Ulcerative Lesions
Distinctive Clinical Features or Syndromes
Erythema Multiforme
Erythema Nodosum
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Syndrome
Roseola-like Illness
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever–like Illness
Exanthem and Meningitis
Exanthem and Pulmonary Involvement
Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome (Papular Acrodermatitis)
Cutaneous Manifestations Associated With Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 59: Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum)
History
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 60: Skin Infections
Chapter 60A: Bacterial Skin Infections
Normal Skin
Anatomy
Flora
Cutaneous Infection and Dermatologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Impetigo
Nonbullous or Simple Superficial Impetigo
Bullous Impetigo
Treatment of Impetigo
Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis
Blistering Distal Dactylitis
Erysipelas
Ecthyma
Folliculitis, Furunculosis, and Carbuncles
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Cellulitis
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Contaminated Wounds
Human Bites
Animal Bites
Soil-Contaminated and Water-Contaminated Wounds
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 60B: Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
Viral Infections
Warts
Molluscum Contagiosum
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Parvovirus B19 Infections
Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome (Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood)
Asymmetric Periflexural Viral Exanthem
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Syndrome
Herpes Simplex Virus
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Fungal Infections
Superficial Fungal Infections
Dermatophyte Infections
Tinea capitis.
Tinea corporis.
Tinea faciei.
Tinea pedis.
Tinea cruris.
Tinea unguium.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Candida
Malassezia
Chromoblastomycosis
Tinea Nigra
Trichosporonosis
Deep Fungal Infections
Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Fusariosis
Histoplasmosis
Mucormycosis
Sporotrichosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 11: Ocular Infectious Diseases
Chapter 61: Ocular Infections
Infections of the Eyelids
Anterior Eyelid Infection
Staphylococcal Blepharitis
Molluscum Contagiosum Infection
Parasitic Eyelid Disease
Phthirus pubis Infestation
Demodex Infection
Posterior Eyelid Infection
Hordeolum
Chalazion
Dacryoadenitis
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Dacryocystitis
Preseptal (Periorbital) Cellulitis
Posttraumatic Preseptal Cellulitis
Nontraumatic Preseptal Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
Conjunctival Infections
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Mild Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Severe Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Viral Conjunctivitis
Adenoviral Conjunctivitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis and Complex Forms
External Ocular Infections With Varicella-Zoster Virus
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis and Trachoma
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Keratitis: Corneal Inflammation
Isolated Epithelial Keratitis
Stromal Keratitis
Bacterial Keratitis
Fungal Keratitis
Protozoan Keratitis
Infections Primarily Involving the Uvea
Epidemiology
Viral Uveitis
Herpes Simplex Virus
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Enteroviruses
Rubella Virus
Mumps Virus
Measles Virus
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Parvovirus Infection
Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Infection
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection
Viruses
Rift Valley fever virus.
Herpes B virus.
Influenza A virus.
West Nile virus.
Zika virus.
Chikungunya virus.
Bacterial Uveitis
Syphilis
Lyme Disease
Leptospirosis
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Brucella Infection
Cat-Scratch Disease
Fungal Uveitis
Histoplasmosis
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Sporotrichosis
Protozoal Uveitis
Leishmaniasis
Protozoal Infection
Amebiasis.
Trypanosomiasis.
Malaria.
Giardiasis.
Helminthic Uveitis
Toxocariasis
Onchocerciasis
Loiasis
Cysticercosis
Rare Causes of Parasitic Posterior Uveitis in Children
Schistosomiasis.
Hydatid disease.
Coenurosis.
Ascaris.
Baylisascaris.
Gnathostoma spinigerum.
Wuchereria bancrofti.
Trichinosis.
Rickettsial disease.
Typhus.
Spotted fever.
Q fever.
Trench fever.
Uveitis Caused by Insect-Induced Disease
Postinfectious Uveitis
Infections Involving Primarily the Retina
Eye Manifestations of Intrauterine Infections (TORCHES Complex)
Toxoplasmosis
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection
Rubella Infection
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection
Syphilis
Endophthalmitis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 12: Systemic Infectious Diseases
Chapter 62: Bacteremia and Septic Shock
Pathophysiology
Endotoxin Shock in Animals
Endotoxin Shock in Humans
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment
Investigative Therapies
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 63: Fever Without Source and Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever Without Source
Occult Bacteremia
Clinical Management of Fever Without Source
Fever of Unknown Origin
Diagnostic Approach to a Child With Fever of Unknown Origin
Clinical Evaluation
Laboratory Evaluation
Infectious Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin
Generalized Infections
Brucellosis.
Cat-scratch disease.
Leptospirosis.
Toxoplasmosis.
Malaria.
Salmonellosis.
Tuberculosis.
Tularemia.
Viral infections.
Immunodeficiency.
Localized Infections
Bacterial endocarditis.
Bone and joint infections.
Intraabdominal abscesses.
Liver abscess and other hepatic infections.
Upper respiratory tract infections.
Noninfectious Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin
Central Nervous System Dysfunction
Diabetes Insipidus
Drug Fever
Factitious Fever
Familial Dysautonomia
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
Juvenile Idiopathic (Rheumatoid) Arthritis
Periodic Fevers
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 64: Toxic Shock Syndrome
Epidemiology
Surveillance and Incidence
Risk Factors for Toxic Shock Syndrome
Colonization With Exotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus Aureus
Absence of Protective Antibody Levels
Interruption of Skin or Mucosal Surface
Presence of a Foreign Body
Other Potential Risk Factors
Histopathology
Clinical Spectrum
Acute Phase
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Location and drainage of the infected site.
Identification and susceptibility testing of the organism.
Administration of antimicrobial agents.
Management of systemic multiorgan actions of the toxins or mediators
Fluid replacement.
Intravenous immunoglobulin and toxin inhibition.
Corticosteroids.
Subacute Phase
Outcome and Sequelae
Recurrences
Atypical Manifestations
Mild Disease
Recalcitrant Erythematous Desquamating Disorder
Neonatal Toxic Shock Syndrome–like Exanthematous Disease
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention and Prophylaxis
References
Chapter 65: Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Definition
Pathology and Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Mortality
Treatment
Pulmonary Management
Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
Permissive Hypoxemia and Permissive Hypercapnia
Adjunctive Therapies
Corticosteroids
Inhaled Nitric Oxide
Surfactant Replacement
Nonpulmonary Supportive Management
Fluid Balance
Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockade
Nutrition
Patient Isolation
Rescue Therapies
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 13: Infections of the Fetus and Newborn
Chapter 66: Approach to Infections in the Fetus and Newborn
Viral Infections of the Fetus and Neonate
Pathogenesis
Congenital Viral Infections
Natal or Perinatal Viral Infections
Postnatal Viral Infections
Approach to Diagnosis
Evaluation of the Mother
Clinical Features in Fetus and Newborn
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Bacterial Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Neonatal Sepsis
Bacterial Meningitis
Otitis Media
Diarrheal Disease
Urinary Tract Infections
Suppurative Arthritis and Osteomyelitis
Conjunctivitis and Orbital Cellulitis
Funisitis and Omphalitis
Breast Abscess
Suppurative Parotitis
Scalp Abscess
Pneumonia
Yeast and Fungal Infections of the Fetus and Neonate
Neonatal Candidiasis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Invasive Yeasts Other Than Candida
Invasive Fungal Diseases
Congenital and Perinatal Transmission
Acquired Invasive Fungal Disease
Aspergillus.
Zygomycetes (Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Rhizomucor).
Treatment
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma Infections in the Neonate
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 14: Infections of the Compromised Host
Chapter 67: Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Initial Evaluation for Suspected Immunodeficiency
Medical History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Tests
Evaluation of Humoral Immunity
Evaluation of T-Cell–Mediated Immunity
Evaluation of the Complement System
Evaluation of Phagocyte Function
Genetic Testing
Neonatal Screening for T-Cell Deficiencies
Management
Selected Primary Antibody Deficiencies
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Immunoglobulin Deficiency With Increased IgM
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
IgA Deficiency
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
IgG Subclass “Deficiency”
Selected Primary Combined Immune Deficiencies
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
DiGeorge Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Primary Complement Deficiencies
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Primary Phagocyte Deficiencies
Quantitative Phagocyte Abnormalities
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Other Primary Phagocyte Deficiencies
Other Innate Immunity Deficiency Diseases
Associations Between Specific Pathogens and PIDDs
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 68: The Febrile Neutropenic Patient
Epidemiology of Fever and Neutropenia
Bacterial Pathogens
Fungal Pathogens
Viral Pathogens
Fever and Neutropenia of Unknown Origin
Risk Stratification
Risk Stratification at Initial Presentation
Risk Stratification for Invasive Fungal Disease
History and Physical Exam
Initial Diagnostic Evaluation
Initial Therapy for Fever and Neutropenia
Diagnostic Evaluation for Persistent Fever and Neutropenia
Therapeutic Adjustments for Prolonged Fever and Neutropenia
Adjustment of Empiric Antibiotic Therapy
Initiation of Antifungal Therapy
Prevention Measures
Antibacterial Prophylaxis
Antifungal Prophylaxis
Hospital Infection Control Practices
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 69: Opportunistic Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Epidemiology
Phase I: Preengraftment (<30 Days)
Phase II: Early Postengraftment (30 to 100 Days)
Phase III: Late Postengraftment (>100 Days)
Major Types of Opportunistic Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Bacterial
Classic Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Clostridium difficile
Encapsulated Organisms
Mycobacteria
Fungal
Candida
Aspergillus
Rare Fungi
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Viral
Herpes Family Viruses
Herpes simplex virus.
Cytomegalovirus.
Epstein-barr virus.
Varicella zoster virus.
Human herpesvirus–6.
Other Double-Stranded DNA Viruses
Adenovirus.
Human polyomavirus type I.
Respiratory Viruses
Influenza.
Respiratory syncytial virus.
Other Respiratory Viruses
Enteric Viruses
Protozoa
Toxoplasma gondii
Strongyloides stercoralis
Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis
Vaccinations After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 70: Infections in Pediatric Heart Transplantation
Pretransplantation Evaluation
Surgical Prophylactic Antibiotics
Immediate Postoperative Infections
Common Infections
Sternal Wounds and Mediastinitis
Other Infections Encountered During the First Postoperative Month
Herpes Simplex
Legionella pneumophila
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Infections Between the First and Sixth Postoperative Months
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Toxoplasma gondii
Aspergillus fumigatus
Infections After the Sixth Postoperative Month
Nocardia asteroides
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Other Viruses
Immunosuppressive Agents and Antibiotics
Immunizations
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 71: Infections in Pediatric Lung Transplantation
Immunosuppression and Timing of Infection
Overview of Infections and Antibiotic Use in Solid-Organ Transplantation
Sites of Infection
Thoracic Cavity: Respiratory Tract Infections, Including Pneumonia and Anastomotic Site Infections
Bloodstream Infections
Selected Pathogens
Bacteria
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Burkholderia Cepacia Complex
Multidrug-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Organisms
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Aspergillus
Candida
Cryptococcus Neoformans and Gattii
Pneumocystis Jiroveci (Formerly P. Carinii)
Endemic Mycoses
Emerging Fungi
Viral Infections
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus/Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Other Herpesviruses: Herpes Simplex Viruses Types 1 and 2, Varicella-Zoster Virus, Human Herpesviruses Types 6, 7, and 8
Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, Influenza, and Adenovirus
Donor-Derived and Zoonotic Infections: Rabies, West Nile Virus, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, and Bordetella
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 72: Opportunistic Infections in Liver and Intestinal Transplantation
Predisposing Factors
Pretransplant Factors
Intraoperative Factors
Posttransplant Factors
Timing of Infections
Early Infections (0 to 30 Days)
Intermediate Period (31 to 180 Days)
Late Infections (Greater Than 180 Days)
Infections Occurring Throughout the Postoperative Course
Bacterial and Fungal Infections
Liver Transplantation
Intestinal Transplantation
Viral Infections
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Other Herpesviruses
Adenovirus
Common Community-Acquired Viruses
Other Viruses
Opportunistic Infections
Management
Pretransplant Evaluation
Prophylactic Regimens
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 73: Opportunistic Infections in Kidney Transplantation
Pretransplant Evaluation
Posttransplant Infectious Complications
Infections Occurring During the Early Posttransplant Period
Wound Infections
Urinary Tract Infections
Pneumonia
Bacteremia, Fungemia, and Sepsis
Other Bacterial Diseases
Viral Infections
Herpes simplex virus.
Other viruses.
Noninfectious Causes of Fever
Infections Occurring During the Middle Posttransplant Period
Herpesviruses
Cytomegalovirus.
Epstein-barr virus.
Varicella zoster virus.
Human herpesviruses types 6, 7, and 8.
Polyomaviruses and Papillomaviruses
Polyomaviruses.
Papillomaviruses.
Adenoviruses
Human Erythrovirus (Parvovirus B19)
West Nile Virus
Zika Virus
Mycoplasma
Bacterial and Mycobacterial Diseases
Nocardia
Fungal Diseases
Parasitic Infections
Infections Occurring During the Late Posttransplant Period
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 74: Infections Related to Prosthetic or Artificial Devices
Interaction of the Host With a Prosthetic Device
Interaction of Microorganisms With a Prosthetic Device
Tissue Expanders
Cochlear Implants
Ocular Prostheses
Orbital Implants
Intraocular Lenses
Contact Lenses
Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Microbiology of Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuits
Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter- Defibrillator Infections
Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker Infections
Microbiology
Clinical and Laboratory Findings
Management and Treatment of Infection
Infection of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Microbiology
Management
Prosthetic Joint and Orthopedic Implant Infections
Risk Factors
Microbiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Prevention
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Intracranial Pressure Monitors
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Intrathecal Pump Infusion Devices
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 75: Infections Related to Craniofacial Surgical Procedures
Procedures and Infections
Microbiology
Preoperative Preparation, Intraoperative Irrigation, and Perioperative Antibiotic Therapy
Evaluation
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 76: Infections in Burn Patients
Burn Wound
Burn Wound Depth
Cytologic Findings
Local Tissue Changes
Burn Inflammation
Inhalation Injury
Inflammatory and Immune Responses in Burns
The Cytokine Response
Neutrophils
Complements
Macrophages
T Lymphocytes and Cell-Mediated Immunity
B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity
Burn Wound Microbiology
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites
Clinical Manifestations
Local Signs
Systemic Signs
Biomarkers of Infection and Sepsis
Complications of Infection
Microbiologic Investigations
Quantitative Burn Wound Cultures by Biopsy
Histologic Procedures
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Local and Systemic Viral Infection
Prevention and Treatment of Infection
Wound Dressing
Topical Antimicrobial Agents
Silver Sulfadiazine (Silvadene, SSD, Thermazene, Flamazine, Burnazine)
Cerium Nitrate–Silver Sulfadiazine (Flammacerium)
Silver Nitrate
Mafenide Acetate (Sulfamylon)
Membrane Dressings
Topical Antibiotics
Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat)
Sodium Hypochlorite (0.025% Heggers Solution)
Povidone-Iodine (Betadine)
Chlorhexidine
Citric Acid
Subeschar Antibiotics
Systemic Antiinfective Agents
Probiotics
Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant, Gram-Negative Bacteria
Treatment of Viral Infections
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Wound Excision and Grafting
Gut Support and Decontamination
Immunomodulators
Infection Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 15: Unclassified Infectious Diseases
Chapter 77: Kawasaki Disease
History
Epidemiology
Sources of Epidemiologic Data
Incidence Rates
Gender
Race or Ethnic Background
Age
Recurrent Kawasaki Disease
Family Cases
Epidemics and Outbreaks
Geography
Seasonality
Communicability
Other Risk Factors
Etiology
Genetic Susceptibility
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Relationship With Infantile Periarteritis Nodosa
Pathologic Features of Kawasaki Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical Phases of Illness
Incomplete or Atypical Kawasaki Disease
Laboratory Findings
Immunologic Findings
Management
Treatment During the Acute Stage
Initial Therapy
Adjunctive Primary Therapy
Rescue Therapy for IVIG Treatment Failures
Sequelae
Management Beyond the Acute Stage
Complications
Myocardial Infarction
Other Cardiovascular Complications
Peripheral Gangrene
Nonvascular Complications
Long-Term Follow-Up and Prognosis
Long-Term Management
Patients With No Evidence of Coronary Artery Abnormalities at Any Time (Risk Level I)
Patients With Dilation (z ≥2 but <2.5, or >1 Decrease in z During Follow-up; Risk Level II)
Patients With Small (≥ 2.5 to <5) Coronary Aneurysm in One or More Coronary Arteries (Risk Level III)
Patients With Medium Aneurysms (z-score ≥5 to <10, with Luminal Dimension <8 mm; Risk Level IV)
Patients With Large and Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysms (z-score ≥10 or ≥8 mm) and/or Obstructive Lesions (Risk Level V)
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 78: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease)
Historical Overview
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Infection
Immunologic Dysfunction
Genetic Components
Clinical Manifestations
Neurologic Factors
Endocrinologic Factors
Cardiovascular Factors
Sleep Physiology
Psychological Factors
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis and Future Directions
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Part III: Infections With Specific Microorganisms
Section 16: Bacterial Infections
Chapter 79: Nomenclature for Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection I: Gram-Positive Cocci
Chapter 80: Staphylococcus aureus Infections (Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci)
Structure
Capsule
Protein A
Extracellular Products
Hemolysins and Leukocidins
Enzymes
Epidermolytic Toxins
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Type 1
Enterotoxins
Staphylococcus aureus Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules
Regulation
Staphylococcal Small Colony Variants
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec
Typing Methods
Staphylococcus aureus Clones in the Hospital and in the Community
Genomes
Epidemiology
Host Defenses
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Management of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 81: Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Infections
Historical Background
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Bacteremia
Neonatal Bacteremia
Bacteremia in Immunocompromised Patients
Indwelling Medical Devices
Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections
Central Nervous System Shunts
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters
Prosthetic Valves
Other Indwelling Medical Devices
Native Valve Endocarditis
Surgical Site Infections
Urinary Tract Infections
Miscellaneous Infections
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 82: Group A, Group C, and Group G β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infections
Organism
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Streptococcal Upper Respiratory Tract Carrier State
Treatment
Prevention
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections
Proposed Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Arguments Against PANDAS
From PANDAS to PANS
Group C and Group G Streptococcal Infections
Organisms
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 83: Group B Streptococcal Infections
History
Microbiology
Isolation and Identification
Serologic Classification and Antigenic Structure
Extracellular Products
Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Maternal Colonization
Infant Colonization
Incidence of Disease
Risk Factors for Infant Disease
Capsular Polysaccharide Types Causing Disease
Pathogenesis
Maternal Factors
Bacterial Factors
Infant Host Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Early-Onset Disease
Late-Onset Disease
Late, Late-Onset Disease
Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis
Cellulitis/Adenitis
Other Manifestations
Recurrent Infections
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Empirical Treatment
Specific Treatment
Supportive Treatment
Adjunctive Treatment
Recurrent Infections
Prognosis
Prevention
Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Maternal Prophylaxis
Infant Chemoprophylaxis
Immunoprophylaxis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 84: Enterococcal and Viridans Streptococcal Infections
Chapter 84A: Enterococcal Infections
Enterococcal Infections
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Virulence
Clinical Manifestations
Urinary Tract Infection
Endocarditis
Bacteremia
Intraabdominal Infections
Meningitis
Neonatal Infections
Septic Arthritis
Diagnosis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance
Intrinsic Resistance
β-Lactam Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides
Other Antibiotics
Acquired Resistance
High-Level Resistance to Aminoglycosides
High-Level Resistance to β-Lactams and Production of β-Lactamase
Glycopeptide Resistance
Resistance to Other Antibiotics
Testing for Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococci
Therapy for Enterococcal Infections
Treatment of Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Susceptible Enterococci
Treatment of Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococci (Including Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci)
Newer Options for Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Infections
Prevention of Enterococcal Infections
Reversing the Trend Toward Vancomycin and Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci
Preventing and Controlling the Spread of Nosocomial Infection by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 84B: Viridans Streptococcal Infections
Viridans Streptococcal Infections
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Sepsis in Immunocompromised Hosts
Neonatal Sepsis, Meningitis, and Other Infections
Endocarditis
Pneumonia
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
Caries
Abscesses and Other Infections
Diagnosis
Antibiotic Susceptibility
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Viridans Streptococcal Infections
Chapter 85: Pneumococcal Infections
Relevance of Pneumococcal Disease to Child Health
Epidemiology
Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Infection
Demographic Features
Age.
Gender
Race/Ethnicity
Seasonality
Lack of Breastfeeding
Crowding
Immunocompromising Conditions
Congenital and Acquired Absence of Spleen or Splenic Function
Defective Antibody Formation
Neutropenia and Neutrophil Dysfunction
Genetic Variation in Mannose-Binding Lectin
Immunocompetent Conditions
Pneumococcal Serotype
Pathogenesis
Microbiology
Structure
Cell Wall Structure
Peptidoglycan
Lipoteichoic Acid
Teichoic Acid
Surface Proteins
Capsule
Genome
Virulence Factors
Capsule
Neuraminidases
Pneumolysin
Surface-Located Choline-Binding Proteins
Phase Variation
Phosphorylcholine Esterase
Pneumococcal Autolysin
Cell Wall Stem Peptides
Iron Transport
IgA Protease
Phosphoglucomutase
Free Oxygen Radicals
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Plus Hydrogen Oxidase
Pyruvate Oxidase
Plasminogen Binding and Penetration of the Basement Membrane
Hyaluronidase
Peptidoglycan N-Acetylglucosamine Deacetylase A
Phages
Tolerance
Respiratory Viral Infections
Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase (GlpQ)
Regulatory System 11
ftsY
spxB Mutations
Diagnostic Microbiology
Isolation
Identification
Detection of Clonality
Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Disease
Susceptibility Testing
Antibiotic Resistance
Resistance to Β-Lactam Drugs
Resistance to Non–Β-Lactam Drugs
Vancomycin Tolerance
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
Host Defenses
Anticapsular Serum IgG Antibody
Anticapsular IgA Antibody
Phagocytosis and Leukocyte IgG Receptors
Antibodies to Surface Proteins and Pneumolysin
Defense Mechanisms of the Spleen
Vitamin A
C-Reactive Protein
Platelet-Activating Factor Receptors of Airway Epithelial Cells
Cytokines
l-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Leukotrienes
Human Alveolar Macrophage Binding and Phagolysosomes
Intracellular Killing
Complement
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
Intracellular Signaling Pathways
Lactoferrin
Mannose-Binding Lectin
Ficolin-2
Clinical Syndromes
Bacteremia and “Occult” Bacteremia
Pneumococcal Sepsis With Purpura
Pneumococcal Meningitis
Pneumonia
Otitis Media
Mastoiditis
Sinusitis
Conjunctivitis
Bone and Joint Infections
Soft Tissue Infections
Peritonitis
Endocarditis
Pericarditis
Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts
Treatment
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Acute Otitis Media
Bacteremia
Meningitis
Prevention
Nonimmunologic Strategies
Immunoprophylaxis
Unconjugated Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccines
Conjugated Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccines
Conclusions
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 86: Miscellaneous Gram-Positive Cocci
Leuconostoc Species
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pediococcus Species
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Treatment
Aerococcus Species
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection II: Gram-Negative Cocci
Chapter 87: Moraxella catarrhalis
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
References
Chapter 88: Meningococcal Disease
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology in the United States
International Epidemiology
Colonization and Carriage
Risk Factors for Invasive Disease
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
Meningococcemia and Meningitis
Chronic Meningococcemia
Meningococcal Pneumonia
Other Meningococcal Syndromes
Conjunctivitis
Pharyngitis
Arthritis
Pericarditis and Myocarditis
Miscellaneous Meningococcal Infections
Prognosis, Morbidity, and Mortality
Diagnosis
Treatment
Experimental and Adjunctive Therapies
Control and Prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Outbreaks
Meningococcal Vaccines
Meningococcal Vaccines in the United States
Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines.
Recombinant MenB vaccines.
US recommendations for use of meningococcal vaccines.
Meningococcal Vaccines Outside the United States
Meningococcal A vaccine.
Meningococcal B vaccines.
Meningococcal C vaccines.
Future for Meningococcal Vaccines
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 89: Gonococcal Infections
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Culture and Speciation From Clinical Specimens
Genetic Characteristics
Strain Typing
Pathogenesis
Invasion of Mucosal Epithelial Cells
Resistance to Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing
Specific Virulence Factors
Pili
Opacity-Associated Proteins
Porin Protein
Iron Metabolism
Immunoglobulin A Protease
Lipo-Oligosaccharide
Cell Wall Peptidoglycan and Lytic Transglycosylases
Reduction Modifiable Protein
Ribosomal Protein L12
Type IV Secretion System
Characteristics of Strains Causing Disseminated Disease
Host Response
Perinatal Gonococcal Infections
Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Epidemiology
Prevention
Silver Nitrate and Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Clinical Features
Gonococcal Scalp Abscess and Other Local Infections
Systemic Disease in the Neonate
Gonococcal Disease Beyond the Neonatal Period
Lower Genital Tract Infection in Prepubertal Girls
Lower Genital Tract Infection in Postmenarchal Females
Upper Genital Tract Infection in Postmenarchal Females
Genital Tract Infection in Males
Disseminated Disease
Anorectal Gonorrhea
Pharyngeal Gonorrhea
Conjunctivitis Beyond Infancy
Other Forms of Gonococcal Disease
Diagnostic Testing
Culture
Adolescents
Prepubertal Children
Gram-Stained Smears
Nonculture Diagnostics
Medicolegal Issues Related to Diagnostic Tests
Proper Collection of Clinical Specimens
Antimicrobial Resistance Among Gonococci
Treatment
Treatment of Infants Born to Mothers With Gonococcal Infection
Treatment of Neonates With Gonococcal Infection
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection or Scalp Abscess
Treatment of Gonococcal Infections Beyond the Neonatal Period
Uncomplicated Gonococcal Infections
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Severe Allergies to Cephalosporins
Infection With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Concurrent Syphilis Infection
Pregnancy
Presumptive Treatment of Chlamydia Trachomatis Coinfection
Follow-Up
Gonococcal Infection and Sexual Abuse of Children
Prevention and Control of Gonococcal Infections
Prevention of Neonatal Infection
Vaccine Development
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection III: Gram-Positive Bacilli
Chapter 90: Diphtheria
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Supportive Treatment
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
Additional Reading
References
Chapter 91: Anthrax
Historical Aspects
Bacteriology
Epidemiology and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Cutaneous Anthrax
Inhalation Anthrax
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
Injection Anthrax
Meningitis
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 92: Bacillus cereus and Other Bacillus Species
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Food Poisoning
Diarrheal Syndrome
Emetic Syndrome
Extraintestinal Infections
Eye Infection
Wound and Soft Tissue Infections
Skeletal Infections
Bacteremia and Septicemia
Pneumonia
Infection of the Central Nervous System
Liver Failure
Pseudoinfections
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 93: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
History
Organism
Microbiology
Toxin Production
Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Pharyngitis
Skin Infections
Sinusitis/Orbital Cellulitis
Other Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 94: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Keywords
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 95: Listeriosis
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 96: Tuberculosis
Stages: Exposure, Infection, and Disease
Epidemiology
Incidence and Prevalence
Transmission
Mycobacteriology
Resistance and Immunity
Pathogenesis
Portal of Entry
Incubation Period
“Timetable” of Tuberculosis
Clinical Forms of Tuberculosis in Children
Endothoracic Asymptomatic Tuberculosis Infection
Endothoracic Primary Complex and Its Complications
Pleural Effusion
Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Myocardial and Pericardial Tuberculosis
Lymphohematogenous Spread
Extrathoracic Spread
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Cutaneous Tuberculosis
Skeletal Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis of the Superficial Lymph Nodes (Scrofula)
Ocular Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis of the Middle Ear
Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Tuberculosis
Renal Tuberculosis
Dialysis- and Renal Transplant–Associated Tuberculosis
Genital Tuberculosis
Inoculation Tuberculosis
Perinatal Tuberculosis (Congenital and Postnatal)
Tuberculosis in Adolescents
Tuberculosis and Pregnancy
Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Tuberculosis and Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Diagnosis
Tuberculin Sensitivity and the Skin Test
Diagnostic Mycobacteriology in Children
Nucleic Acid Amplification
Treatment
Management of Tuberculous Children
Antituberculosis Drugs
Microbiologic Basis for Treatment
Treatment of the Stages of Tuberculosis
Exposure
Infection
Chemotherapy for Children
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children
Adherence and Directly Observed Therapy
Summary of Treatment Recommendations
Corticosteroids
Activity
Isolation
Follow-Up
Case Reporting
Prevention
Immunization
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 97: Other Mycobacteria
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Manifestations of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in Children
Lymphadenitis
Pulmonary Infections
Skin Infections
Mycobacterium marinum
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Other Mycobacteria in Skin Disease
Other Sites of Infection
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Organisms Seen in Children
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Mycobacterium kansasii
Mycobacterium malmoense
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 98: Leprosy and Buruli Ulcer
Leprosy
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunity
Histopathology
Indeterminate leprosy.
Tuberculoid leprosy.
Borderline leprosy.
Lepromatous leprosy.
Clinical Manifestations
Indeterminate Leprosy
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Borderline Leprosy
Lepromatous Leprosy
Neuritic Leprosy
Leprosy and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Reactions
Reversal Reactions
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Dapsone
Rifampin
Clofazimine
Fluoroquinolone Therapy
Multidrug Therapy
Other Drugs Under Investigation
Treatment of Reactions
Reversal (type 1) reaction.
Erythema nodosum leprosum (type 2) reaction.
Prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Vaccination, Immunoprophylaxis, and Immunotherapy
Elimination
Buruli Ulcer
Organism
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Incubation and Forms of Lesions
Papule.
Nodule.
Plaque.
Edematous form.
Ulcerative forms.
Bone Involvement
Contiguous osteomyelitis.
Metastatic osteomyelitis.
Complications.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Buruli Ulcer
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 99: Nocardia
Keywords
Organism
Epidemiology, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 100: Corynebacterium and Rhodococcus
Abstract
Keywords
Corynebacterium
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rhodococcus
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection IV: Gram-Negative Bacilli
Chapter 101: Citrobacter
Keywords
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 102: Enterobacter
Keywords
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 103: Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Epidemiology
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacteremia and Sepsis
Meningitis
Peritonitis
Pneumonia, Endocarditis, and Osteomyelitis
Pathogenesis
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacteremia
Meningitis
Clinical Presentation
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacteremia and Sepsis
Meningitis
Intraabdominal Infection
Pneumonia
Diagnosis
General
Urinary Tract Infection
Other Infections
Treatment
General
Urinary Tract Infection
Other Infections
Antibiotic Susceptibility
Outcomes
General
Urinary Tract Infection
Other Infections
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 104: Diarrhea-Causing and Dysentery-Causing Escherichia coli
Causative Organisms
Transmission and Epidemiology
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli
Clinical Manifestations
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli
Pathogenesis
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 105: Klebsiella
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 106: Morganella morganii
History
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 107: Proteus
Abstract
Keywords
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 108: Providencia
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 109: Shigella
Historical Background
Bacteriology
Serogroup Classification
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Invasiveness and Toxin Production
Immune Response
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Extraintestinal Manifestations and Complications
Shigellosis in the Neonatal Period
Shigellosis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Isolation Techniques
Other Diagnostic Methods
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Fluid Administration
Antibiotic Therapy
Adjunctive Therapy
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 110: Serratia
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 111: Salmonella
Keywords
Microbiology
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Epidemiology
Nontyphoidal Salmonella
Public Health Issues
Significance of Animal Reservoirs and Other Food Sources
Humans as a Reservoir
Bacterial Characteristics Favoring Survival
Relationship of Age to Risk for Disease
Seasonality
Inoculum Size Required to Cause Disease
Antibiotic Selection Pressure
Salmonella Ser. Typhi
Reservoir
Relevance of Inoculum Size to Disease
Antibiotic Resistance
Pathophysiology
Host Factors
Immune Response
Clinical Manifestations
Acute Asymptomatic Infection
Acute Gastroenteritis
Bacteremia With or Without Metastatic Focal Infection
Enteric Fever
Asymptomatic Chronic Carrier State
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Gastroenteritis
Extraintestinal Infections
Typhoid Fever
Chronic Carriers
Prevention
Public Health Measures
Personal Hygienic Measures
Infection Control
Nursery Outbreaks
Breast-Feeding
Vaccination
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 112: Plague (Yersinia pestis)
History and Epidemiology
Bacteriology
Transmission
Host
Vector
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 113: Other Yersinia Species
Historical Aspects
Microbiology
Genomes and Typing of Yersinia Strains
Epidemiology
Yersinia enterocolitica
Animal Reservoirs
Foods and Water
Incubation, Carriage, and Transmission in Humans
Yersinia Enterocolitica and Blood Transfusion–Related Sepsis
Prevention of Disease
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Pathology
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Pathogenesis
Bacterial Determinants of Mucosal Invasion
Yersinia Adhesin A
Virulence Plasmid and Type III Secretion System
Summary of Yersinia Pathogenesis
Iron Metabolism and Virulence
Enterotoxin Production
Gastric Acidity as a Protective Host Factor
Clinical Manifestations
Yersinia enterocolitica
Enterocolitis
Pseudoappendicitis-Mesenteric Adenitis
Asymptomatic Infection
Other Presentations of Acute Infection
Underlying Conditions That Predispose to Bacteremia
Postinfectious Syndromes
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Kawasaki Disease–Like Illness
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Serology
Molecular Techniques
Treatment
Vaccines
Other Yersinia Species
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 114: Miscellaneous Enterobacteriaceae
Edwardsiella tarda
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Hafnia alvei
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Pantoea agglomerans
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 115: Aeromonas
Keywords
Epidemiology
Etiologic Agent
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 116: Pasteurella multocida
The Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Animal Infection
Human Infection
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prognosis and Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 117: Cholera
History
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 118: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 119: Vibrio vulnificus
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 120: Miscellaneous Non-Enterobacteriaceae Fermentative Bacilli
Chromobacterium Violaceum
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Plesiomonas Shigelloides
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other Pasteurella Organisms
Bacteriology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 121: Acinetobacter
Organism
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Intracranial Infection
Bacteremia
Respiratory Tract Infections
Miscellaneous Infections
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 122: Achromobacter (Alcaligenes)
Keywords
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 123: Eikenella corrodens
Keywords
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 124: Elizabethkingia and Chryseobacterium Species
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 125: Pseudomonas and Related Genera
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Previously Healthy Children
Burn Wounds
Cystic Fibrosis
Malignancy, Immunosuppression, and Other Predisposing Conditions
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and In Vitro Susceptibility Testing
Prevention
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 126: Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia
Bacteriology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and Clinical Syndromes
Prevention
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection V: Gram-Negative Coccobacilli
Chapter 127: Aggregatibacter Species
Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 128: Brucellosis
Keywords
History
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Relapse and Chronic Brucellosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 129: Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections
History
Microbiology
Etiology of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Antigenic and Biologically Active Components of Bordetella Pertussis
Pertussis Toxin
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Fimbriae
Filamentous Hemagglutinin
Autotransporters
Pertactin
Other Autotransporters
Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)
Polysaccharide Capsule
Epidemiology
Reported Pertussis Cases
Incidence
Morbidity and Mortality
Season, Geography, Race, Ethnicity, and Sex
Transmission
Bordetella pertussis Infection
Pathology
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Classic Illness
Mild Illness and Asymptomatic Infection
Infants
Adults
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Vaccine Efficacy
Whole-Cell Vaccines
Acellular Vaccines
Adverse Events
Whole-Cell Vaccines
Acellular Vaccines
Schedules and Contraindications
Isolation and Prophylactic Measures
Other Bordetella Infections
Bordetella parapertussis Infection
Bordetella bronchiseptica Infection
Bordetella hinzii Infection
Bordetella holmesii Infection
Bordetella trematum Infection
Bordetella ansorpii Infection
Bordetella petrii Infection
Bordetella avium Infection
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 130: Klebsiella granulomatis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 131: Campylobacter jejuni
Keywords
History
Organism
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Enteritis
Extraintestinal Infections
Perinatal Infections
Immunoreactive and Other Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 132: Tularemia
History
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Bacterial and Host Interactions
Invasion and Disease Production
Clinical Manifestations
Ulceroglandular and Glandular Tularemia
Oropharyngeal Tularemia
Oculoglandular Tularemia
Typhoidal Tularemia
Pneumonic Tularemia
Additional Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 133: Haemophilus influenzae
Keywords
Microbiology
Morphologic and Cultural Characteristics
Capsular Polysaccharides
Noncapsular Cell Wall Antigens: Proteins
Noncapsular Cell Wall Antigens: Lipooligosaccharide
IgA Proteases
Population Structure
Antibiotic Resistance
Pathogenesis
Acquisition and Carriage of Organisms
Pathogenesis of Mucosal Infections
Pathogenesis of Invasive Disease
Meningitis
Immunology
Anticapsular Antibody
Class- and Subclass-Specific Antibody
Genetic Factors
Complement
Phagocytosis
Epidemiology
Haemophilus influenzae Type b
Non–type b Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae
Clinical Manifestations
Bacteremia
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Epiglottitis
Joint Infection
Cellulitis
Pericarditis
Neonatal Disease
Other Invasive Infections
Diseases Caused by Non–Type b H. influenzae
Mucosal Infections
Diagnosis
Treatment
Invasive Disease
Noninvasive Disease
Prevention
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Impact of H. influenzae Type b Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 134: Other Haemophilus Species (Ducreyi, Haemolyticus, Influenzae Biogroup Aegyptius, Parahaemolyticus, and Parainfluenzae) and Aggregatibacter (Haemophilus) aphrophilus
Keywords
Aggregatibacter (Haemophilus) aphrophilus
Bacteriology
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Haemophilus ducreyi
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Haemophilus influenzae Biogroup Aegyptius (Haemophilus aegyptius)
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Bacteriology
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 135: Helicobacter pylori
Background
Microbiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Persistence and Resistance
Methods of Testing Resistance
Gastric biopsy culture.
Molecular methods.
Future Directions
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 136: Kingella kingae
History
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Carriage and Transmission
Invasive Disease
Day Care Facility Attendance
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Osteoarticular Infections
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 137: Legionnaires’ Disease, Pontiac Fever, and Related Illnesses
History
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Incidence and Frequency
Disease Outbreaks
Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity
Clinical Manifestations of Legionnaires’ Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Radiographic Findings
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Response to Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Syndromes Caused by Other Legionella Species
Pontiac Fever
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 138: Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever)
History
Epidemiology
Bacteriology
Clinical Manifestations
Haverhill Fever
Pathophysiology and Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Prevention
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 139: Bartonella Infections
Definition
Microbiology
Cat-Scratch Disease
Etiology
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Clinical Manifestations and Course
Endocarditis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Bartonellosis (Carrión Disease)
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Clinical Manifestations
Trench Fever
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Cat-Scratch Disease
Endocarditis
Bartonellosis
Trench Fever
Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis
Treatment
Cat-Scratch Disease
Endocarditis
Bartonellosis
Trench Fever
Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis
Prognosis and Prevention
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Subsection VI: Treponemataceae
Chapter 140: Lyme Disease
Organisms
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Early Localized Disease
Erythema Migrans
Early Disseminated Disease
Multiple Erythema Migrans
Neurologic Manifestations
Carditis
Acute Generalized Illness
Borrelia mayonii Infection
Late Disseminated Disease
Arthritis
Late Neurologic Disease
Other Manifestations
Asymptomatic Seroconversion
Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans
Borrelial Lymphocytoma
Coinfection With Other Ixodes Tick-Borne Pathogens
Lyme Disease in Pregnancy
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention and Management of Ixodes Tick Bites
Prevention of Tick Bites
Preventing Infection After an Ixodes Tick Bite
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 141: Relapsing Fever
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 142: Leptospirosis
History
Epidemiology
Animal Reservoirs
Transmission of Leptospires to Humans
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Anicteric Leptospirosis
Icteric Leptospirosis (Weil Syndrome)
Severe Pulmonary Form of Leptospirosis
Indicators of Prognosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Identification by Culture
Identification by Means Other Than Culture
Serologic Tests
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 143: Spirillum minus (Rat-Bite Fever)
Bacteriology
Epidemiology and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 144: Syphilis
Organism
Transmission
Acquired Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis and Immune Response
Treponemal Virulence–Associated Factors
Host Response
Clinical Manifestations
Acquired Syphilis
Primary Disease
Secondary Disease
Latent Disease
Tertiary Disease
Neurosyphilis
Cardiovascular Syphilis
Syphilis in Pregnancy
Congenital Syphilis
Early Congenital Syphilis
Skeletal system.
Rhinitis.
Rash.
Fissures and mucous patches.
Hematologic findings.
Central nervous system involvement.
Pneumonia.
Hepatosplenomegaly.
Ectodermal changes.
Other findings.
Late Congenital Syphilis
Dentition.
Interstitial keratitis.
Central nervous system.
Eighth cranial nerve deafness.
Bone and joint changes.
Cutaneous lesions.
Diagnosis
Serologic Tests
Nontreponemal Tests
Treponemal Tests
IgM Tests
Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay
False-Positive Reactions
Acute biologic false-positive reactions.
Chronic biologic false-positive reactions.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Early Congenital Syphilis
Treatment
Acquired Syphilis
Syphilis in Pregnancy
Congenital Syphilis
Infants With Proven or Highly Probable Disease
Infants With a Normal Physical Examination and a Serum Quantitative Nontreponemal Serologic Titer the Same or Less Than Fourfold the Maternal Titer
Follow-Up Evaluation
Prevention
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 145: Nonvenereal Treponematoses
Keywords
Pinta
Biology and Immunology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Prognosis
Yaws
Biology and Immunology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Prognosis
Endemic Syphilis
Biology and Immunology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Future Considerations
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection VII: Anaerobic Bacteria
Chapter 146: Clostridial Intoxication and Infection
Botulism
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Clostridial Infections
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Gas Gangrene or Myonecrosis
Soft Tissue Infection
Bacteremia and Sepsis
Septic Abortion and Puerperal Sepsis
Neonatal Sepsis and Meningitis
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. difficile)
Food Poisoning and Other Enteric Infections
Miscellaneous Infections Caused by Clostridia
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 147: Infant Botulism
Keywords
History
Etiologic Agent
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcome and Prognosis
Prevention
Suggested Reading
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 148: Tetanus
Keywords
History
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Source of Exposure
Incidence
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Motor End Plates in Skeletal Muscle
Spinal Cord
Brain
Sympathetic Nervous System
Clinical Manifestations
Local Tetanus
Generalized Tetanus
Injection Drug Users
Neonatal Tetanus
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Cause of Death
Prevention
Active Immunization
Tetanus Prophylaxis in Wound Management
Neonatal Tetanus
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 149: Actinomycosis
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 150: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas
Bacteriology and Taxonomy
Bacteroides Species
Prevotella Species and Porphyromonas Species
Fusobacterium Species
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Bacteremia and Endocarditis
Head and Neck Infections
Odontogenic Infections
Perioral Infections
Tonsillitis
Lemierre Disease
Deep Neck Infections
Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Rhinosinusitis
Central Nervous System
Intraabdominal Infections
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Bone and Joint Infections
Pleuropulmonary Infections
Diagnosis
Treatment
Penicillins and Penicillin/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Metronidazole
Clindamycin
Quinolones
Tetracyclines
Oxazolidinones
Prevention
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 17: Viral Infections
Chapter 151: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses
References
Subsection I: DNA—Parvoviridae
Chapter 152: Human Parvovirus B19
Keywords
History
Properties of the Virus
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Erythema Infectiosum
Other Exanthems
Aplastic Crisis
Other Hematologic Manifestations
Arthritis and Arthralgia
Infection in Immunocompromised Patients
Intrauterine Infection
Neurologic Illness
Myocarditis
Acute Hepatitis
Other Illnesses
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 153: Human Bocaviruses
History
Properties
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Respiratory Illness
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal Illness
Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Other Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection II: DNA—Polyomaviridae
Chapter 154: Human Polyomaviruses
History
Virology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Central Nervous System Manifestations
Urinary Tract Manifestations
Cutaneous Manifestations
Pulmonary Manifestations
Other Manifestations
Malignancies
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 155: Human Papillomaviruses
History
Virology
Epidemiology
Female-Specific HPV-Associated Malignancies
Male-Specific HPV-Associated Malignancies
HPV-Associated Malignancies in Males and Females
HPV-Associated Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers
HPV-Associated Malignancies in Persons With HIV
HPV and Sexual Abuse
Clinical Manifestations
Cutaneous Warts
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
Infections of Male and Female Genital Tracts
Female-Specific Disease
Male-Specific Disease
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Upper Respiratory Tract Papillomas
Gastrointestinal Disease
Oropharyngeal Cancer
Anal Cancer
Laboratory Diagnosis
Electron Microscopy
Cell Culture
Serology
Cytology
Colposcopy
Histology
Molecular Methods That Detect Human Papillomavirus DNA
In Situ Hybridization
Treatment
Prevention
Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine
Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine Efficacy
Females.
Males.
Bivalent HPV Vaccine
Bivalent Vaccine Efficacy
9-Valent Vaccine
Two-Dose HPV Vaccination Regimens
Population Effectiveness of HPV Vaccines
HPV Vaccine Safety
HPV Vaccine Immunogenicity in Immunocompromised Patients
Vaccine Limitations
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection III: DNA—Adenoviridae
Chapter 156: Adenoviruses
Keywords
History
Properties of the Virus
Classification
Physical Properties
Antigenic Composition
Tissue Culture Growth
Virus Multiplication
Animal Susceptibility
Adeno-Associated Viruses
Epidemiology
General Prevalence
Age, Incidence, and Prevalence
Military Recruits
Geographic Distribution
Seasonal Patterns
Host and Social Factors
Spread of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Viral Infection
Coinfections
Pathology
Immunologic Events
Clinical Manifestations
Respiratory Tract
Common Cold
Nasopharyngitis, Pharyngitis, and Tonsillitis
Acute Respiratory Disease
Acute Laryngotracheitis
Acute Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Young children.
Atypical pneumonia in military recruits.
Pertussis-like syndrome.
Bronchiolitis obliterans.
Unilateral hyperlucent lung.
Eye
Acute Follicular Conjunctivitis
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Skin
Genitourinary Tract
Acute Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Nephritis
Orchitis
Oculogenital Syndrome
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome
Gastrointestinal Tract
Gastroenteritis
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
Intussusception
Appendicitis
Hepatitis
Heart
Myocarditis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Pericarditis
Nervous System
Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts
Other Manifestations
Arthritis
Thyroiditis
Adrenal Insufficiency
Deafness
Obesity
Congenital and Neonatal Infections
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection IV: DNA—Hepatoviridae
Chapter 157: Hepatitis B and D Viruses
Hepatitis B Virus
Biology
Molecular Virology
Viral Life Cycle Overview
Viral binding and cell entry.
Genomic Replication
Viral Assembly and Release
Immunopathogenesis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Natural History
Carcinogenesis
Histopathologic Features
Biomarkers
Imaging
Treatment
Interferon
HBV Polymerase Inhibitors
Lamivudine
Adefovir Dipivoxil
Tenofovir
Entecavir
Hepatitis B in Special Populations
Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection
Hepatitis B in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients
Immunoprophylaxis
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Others who should receive hepatitis B vaccine.
Vaccine side effects and adverse reactions.
Contraindications.
Recommendations to Prevent Household Transmission
Future Strategies/Targets for Treatment
Hepatitis D
Virology
Epidemiology
Immunopathogenesis
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Future Therapies
Immunoprophylaxis
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection V: DNA—Herpesviridae
Chapter 158: Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
The Viruses
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Gingivostomatitis
Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Epiglottitis, Supraglottitis, Laryngotracheitis
Vulvovaginitis, Genital Herpes Infections
Primary Herpetic Skin Infections
Infection of the Eye
Infections of the Central Nervous System
Infection of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Normal Hosts
Recurrent Infections
Erythema Multiforme
HSV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts
Fetus and Newborn
Diagnosis
Viral Culture
Direct Detection of HSV-Infected Cells
Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays
Serologic Diagnosis
Genetic Analysis for Molecular Epidemiology
Antiviral Drug Susceptibility Testing
Prognosis, Complications, and Sequelae
Treatment
Oral HSV Infection
HSV Keratitis
HSV Encephalitis
Genital HSV Infection
Mucocutaneous HSV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Acyclovir-Resistant HSV Infection
Prevention and Infection Control
Immunoprophylaxis and Chemoprophylaxis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 159: Cytomegalovirus
History
Virology
Epidemiology
Pregnancy
Congenital Infection
Perinatal Infection
Postnatal Infection in Childhood
Infection in Adolescents
Intrafamilial Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Nosocomial Health Care−Related Transmission
Immunosuppressed Patients
Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Fetal and Congenital Infections
Perinatal Infections
Mononucleosis Syndrome
Interstitial Pneumonitis
Retinitis and Other Eye Abnormalities
Hepatitis
Gastrointestinal Disease
Meningoencephalitis and Other Neurologic Disorders
Deafness and Other Ear Disorders
Myocarditis and Other Cardiovascular Disorders
Endocrine System
Genitourinary System
Skin
Unusual Associations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Detection of the Infectious Agent
Serology
Laboratory Diagnosis of Specific Clinical Syndromes
Pregnancy
Congenital Infection
Perinatal and Postnatal Infection
Cytomegalovirus Syndromes in Immunocompromised Hosts
Treatment
Prevention
Blood Product, Human Milk, and Transplant Donor Selection
Passive Immunoprophylaxis
Prophylaxis and Early Preemptive Therapy With Antiviral Agents
Active Immunization
Behavioral Strategies to Prevent Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 160: Epstein-Barr Virus
History
Virology
Structure and Genome
Molecular Biology
Replication
Latency
EBNA
Latent Membrane Proteins
EBERs
BHRF1 and BALF1
BARTs
MicroRNAs
Transformation
EBV Genome Variation
Immunopathogenesis
Infectious Mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Tumors
Histopathology
Infectious Mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases
Other Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Diseases
Epidemiology
Seroprevalence
Incidence
Viral Shedding
Transmission
Common Modes of Transmission
Transmission via Blood Products or Transplanted Organs
Intrauterine and Perinatal Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Nonmalignant Clinical Syndromes Associated With EBV Infection
Infectious Mononucleosis
Acute Phase
Resolution Phase
Infectious Mononucleosis in Young Children
Disseminated EBV Infection in X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Chronic Active Disease
Congenital Infection
Other Diseases
Complications of Infectious Mononucleosis
Exanthems
Ampicillin Rash
Other Exanthems
Cardiac
Hematologic
Hemolytic Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia
Pancytopenia
Spleen
Gastrointestinal Tract
Liver
Other
Neurologic
Encephalitis and Aseptic Meningitis
Other CNS Manifestations
Non-CNS Neurologic Complications
Renal
Respiratory Tract
Airway Obstruction
Neck Abscesses
Pulmonary Disease
Psychiatric
Chronic Fatigue
“Alice in Wonderland” Syndrome
Miscellaneous Complications
Malignant Diseases Associated With Epstein-Barr Virus
Burkitt Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Lymphoproliferative Disease in Other Immunodeficient Patients
Other Malignant Diseases
Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Lymphomas
Smooth Muscle Tumor
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis
General Laboratory Findings
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies
Epstein-Barr Virus Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)
Epstein-Barr Virus Proteins
Virus Isolation
Electron Microscopy
Imaging Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Mononucleosis
Other EBV-Associated Disorders
Treatment
Infectious Mononucleosis
Supportive Care
Antiviral Treatment
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignant Diseases
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
B-Cell Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Nonmalignant Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Diseases
XLP
HLH
CAEBV Infection
HIV-Associated Diseases
Prognosis
Prevention
Vaccine
Prevention of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
New References Since The New Edition
References
Chapter 161: Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, 7, and 8
Keywords
Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7
Diseases Caused by HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7
Neurologic Complications
Pathogenesis of HHV-6 and HHV-7 Infection
Diagnosis
Treatment of HHV-6 Infection
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)
Diseases Caused by Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Transmission of HHV-8 Among Children
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Diagnosis and Treatment of HHV-8 Infection
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 162: Varicella-Zoster Virus
The Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Nosocomial Varicella
Clinical Manifestations
Varicella
Complications of Varicella
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
Zoster
Complications of Zoster
Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis of Varicella and Zoster
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Passive Immunization Against Varicella
Active Immunization Against Varicella
Safety
Effectiveness
Drug Prophylaxis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection VI: DNA—Poxviridae
Chapter 163: Smallpox (Variola Virus)
Keywords
History*
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Active Immunization
Side Effects and Adverse Events of Smallpox Vaccines
Smallpox Vaccine Availability
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 164: Monkeypox and Other Poxviruses
Properties of the Viruses
Classification
Structure
Specific Viruses and Their Illnesses
Monkeypox Virus
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Bioterrorism Concerns
Cowpox Virus
Vaccinia Virus
Recombinant Vaccinia Virus
Camelpox
Orf Virus
Other Parapoxviruses
Yatapoxviruses
Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 165: Mimiviruses
Structure and Properties
Viral Replication
Animal Susceptibility
Mimivirus Infection in Humans
Prevalence of Antibodies to Mimivirus in Patients With Pneumonia
Diagnostic Methods
Mimivirus as an Emerging Pathogen
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Volume 2
Part III: Infections With Specific Microorganisms
Section 17: Viral Infections
Subsection I RNA—Picornaviridae
Chapter 166: Enteroviruses, Parechoviruses, and Saffold Viruses
History
The Viruses
Classification
Morphology and Replication
Replication Characteristics and Host Systems
Antigenic Characteristics
Host Range
Epidemiology
Transmission
Geographic Distribution and Season
Prevalence of Different Types
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Events During Pathogenesis
Factors That Affect Pathogenesis
Pathology
Coxsackieviruses A
Coxsackieviruses B
Heart
Brain and Spinal Cord
Other Organs
Echoviruses
Enteroviruses
Enterovirus D68
Enterovirus 71
Parechoviruses
Saffold Virus
Polioviruses
Clinical Manifestations: Nonpolio Enteroviruses, Parechoviruses, and Saffold Viruses
Asymptomatic Infection
Nonspecific Febrile Illness
Respiratory Manifestations
Common Cold
Pharyngitis (Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Tonsillopharyngitis, and Nasopharyngitis)
Other Intraoral Manifestations
Herpangina.
Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis.
Stomatitis and other lesions in the anterior of the mouth.
Parotitis
Croup
Bronchitis (Not Including Enterovirus D68)
Bronchiolitis and Infectious Asthma (Not Including Enterovirus D68)
Pneumonia (Not Including Enterovirus D68)
Enterovirus D68 (Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, and Pneumonia)
Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease)
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
Abdominal Pain
Peritonitis, Pseudoperitonitis, Appendicitis, Pseudo-obstruction, Mesenteric Adenitis, and Intussusception
Hepatitis
Pancreatitis
Diabetes Mellitus
Eye Findings
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis Associated With Other Enteroviral Illness
Photophobia
Other Eye Findings
Cardiovascular Manifestations
Pericarditis, Myocarditis, and Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Other Cardiac Manifestations
Genitourinary Manifestations
Orchitis and Epididymitis
Nephritis
Other Genitourinary Findings
Hematologic Findings
Muscle and Joint Manifestations
Arthritis
Myositis
Skin Manifestations
Coxsackievirus A2
Coxsackievirus A3
Coxsackievirus A4
Coxsackievirus A5
Coxsackievirus A6
Coxsackievirus A7
Coxsackievirus A9
Coxsackievirus A10
Coxsackievirus A16
Coxsackievirus B1
Coxsackievirus B2
Coxsackievirus B3
Coxsackievirus B4
Coxsackievirus B5
Coxsackievirus B6
Echovirus 1
Echovirus 2
Echovirus 3
Echovirus 4
Echovirus 5
Echovirus 6
Echovirus 7
Echovirus 9
Echovirus 11
Echovirus 13
Echovirus 14
Echovirus 16
Echovirus 17
Echovirus 18
Echovirus 19
Echovirus 21
Echovirus 24
Echovirus 25
Echovirus 30
Echovirus 32
Echovirus 33
Enterovirus 71
Parechoviruses
Clinical Exanthematous Manifestations and Syndromes
Neurologic Manifestations
Aseptic Meningitis
Encephalitis
Paralysis
Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Transverse Myelitis
Other Neurologic Illnesses
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia
Sudden Infant Death
Chronic Enteroviral Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Congenital Infections
Abortion
Congenital Malformations
Prematurity and Stillbirth
Neonatal Infections
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Inapparent Infection
Mild, Nonspecific Febrile Illness
Sepsis-Like Illness
Respiratory Illness
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Cardiovascular Manifestations
Exanthem
Neurologic Manifestations
Clinical Manifestations: Poliovirus
Minor Illness (Abortive Poliomyelitis)
Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis (Aseptic Meningitis)
Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Congenital Infections
Abortion
Congenital Malformations
Prematurity and Stillbirth
Neonatal Infections
General Infections
Infection Acquired in Utero
Postnatally Acquired Infection
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Virus Isolation and Detection Techniques
Serology
Histology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Specific Therapy
Nonspecific Therapy
Mild, Nonspecific Febrile Illness
Myocarditis
Meningoencephalitis
Poliomyelitis
Prognosis
Prevention
Nonpolio Enteroviral Vaccines and Immune Globulin
Polioviral Vaccines
Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 167: Rhinoviruses
Keywords
History
Organism
Structure of the Virion
Virus Life Cycle
Host Range
Animals
Cell and Tissue Cultures
Antigenic Properties
Epidemiology
Seasonal Distribution
Cycling and Circulation of Individual Rhinovirus Types
Predominating Rhinovirus Types
Median Human Infectious Dose for Rhinovirus
Person-to-Person Transmission
Epidemiologic Observations
Person-to-Person Transmission to Human Volunteers
Early Experiments With Rhinovirus Colds
Characteristics of a “Good” Rhinovirus Transmitter
Some Early Conclusions
Route-of-Transmission Experiments
Route-of-Transmission “Blocking” Experiments
Pathogenesis and Host Factors
General Course of Infection
Innate Immune Response
Immunity Associated With Serum Antibody
Immunity Associated With Antibody in Nasal Secretions
Antibody Appearance Over the Course of Infection
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Interference Among Rhinoviruses
Influence of a Cold Environment on the Course of Infection
Effect of Age and Sex
Effect of Psychosocial Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Rhinovirus Infections in Hospitalized Children
Asthma
Otitis Media
Sinusitis
Immunocompromised Patients
Diagnosis of Infection
Prevention and Treatment
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 168: Hepatitis A Virus
History
Properties
Classification
Genomic Organization and Genetic Variation
Virulence
Epidemiology
Routes of Transmission
Patterns of Disease Worldwide
Patterns of Disease in the United States
Variation by Age and Race or Ethnicity
Geographic Variation
Potential Sources of Infection
Community-Wide Epidemic
Epidemiology of Hepatitis A in Specific Settings
Childcare Centers
Other Groups and Settings
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Host Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Cellular Immune Response
Humoral Immune Response
Clinical Manifestations
Incubation Period
Spectrum of Illness
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Laboratory Abnormalities
Diagnostic Tests
Atypical Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Hepatitis A
Relapsing Hepatitis A
Fulminant Hepatitis A
Extrahepatic Manifestations
Cholestatic Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A Triggering Autoimmune Hepatitis
Treatment
Prevention
Immunoglobulin
Hepatitis A Vaccine
Vaccine Preparation and Performance
Vaccine Recommendations and Use
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection II RNA—Caliciviridae
Chapter 169: Calicivirus (Norovirus, Sapovirus, Vesivirus, Lagovirus, Nebovirus)
Virologic Features
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Immunology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Nonspecific Measures
Specific Measures
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 170: Hepatitis E Virus
Keywords
History and Discovery of Virus
Microbiology and Genome Organization
Viral Structure and Stability
Viral Life Cycle
Viral Genetics
Taxonomy and Classification
Epidemiology
Endemic Hepatitis E Virus
Epidemic Hepatitis E Virus
Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus
Vertical and Breast Milk Transmission
Other Modes of Transmission
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Testing
Serology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Electron Microscopy
Disease Prevention and Vaccine Candidates
Disease Avoidance
Antibody Preparations
Therapies
Vaccine Candidates and Future Therapies
Summary
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection III RNA—Reoviridae
Chapter 171: Reoviruses
Keywords
History
Properties
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Upper Respiratory Tract Illness
Pneumonia
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Exanthem
Neurologic Disease
Other Manifestations
Reoviruses as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents
Diagnosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 172: Orbiviruses, Coltiviruses, and Seadornaviruses
Colorado Tick Fever Virus
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Banna Virus
Kemerovo and Related Viruses
Orungo Virus
Lebombo Virus
Changuinola Virus
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 173: Rotavirus
Rotaviruses
Classification and Strain Diversity
Rotavirus Infection
Reproductive Cycle of Rotavirus
Transmission
Rotavirus Disease
Pathogenesis
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Fever
Extraintestinal Spread
Epidemiology
Seasonality
Genotype Distribution
Age
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Rotavirus Immunity
Immune Responses in Rotavirus-Infected Individuals
Mechanisms of Protection
Rotavirus Vaccines
WC-3 Bovine Rotavirus Vaccine
Rhesus Rotavirus (RRV) Vaccine
Rhesus-Human Reassortant Vaccine
Bovine-Human Reassortant Vaccine
Human Rotavirus Vaccines
Rotarix
Other Human Rotavirus Vaccine Strains
Immune Response and Mechanism of Action
Comparative Efficacy
Real Life Effectiveness
Serotype (Genotype) Specific Effectiveness
Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination: Direct and Indirect
Introduction of Universal Rotavirus Vaccination
Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations
Special Target Groups and Issues
Premature Infants
HIV-Infected Children
Immunodeficiency
Short Gut Syndrome and Intestinal Failure
Breastfeeding
Influence of Oral Polio Vaccine
Intestinal Microflora
Intussusception
Porcine Circovirus
Nonlive Rotavirus Vaccines
Selected Readings
References
Subsection IV RNA—Togaviridae
Chapter 174: Rubella Virus
History
Properties
Classification
Physical Properties
Antigenic Composition
Tissue Culture Growth
Animal Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Incidence and Prevalence
Epidemic Behavior
Age Groups
Effect of Vaccination
Congenital Rubella
Transmission
Seasonal Patterns
Geographic Distribution
Other Factors
Sex
Genetics
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Viral Infection
Immunologic Events
Antibody
Specific Cell-Mediated Responses
Nonspecific Responses
Fetal Events
Viral Infection
Immunologic Findings
Specific antibody.
Specific cell-mediated immunity.
Nonspecific responses.
Pathology
Postnatally Acquired Disease
Congenital Infection
Clinical Manifestations
Postnatal Illness
Incubation Period
Prodromal Period
Exanthem Period
Complications
Joint involvement.
Neurologic manifestations.
Thrombocytopenia.
Other complications.
Congenital Rubella
Infant Death and Growth Restriction
Eye Effects
Auditory Effects
Neurologic Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Other Manifestations
Manifestations related to active, persistent infection.
Structural defects.
Delayed manifestations.
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Postnatally Acquired Disease
Congenital Rubella
Specific Diagnosis
Postnatally Acquired Disease
Congenital Rubella
Qualitative Demonstration of Rubella Antibody
Treatment
Postnatally Acquired Disease
Uncomplicated Rubella
Complications of Rubella
Care of Exposed Pregnant Women
Care of Pregnant Women With an Exanthem Thought to Be Rubella
Care of Children With Congenital Rubella
Isolation Procedures
Neonatal Period
Long-Term Problems
Deafness.
Eye problems.
Heart problems.
Musculoskeletal problems.
Central nervous system problems.
Immunologic defects.
Multiple handicaps.
Prevention
Active Immunization Using Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccine
Recommendations for Use
Adverse Reactions
Contraindications
Inadvertent Rubella Immunization in Pregnancy
Passive Immunization
Quarantine and Disease Containment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 175: Alphaviruses
Keywords
Keywords
Chapter 175A: Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Etiologic Agent
Ecology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Prognosis and Sequelae
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 175B: Western Equine Encephalitis
Etiologic Agent
Ecology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 175C: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology and Ecology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 175D: Chikungunya
Etiologic Agent
Zoonotic Cycles
Epidemiology
History
Geographic Distribution
Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 175E: Ross River Virus Arthritis
Etiologic Agent
Transmission and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 175F: Other Alphaviral Infections
O’Nyong-Nyong
Igbo-Ora Fever
Barmah Forest Fever
Sindbis Fever
Mayaro Fever
Semliki Forest Virus Fever
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection V Flaviviridae
Chapter 176: Flaviviruses
Keywords
Chapter 176A: St. Louis Encephalitis
Etiologic Agent
Ecology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176B: West Nile Virus
History
Virology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Outcome
Laboratory Findings
Electrodiagnostic Studies
Neuroimaging
Viral Culture and Nucleic Acid Amplification Detection of West Nile Virus
Detection of West Nile Virus–Specific Antibodies
Neuropathology
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176C: Yellow Fever
History
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176D: Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Severe Dengue
Transmission
Epidemiology
Host Range
Geographic Distribution
Clinical Manifestations
Dengue Fever
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome, and Severe Dengue
Case Definitions
Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Dengue Shock Syndrome
Dengue Fever Warning Signs and Severe Dengue
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Dengue Fever
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome, and Severe Dengue
Laboratory Studies
Treatment
Dengue Fever
Outpatients With Mild Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever or Warning Signs
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Compensated Shock) and Dengue Shock Syndrome
Inpatients
Treatment of patients with Nonshock Dengue hemorrhagic fever (compensated shock).
Treatment of patients with shock.
General management.
Treatment of hemorrhagic complications.
Recognizing fluid overload begins with knowing when to decrease or stop intravenous fluids.
Action plan for treatment of fluid overload.
Regulatory Measures
Prognosis
Prevention
Epidemic Measures
Eradication and Control
Health Education
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176E: Japanese Encephalitis
History
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176F: Murray Valley Encephalitis
Etiologic Agent
Transmission and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176G: Tick-Borne Encephalitis
History
Etiologic Agent
Ecology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 176H: Zika Virus Infections*
Epidemiology
History of ZIKV as an Emerging Infection From 1947 to the Present
Discovery of ZIKV
First ZIKV Epidemics: The 2007 Federated States of Micronesia (Yap Island) and the 2013−14 French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Cook Island ZIKV Epidemics
ZIKV’s Rapid Global Expansion: Epidemics in Brazil, Other Latin American Countries, and Beyond
Transmission of ZIKV
Arbovectors: Aedes Mosquitoes
Other Modes of Transmission
Virology and Pathogenesis
Virology of ZIKV
Viral Classification and Structure
ZIKV Phylogeny and Genetics
Viral Pathogenesis
Human in Vitro Cellular Studies and Histopathology From Neonatal Autopsies
Recent Insight Into ZIKV’s Pathology, Including Experimental Animal Model Studies (Mice and Nonhuman Primates)
Other Studies Providing Insight Into ZIKV’s Pathogenesis (ZIKV and Dengue Antibodies)
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Acute ZIKV Infection
ZIKV Presentation From the Yap Island Case Series
ZIKV Presentation From Several Case Series From Brazil and Other Countries
Acute ZIKV Infection in Children
Potential Complications Following ZIKV Infection
Special Populations With Acute ZIKV Infection (HIV-Infected and Other Immunosuppressed Patients)
Neurologic Complications Including Guillain-Barré Syndrome
ZIKV and Guillain-Barré Syndrome
GBS case series from French Polynesia, Brazil, Colombia, and Puerto Rico.
ZIKV in Pregnancy and Congenital ZIKV Syndrome (Microcephaly and Other Congenital Complications)
Microcephaly and Other Congenital Cerebral Abnormalities
ZIKV Cases in Pregnant Women in Brazil, French Polynesia, Other Latin American Countries, and the United States
ZIKV cases in pregnant women in Brazil.
ZIKV cases in pregnant women in French Polynesia.
ZIKV cases in pregnant women in Colombia and other Latin American countries.
ZIKV Cases in Pregnant Women in the United States and US Territories
ZIKV Diagnosis, Management, Treatment, and Prevention
ZIKV Diagnostics
Historical Methods for ZIKV Evaluation
Current Methods for ZIKV Evaluation
Acute Phase ZIKV Testing Using RT-PCR−Based Methods
Beyond the Period of ZIKV Acute-Phase Testing (Serology and PRNT Testing)
Other Specimen-Testing Methods
New ZIKV diagnostic testing developments.
ZIKV Diagnostic Definitions and Testing Guidelines
Diagnostic Definitions of ZIKV Cases
General Guidelines for ZIKV Testing
ZIKV Testing for Infants and Children for Suspected Acute ZIKV Infection
Infant ZIKV Testing for Suspected ZIKV Congenital Infection
Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Patients With ZIKV
Recommendations for Evaluation and Management of Possible Pediatric ZIKV Cases
Evaluation of Children for Acute ZIKV Disease
Evaluation for Congenital ZIKV Infection
Management of Pediatric Patients Infected With Acute ZIKV
ZIKV Prevention: Vector Control, Vaccines, and Other Challenges
Transmission Prevention
Mosquito Vector Control
Other ZIKV Transmission Considerations
Breast milk transmission: interim guidelines for breast-feeding mothers with ZIKV.
Other ZIKV transmission risks: sexual transmission, blood transfusion, and travel.
Vaccine Development
Future Therapeutics, Vector Control, and Other Interventions to Address ZIKV
Therapeutics
Vector Control
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 176I: Other Less Commonly Recognized Flaviviruses
Powassan Viral Encephalitis
Epidemiology, Ecology, and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Rocio Viral Encephalitis
Louping Ill Virus
Kyasanur Forest Disease
Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever
Other Flaviviral Infections
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 177: Hepatitis C Virus
Keywords
History
Virology
Pathogenesis
Viral Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Viral Genetics
Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Immunity
Diagnosis
Assessment for Severity of Disease
Host Genetics
Treatment
Prevention and Counseling
Summary
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection VI Orthomyxoviridae
Chapter 178: Influenza Viruses
History
Biology
Properties and Life Cycle
Classification
Ecology
Animal Reservoirs
Reassortment and Establishment of New Lineages
Zoonoses
Surveillance
Animals
Humans
Disease
Evolution and Adaptation
Pandemics
Adaptation
Rapid Evolution
Epidemiology
Seasonality and Transmission
Global Disease Burden
Coinfections
Economic Impact
High-Risk Pediatric Groups
Mortality in Children
Avian Influenza
Swine Influenza
Clinical Manifestations
Primary Influenza
Complications
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Virulence Factors
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase
Polymerase Genes and PB1-F2
Nonstructural Protein 1
Evolution of Virulence
Animal Models
Research and Modeling
Dual Use Research
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Testing
Management
Antiviral Therapy
Adamantanes
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Steroids
Infection Control
Vaccines
History
Strain Selection
Immunogenicity
Pediatric Vaccination
Efficacy and Effectiveness
Pandemic Preparedness
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection VII Paramyxoviridae
Chapter 179: Parainfluenza Viruses
Keywords
History
Characterization of Parainfluenza Viruses
Classification and Structure
Isolation and Identification
Epidemiology
Geographic Distribution
Prevalence and Age at Infection
Seasonal Occurrence
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Pathology
Immune Response: Role in Pathogenesis and Protection
Clinical Manifestations
Primary Infection
Reinfection
Infection in Immunocompromised Patients
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management and Therapy
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 180: Measles Virus
History
Properties
Classification
Physical Properties
Cellular Receptors
Antigenic Composition
Tissue Culture Growth
Animal Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Age Incidence and Prevalence
Geographic Distribution
Seasonal Patterns
Host and Social Factors
Spread of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Viral Infection
Pathology
Measles Exanthem
Koplik Spots
Respiratory Tract
Immunologic Events
Antibody
Specific Cell-Mediated Responses
Other Responses
Mechanisms in Recovery From Measles Viral Infection
Mechanisms in Prevention of Repeat Illness in Persons Previously Infected With Measles Virus
Clinical Manifestations
Typical Illness
Incubation Period
Prodromal Period
Exanthem Period
Laboratory Findings
Modified Illness
Atypical Measles
Historical Aspects
Clinical Characteristics
Unusual Manifestations and Complications of Measles
Pneumonia
Other Respiratory Manifestations
Cardiac Manifestations
Neurologic Manifestations
Other Manifestations
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Measles in Developing Countries
Clinical Manifestations
Measles in Immunocompromised Hosts
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Uncomplicated Measles
Atypical Measles
Complications of Measles
Otitis Media
Laryngotracheitis
Pneumonia
Encephalitis
Appendicitis
Prophylactic Antibiotics
Prevention
Active Immunization: Live, Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine
Recommendations for Use
Precautions
Contraindications
Complications
Global Progress Toward Measles Eradication
Quarantine and Disease Containment
Passive Immunization: Immunoglobulin
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 181: Mumps Virus
History
Classification
Properties
Physical Properties
Antigenic Composition
Tissue Culture Growth and Animal Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Incidence
Morbidity and Mortality
Spread of Infection
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Immunologic Events
Clinical Manifestations
Typical Mumps Without Complications
Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, and Encephalitis
Gonadal Infection (Epididymo-Orchitis and Oophoritis)
Pancreatitis
Diabetes Mellitus
Nephritis
Deafness
Mumps and Pregnancy
Other Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Immunization
General Recommendations
Dosage
Age
Persons Exposed to Mumps
Use of Vaccine
Use of Immunoglobulin
Adverse Effects of Vaccine Use
Contraindications to Vaccine Use
Pregnancy
Severe Febrile Illness
Allergies
Recent Immunoglobulin Injection
Altered Immunity
Containment of Disease
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 182: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
History
Structural and Antigenic Properties
Classification
Structural and Antigenic Properties
Laboratory Growth
Animal Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Geographic Distribution
Seasonal Patterns
Strain Variation
Acquisition and Ramifications of Infection
Risk Factors for Severe Disease
Spread of Infection
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Immune Response: Immunity and Disease Pathogenesis
Innate Immunity
Passively Acquired Antibody
B-Cell Responses
T-Cell Responses
Clinical Manifestations
Primary Infection
Radiographic Findings
Infection in Neonates
Acute Complications
Prognosis
Prediction at Time of Initial Evaluation
Patients at Risk for Complicated RSV Infection
Immunocompromised Patients
Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Pulmonary Sequelae
Repeated Infection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Breastfeeding
Infection Control and Nosocomial Infection
Prophylaxis
Current Guidelines for Immunoprophylaxis
Vaccines
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 183: Human Metapneumovirus
History
Properties
Structural and Antigenic Properties
Laboratory Growth
Animal Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Geographic Distribution
Seasonal Patterns
Strain Variation
Viral Load
Incidence and Prevalence
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Upper Respiratory Tract Manifestations
Lower Respiratory Tract Manifestations
Asthma
Infections in Immunocompromised Persons
Encephalitis and Encephalopathy
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection VIII Rhabdoviridae
Chapter 184: Rabies Virus
History
Etiology
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Animal Rabies
Management of Animal Rabies
Human Rabies
Diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Local Wound Management
Passive Immunity
Equine Rabies Immune Globulin
Human Rabies Immune Globulin
Nerve Tissue Vaccines
Cell Culture Vaccines
Clinical Considerations
Decisions to Immunize
Pregnancy
Exposures to Bats, Wildlife, and Domestic Animals
Circumstances of Bite
Failure of Rabies Prophylaxis
Preexposure Immunization
Intradermal Vaccination
Alternative Schedules
Booster Doses
Adverse Events
Future Developments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection IX Arenaviridae and Filoviridae
Chapter 185: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 186: Arenaviral Hemorrhagic Fevers
History
Etiologic Agents
Person-to-Person Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Predictive Value
Direct Diagnosis
Indirect Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Prognosis
Treatment
The Future of Antivirals in the Domain of Arenaviruses
Prevention and Control
The Future of Vaccine Research
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 187: Filoviral Hemorrhagic Fever
Etiologic Agents
History and Epidemiology
Marburg Virus
Ebola Virus
1976 to 1979: First Recorded Ebola Outbreaks
Reston Ebolavirus
1994 to 1997: Ebola Resurgence
2000 to 2004: Geographic Pattern of Zaire Ebolavirus and Sudan Ebolavirus Resurgence
Zaire ebolavirus outbreaks.
Sudan ebolavirus outbreaks.
2007 to 2012: Ebola Outbreaks
Largest Ebola Outbreak in History (2014–15)
Guinea.
Liberia.
Sierra Leone.
Ebola outside West Africa.
Latest Outbreak, 2017: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ebola and Marburg Virus Transmission
Animal to Human
Human to Human
Cultural practices.
Health care–Associated.
Clinical Manifestations
Pediatric Patients and 2014 Outbreak
Post Ebola Sequelae
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Infection Control and Prevention
Management of Filoviruses
Ebola Treatment Unit in Resource-Limited Settings
Biocontainment Units in Developed Countries
Supportive Care
Treatment of Ebola in Children and Pregnant Women
Experimental Therapies
Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers
Nucleoside/Nucleotide Viral Polymerase Inhibitors
Immunotherapeutics
Vaccine Therapies for Ebola Virus
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection X Coronaviridae and Toroviridae
Chapter 188: Human Coronaviruses, Including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Background
Virology
Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Respiratory Coronaviruses
Geographic Prevalence
Seasonal Incidence and Annual Recycling Pattern
Ratio of Clinical to Subclinical Illness
Age Specificity of Infection
Transmission
Infection and Immunity
Pathogenesis, Incubation Period, and Serologic Response
Reinfection
Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Tract Infections
Common Cold and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses
Lower Respiratory Tract Disease
Pneumonia and Other Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Infections in Children With Underlying Respiratory Disease or Immunodeficiency
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Specific Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Enteric Human Coronavirus
Neurologic Diseases
Laboratory Diagnosis
Virus Isolation
Community-Acquired Respiratory Coronaviruses
Virus Detection Techniques
Community-Acquired Respiratory Coronaviruses
Serodiagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Subsection XI Bunyaviridae
Chapter 189: Hantaviruses
Historical Perspective
Organism
Classification and Antigenic Composition
Physical Properties
Susceptibility
Laboratory Propagation and Tissue Culture Growth
Transmission
Epidemiology
Geographic Distribution
Seasonal Patterns
Prevalence and Incidence
Demographic and Geographic Features
Clinical Manifestations
Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome
Nephropathia Epidemica
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Complications
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Studies
Treatment
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Vaccine Prospects
Hospital Infection Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 190: La Crosse Encephalitis and Other California Serogroup Viruses
Etiologic Agent
Ecology
La Crosse Virus
Other California Serogroup Viruses
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory and Radiologic Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcome
Pathology
Prevention
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 191: Other Bunyaviridae
Chapter 191A: Rift Valley Fever
History
Etiologic Agent
Vectors and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 191B: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 191C: Phlebotomus Fever (Sandfly Fever)
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Acknowledgment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 191D: Oropouche Fever
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Geographic Distribution
Incidence
Diffusion of Epidemics
Seasonal Fluctuation
Endemic Transmission
Transmission Mechanism
Transmission Cycles
Incubation Period
Transmissibility Period
Ratio of Symptomatic Cases
Clinical Manifestations
Classic Febrile Form
Aseptic Meningitis
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 191E: Toscana Virus
History
Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology
Italy
Spain
France
Cyprus
Greece
Portugal
North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco)
Turkey
Other Countries
Cycle in Nature
Vectors of Toscana Virus
Reservoir of Toscana Virus
Clinical Manifestations
Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Infection
Febrile Illness
Meningitis
Other Central Nervous System Manifestations
Other Disease Manifestations Not Involving the Central Nervous System
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Serology
Immunofluorescence Assay
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Rapid Immunochromatographic Test
Neutralization Test
Viral Isolation
Genome Amplification by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays
Genetic Diversity of Toscana Virus
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection XII Retroviridae
Chapter 192: Human Retroviruses
Chapter 192A: Oncoviruses (Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses) and Lentiviruses (Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2)
Classification
Morphology and Genomic Structure
Oncoviral Regulatory and Accessory Genes
Lentiviral Regulatory and Accessory Genes
Viral Replication
Retroviral Life Cycle
Infection phase of retroviral replication.
Expression phase of retroviral replication.
Diagnosis
Oncoviruses: Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I
Epidemiology
Modes of Transmission
Mother-to-child transmission.
Parenteral transmission.
Sexual transmission.
Disease Associations
Adult T-Cell Leukemia and Other Malignancies
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1–Associated Myelopathy
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1–Associated Uveitis
Pediatric Manifestations
Infective dermatitis.
Other Disorders in Adults and Children
Dual Infection With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2
Viral Pathogenesis and Molecular Biology
Epidemiology
Modes of Transmission
Clinical Disease
Other Forms of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus
Future Directions
Lentiviruses: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
Viral Genome and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Dual Infections With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2
Mode of Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Perinatal Transmission
Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
Natural History
Treatment
Disease Monitoring
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 192B: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Definition and Staging of Pediatric HIV Infection
Epidemiology and Transmission and Prevention
Transmission by Blood Products
Perinatal Transmission
Sexual Transmission: Second Wave of Pediatric AIDS
Other Modes of Transmission
Etiology
Pathogenesis
The Developing Immune System
Immune Dysfunction
T-Cell Depletion
Clinical Manifestations
Opportunistic Infections
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Infection with Mycobacterium avium Complex
Tuberculosis
Cytomegalovirus
Other Herpesvirus Infections
Fungal Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Complications
Pulmonary Complications
Central Nervous System, Neurobehavioral, and Neurocognitive Complications of Pediatric HIV/AIDS
Gastrointestinal Complications
Malignancy
Other Complications
Cardiac Abnormalities
Renal Dysfunction
Bone Marrow Suppression
Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Infants and Children
Early Transmission to Fetuses
Methods for Diagnosing Infection in Children Older Than 18 Months
Methods for Diagnosing Infection in Children Younger Than 18 Months
Immunologic and Clinical Monitoring of HIV-Infected Children
Treatment
Primary Anti-HIV Infection Treatment
Inhibitors of HIV Cell Entry
Blockade of HIV by CD4-Receptor Inhibitors
Blockade of HIV by Chemokine Inhibitors
Blockade of HIV by Interference With gp120-CD4 Interactions
Blockade of HIV by Fusion Inhibitors
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors
Integrase Inhibitors
Change in Therapy
Toxicities and Adverse Effects
Benefits of Therapy
Immune-Based Therapies
Vaccines
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection XIII Prion-Related Diseases
Chapter 193: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease, Kuru, Fatal Familial Insomnia, New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Sporadic Fatal Insomnia)
History
Epidemiology and Natural History
Kuru
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Sporadic Fatal Insomnia
Etiologic Agent and Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Neuroimaging
Electroencephalography
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 18: Chlamydia
Chapter 194: Chlamydia Infections
Keywords
Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Epidemiology
Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in the Neonate
History
Epidemiology
Conjunctivitis.
Pneumonia.
Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Infants
Treatment of Chlamydial Conjunctivitis and Pneumonia in Infants
Prevention and Control Strategies
Infections in Older Children
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Adolescents
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Trachoma
Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections
Treatment
Infection Caused by Chlamydia psittaci
Organism
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Infection Caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae
Organism
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 19: Rickettsial Diseases
Chapter 195: Rickettsial and Ehrlichial Diseases
Spotted Fevers
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Historical aspects.
Etiology, morphology, growth, and metabolism.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Pathogenesis.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prognosis.
Prevention.
Mediterranean Spotted Fever
Overview.
Epidemiology.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment and prevention.
Rickettsialpox
Historical aspects.
Organism.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Pathology.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii Infection (Epidemic Typhus)
Overview.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Pathogenesis.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prevention.
Rickettsia typhi Infection (Murine Typhus)
Overview.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prevention.
Scrub Typhus
Overview.
Organism.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Pathogenesis.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prognosis.
Prevention.
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Overview.
Organisms.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Pathogenesis and pathology.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Coinfection.
Q Fever
Historical aspects.
Organism.
Epidemiology and transmission.
Pathology.
Clinical manifestations.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prevention.
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 20: Mycoplasma
Chapter 196: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections
Keywords
History
Classification
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Properties
Morphology
Motility and Multiplication
Composition
Growth Characteristics and Physical Properties
Antigenic Composition
Animal Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Epidemic Pattern
Incidence of Infection and Disease
Incubation Period
Geography
Gender Difference
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Sequence of Events in Infection
Pathology
Immunologic Events
Specific antibody.
Specific cell-mediated immunity.
Nonspecific responses.
Possible Mechanisms of Disease Production
Clinical Manifestations
Pneumonia
Symptoms and signs.
Radiography.
Nonspecific laboratory data.
Respiratory Disease Other Than Pneumonia
Common cold and unspecified upper respiratory illness.
Pharyngitis and nasopharyngitis.
Otitis media and bullous hemorrhagic myringitis.
Sinusitis.
Acute bronchitis.
Croup.
Bronchiolitis and infectious asthma.
Other.
Exanthem and Enanthem
Cardiac Manifestations
Hematologic Manifestations
Abdominal Manifestations
Nonspecific gastrointestinal findings.
Liver involvement.
Splenic infarct.
Pancreatitis.
Renal disease.
Arthritis
Muscular Disease
Ocular and Neurologic Disease
Mixed Infections
Other Disease Associations
Recurrent Disease
Disease in the Neonate
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Diagnosis
Serum cold agglutinins.
Specific antibody determinations.
Culture.
Detection by nucleic acid amplification and mass spectrometry Tests.
Treatment
Antimicrobial Therapy
Corticosteroid Therapy
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Plasmapheresis
General Management
Prevention
Ureaplasma
Properties
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Infertility
Nongonococcal Urethritis
Other Infections
Disease in the Neonate
Transmission.
Clinical Manifestations
Chorioamnionitis
Pneumonia
Chronic Lung Disease
Central Nervous System Infections
Other Infections
Differential Diagnosis
Mycoplasma hominis
Properties
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Disease in the Neonate
Differential Diagnosis
Mycoplasma genitalium
Properties
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Mycoplasma fermentans
Mycoplasma penetrans
Diagnosis of Genital Mycoplasmas
Other Mycoplasma Species and Mycoplasma Relationships
Mycoplasma salivarium
Mycoplasma pirum
Zoonotic Mycoplasma
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome–Associated Mycoplasmal Infections
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Mycoplasma and Cancer
Mycoplasma as a Cell Culture Contaminant
Treatment of Genital Mycoplasmas
Prevention of Genital Mycoplasmas
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 21: Fungal Diseases
Chapter 197: Classification of Fungi
New References Since the Seventh Edition
Chapter 198: Aspergillosis
Organism
Clinical Presentations
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis
Cerebral Aspergillosis
Cutaneous Aspergillosis
Chronic Aspergillosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Cultures
Radiology
Serology
Galactomannan Antigen
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
(1→3)-β-d-Glucan
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Treatment
Treatment for Invasive Aspergillosis
Primary Antifungal Therapy
Alternative Antifungal Therapy
Salvage Antifungal Therapy
Combination Antifungal Therapy
Adjunctive Therapies
Treatment for Chronic or Allergic Aspergillosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 199: Blastomycosis
Historical Perspective
Mycology
Ecology and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Pulmonary Disease
Disseminated Disease
Disease in Immunocompromised Patients
Blastomycosis During Pregnancy and in Neonates
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 200: Candidiasis
Organism
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Pathogen Factors
Host Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Superficial Candidiasis
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Esophageal Candidiasis
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Cutaneous Candidiasis
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Invasive Candidiasis
Candidemia
Acute Disseminated Candidiasis
Endovascular candidiasis.
Cardiac candidiasis.
Pulmonary candidiasis.
Candidiasis of the peritoneum, gastrointestinal tract, and gallbladder.
Candidiasis of the urinary tract.
Osteoarticular candidiasis.
Central nervous system candidiasis.
Ocular candidiasis.
Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis
Diagnosis
Culture
Histology
Antigen
Molecular-Based Testing
Other Novel Diagnostic Approaches
Antifungal Prophylaxis and Treatment
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Superficial Candidiasis
Oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Esophageal candidiasis.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Cutaneous candidiasis.
Invasive Candidiasis
Candidemia.
Endovascular candidiasis.
Cardiac candidiasis.
Peritoneal candidiasis.
Candidiasis of the urinary tract.
Osteoarticular candidiasis.
Central nervous system candidiasis.
Ocular candidiasis.
Chronic disseminated candidiasis.
Neonatal Candidiasis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis
Neonatal Candidemia
Neonatal Urinary Tract Infection
Neonatal Meningoencephalitis
Neonatal Endocarditis and Infected Vascular Thrombi
Neonatal Endophthalmitis and Retinopathy of Prematurity
Neonatal Candida End-Organ Dissemination
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Amphotericin B Preparations
Azoles
Echinocandins
Central Venous Catheter Removal With Bloodstream Infections
Empiric Antifungal Therapy
Prevention
Fluconazole prophylaxis.
Safety of fluconazole prophylaxis.
Nystatin prophylaxis.
Infection control measures to prevent neonatal invasive candidiasis
Prenatal detection and eradication of maternal vaginal candidiasis.
Medication and feeding stewardship.
Central line–associated bloodstream infection bundles.
Lactoferrin.
Outcomes
Neurodevelopmental Impairment
Survival
Candida-Related Mortality
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 201: Coccidioidomycosis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Primary Pulmonary Infection
Primary Inoculation-Related Infection
Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis
Skin Disease
Bone and Joint Disease
Meningitis
Coccidioidomycosis in Pregnancy
Coccidioidomycosis in the Immunocompromised Host
Diagnosis
Culture and Identification of the Fungus
Skin Test
Serologic Studies
Antigen Detection
Treatment
Primary Infection
Disseminated Disease
Nonmeningeal Dissemination
Meningeal Disease
Surgical Management
Refractory or Progressive Disease
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 202: Paracoccidioidomycosis
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Incidence
Age
Gender
Occupation and Race
Geographic Distribution
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 203: Cryptococcosis
Organism
Virulence
Capsule
Melanin
Extracellular Enzymes
Phenotypic Variation
Ecology and Epidemiology
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus gattii
Pathogenesis
Pulmonary Cryptococcosis
Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in Children
Clinical Manifestations
Radiology
Diagnosis
Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis
Clinical Manifestations
Pediatric Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis
Diagnosis
Cerebrospinal Fluid Profile
Imaging
India Ink Staining
Culture and Histopathology
Antigen Detection
Complications
Mortality
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Cryptococcoma
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Other Forms of Cryptococcosis
Congenital Cryptococcosis
Treatment
Pulmonary Disease
Central Nervous System Disease
Secondary Prophylaxis
Adjuvant Interferon-γ
Primary Prophylaxis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 204: Histoplasmosis
Organism
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
Primary Cutaneous Histoplasmosis
Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis
Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis of Infancy
Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Hosts
Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients
Central Nervous System Infection
Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome
Illness Caused by Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii
Radiographic Findings
Diagnosis
Organisms Shown on Histology
Culture
Antibody and Antigen Detection
Complement Fixation
Immunodiffusion
Antigen Detection
Skin Testing
Molecular Methods
Treatment
Medical Management for Manifestations Requiring Antifungal Therapy
Primary Pulmonary Infection
Mediastinal Adenitis
Disseminated Infection
Immunocompetent Patients and Immunosuppressed Patients Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Disseminated Infection in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Prophylaxis of Immunosuppressed Patients
Central Nervous System Infection
Medical Management of Manifestations That Do Not Require Antifungal Therapy
Surgical Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 205: Sporotrichosis
Organism
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Cutaneous Sporotrichosis
Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 206: Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis
Mucormycosis
Organisms
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis
Pulmonary Mucormycosis
Skin and Soft Tissue (Cutaneous) Mucormycosis
Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis
Disseminated Mucormycosis
Miscellaneous Forms of Mucormycosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
General Principles
Amphotericin B Formulations
Triazoles
Combination Therapy
Adjunctive Therapies
Prognosis and Prevention
Entomophthoramycosis
Organisms
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Chronic Rhinofacial Entomophthoramycosis
Chronic Subcutaneous Entomophthoramycosis
Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis and Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 207: Fusariosis and Scedosporiosis
Infections Caused by Fusarium Species
Microbiology and Pathogenesis of Infection
Risk Factors and Clinical Syndromes
Diagnosis and Therapy
Infections Caused by Scedosporium Species
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Risk Factors and Clinical Syndromes
Diagnosis and Therapy
New References in the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 208: Miscellaneous Mycoses
Yeasts
Malassezia Species
Trichosporon Species
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei
Molds
Phaeohyphomycosis: Cladophialophora bantiana and Bipolaris Species and Others
Hyalohyphomycosis
Paecilomyces Species
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
Acremonium Species
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 22: Parasitic Diseases
Chapter 209: Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites
Keywords
New References Since The Seventh Edition
References
Subsection I: Protozoa
Chapter 210: Amebiasis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Intestinal Amebiasis
Asymptomatic Intraluminal Amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica–Associated Diarrhea
Acute Amebic Colitis
Ameboma
Extraintestinal Amebiasis
Amebic Liver Abscess
Metastatic Amebiasis
Diagnosis
Microscopic Examination of Stool
Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Antigen Detection Tests
Serologic Tests
Noninvasive Diagnosis of Extraintestinal Amebiasis
Biopsy Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Intestinal Amebiasis
Asymptomatic Intraluminal Amebiasis
Acute Amebic Colitis
Extraintestinal Amebiasis
Amebic Liver Abscess and Metastatic Amebiasis
Prognosis
Future Considerations
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 211: Blastocystis hominis and Blastocystis spp. Infection
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Sixth Edition
References
Chapter 212: Entamoeba coli Infection
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 213: Giardiasis
Organism and Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 214: Dientamoeba fragilis Infections
Organism
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 215: Trichomonas Infections
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Transmission
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Immunology
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical Diagnosis
Screening and Diagnosis
Laboratory Tests
Point-of-Care Tests
Culture
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Papanicolaou Smear
Other Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Prognosis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 216: Balantidium coli Infection
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Asymptomatic Infection
Diarrhea
Invasive Colonic Balantidiasis
Metastatic and Extraintestinal Balantidiasis
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 217: Cryptosporidiosis
Keywords
Microbiology
Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Immunology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 218: Cyclosporiasis, Cystoisosporiasis, and Microsporidiosis
Cyclospora Cayetanensis
Microbiology and Life Cycle
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cystoisosporiasis
Microbiology and Life Cycle
Epidemiology and Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Microsporidiosis
Microbiology and Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Intestinal and Biliary Tract Microsporidiosis
Ocular Infection
Other Clinical Presentations
Diagnosis
Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 219: Babesiosis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 220: Malaria
History
Organism
Epidemiology
Transmission
Epidemiologic Terminology
Mosquito-borne Transmission
Bloodborne Transmission
Congenital Malaria
Cryptic Malaria
Host-Parasite Interaction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings
Severe and Complicated Malaria
Severe Anemia
Hypoglycemia
Acid-Base Changes
Renal Complications
Respiratory Complications
Cerebral Malaria
Hyperreactive Malarial Syndrome (Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome, Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly)
Malaria in Special Populations
Malaria in Children
Congenital Malaria
Malaria in Pregnancy
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Fluorescent Microscopy
Detection of Parasite Antigen
DNA Probe
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Flow Cytometry
Antibody Detection
Treatment
Antimalarial Agents Available for Use in the United States
Chloroquine
Artemether-Lumefantrine
Atovaquone-Proguanil
Mefloquine
Quinine and Quinidine
Primaquine
Tetracycline and Doxycycline
Antimalarial Agents Not Currently Available or Recommended for Treatment of Malaria in the United States
Other Artemisinin Derivatives
Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine
Amodiaquine
Halofantrine
Supportive Therapy
Investigational Drugs and Adjunctive Therapy
Prevention
Personal Protective Measures
Chemoprophylaxis
Antimalarial Agents Available in the United States for Prevention of Malaria
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Atovaquone-Proguanil
Mefloquine
Doxycycline
Primaquine
Antimalarial Agents Not Available or Recommended in the United States for Prevention of Malaria
Tafenoquine
Proguanil
Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine
Standby Emergency Self-Treatment
Intermittent Preventive Treatment
Vaccine
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 221: Leishmaniasis
Keywords
Organism
Epidemiology
Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania Mexicana Complex
Leishmania Braziliensis Complex (Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 222: Trypanosomiasis
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
Biology, Life Cycle, and Mechanisms of Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi
Epidemiology
Pathology and Clinical Manifestations
Acute and Indeterminate Phases of Chagas Disease
Chronic Chagas Heart Disease
Chronic Gastrointestinal Chagas Disease (Megadisease)
Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, Immunosuppression, and Transplantation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic Symptomatic Chagas Disease
Prevention and Control
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
Biology, Life Cycle, and Mechanisms of Transmission of African Trypanosomes
Epidemiology
Pathology and Clinical Manifestations
Infants and Children
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Selected References
References
Chapter 223: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia Infections
Epidemiology
Organisms
Clinical Manifestations
Naegleria Fowleri
Acanthamoeba Species
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Balamuthia Mandrillaris
Neuroimaging
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Diagnosis
Direct Microscopic Identification
Culture
Serology
Molecular Diagnostics
Treatment
Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Amebic Keratitis
Role of Acanthamoeba Species as Reservoirs of Intracellular Pathogens
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 224: Toxoplasmosis
Organism and Transmission
Epidemiology
Acquired Infection
Congenital Infection
Pathology
Immunology
Clinical Syndromes
Acute Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Serologic Methods
Measurements of IgG Antibody
Measurements of IgM Antibody
Measurements of IgA and IgE Antibodies
Differential Agglutination
Multiplexed Serologic Assays
Point of Care Testing
Nonserologic Methods
Isolation of the Organism
Histology
Antigen-Specific Lymphocyte Transformation
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Interferon-γ Release Assay
Diagnosis in Specific Clinical Situations
Acute Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma Infection in Immunodeficient Children
Toxoplasma Infection in Pregnant Women
Fetal Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis After Birth
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Treatment
Therapeutic Agents
Spiramycin
Pyrimethamine
Leucovorin
Sulfadiazine
Clindamycin
Other Antimicrobial Agents
Therapy in Specific Clinical Settings
Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Treatment of Pregnant Women
Postnatal treatment of congenital infection.
Sequential fetal and postnatal treatment.
Coexistent HIV Infection
Recurrent Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Prevention
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 225: Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Organism
Transmission and Epidemiology
Transmission
Pneumocystis Pneumonia and AIDS
Pneumocystis Pneumonia Not Associated With AIDS
Immunopathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
References
Subsection II: Nematodes
Chapter 226: Parasitic Nematode Infections
Intestinal Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Trichuris trichiura
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Hookworms
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Enterobius vermicularis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Aberrant Infections With Intestinal Nematodes
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Other Aberrant Infections With Intestinal Nematodes
Filarial Parasites
Lymphatic Filariasis: Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Species
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Loa Loa
Onchocerca volvulus (and “Nodding Syndrome”)
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Mansonella Perstans and Mansonella Ozzardi
Dirofilaria immitis
Dracunculus medinensis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
Intestinal Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworms
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni
Aberrant Infections With Intestinal Nematodes
Filarial Parasites
Onchocerca volvulus
References
Intestinal Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworms
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni
Aberrant Infections With Intestinal Nematodes
Other Aberrant Infections With Intestinal Nematodes
Filarial Parasites
Lymphatic Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia Species
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi
Dirofilaria immitis
Dracunculus medinensis
Subsection III: Cestodes
Chapter 227: Cestodes
Overview of Cestodes and Their Importance for Children
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Infection
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Taenia asiatica (Asian Pork Tapeworm)
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Prevention
Taenia Solium
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Taeniasis
Cysticercosis
Single enhancing lesions.
Multiple cystic (viable) lesions.
Cysticercal encephalitis.
Parenchymal calcifications.
Ventricular neurocysticercosis.
Subarachnoid cysticercosis.
Giant cysticerci.
Other forms of cysticercosis.
Diagnosis
Taeniasis
Neurocysticercosis
Treatment
Single Enhancing Lesions
Multiple Parenchymal Lesions
Cysticercal Encephalitis (Numerous Cysticerci With Cerebral Edema)
Calcified Parenchymal Cysticerci
Ventricular Neurocysticercosis
Subarachnoid Neurocysticercosis
Giant Subarachnoid Neurocysticercosis
Other Forms of Neurocysticercosis
Prognosis
Prevention
Coenurosis (Taenia multiceps, Others) and Cysticercosis Caused by Taenia crassiceps
Diphyllobothrium Species (Fish Tapeworm)
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Dipylidium Caninum (Dog Tapeworm)
Organism
Transmission and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment
Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Hymenolepis diminuta (Rat Tapeworm)
Sparganosis (Intermediate-Stage Spirometra Species Infection)
Organism
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Echinococcus Granulosus and Related Species (Cystic Hydatid Disease)
Organisms
Transmission
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Other Echinococcus Species
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection IV: Trematodes
Chapter 228: Foodborne Trematodes
Liver Flukes
Clonorchiasis and Opisthorchiasis
Organisms
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Fascioliasis
Organisms
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Lung Fluke
Paragonimiasis
Organisms
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Classical (pleuropulmonary) paragonimiasis.
Nonclassical presentations.
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Intestinal Flukes
Fasciolopsiasis
Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Heterophyiasis
Organism
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Metorchiasis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 229: Schistosomiasis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Chronic Schistosomiasis
Urinary Schistosomiasis
Clinical Manifestations
Cercarial Penetration
Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever)
Urinary Schistosomiasis
Genital Schistosomiasis
Intestinal Disease
Hepatosplenic Disease (Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, and Portal Hypertension)
Pneumonitis and Cor Pulmonale
Central Nervous System Involvement
Chronic or Recurrent Salmonellosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Subsection V: Arthropods
Chapter 230: Arthropods
Ticks
Tick Paralysis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myiasis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mites
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lice
Pediculosis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Head lice.
Body lice.
Pubic lice.
Bed Bugs
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Eradication
Spiders
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Scorpions
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Fleas
Murine Typhus
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tungiasis
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 23: Global Health
Chapter 231: Global Health
Definition of Global Health
History and Evolution of Global Health
Social Determinants of Health
Millennium Development Goals for Global Health and the New Sustainable Development Goals
Future Direction of Global Health
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 232: International Travel Issues for Children
Travelers Visiting Relatives and Family
Pediatric Travelers and Health Risks Abroad
General Approach to Pretravel Assessment for Children
Vaccination for International Travel
Routine Childhood Vaccinations for Pediatric Travelers
Measles
Hepatitis A
Polio
Influenza
Neisseria meningitis
Others Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Common Travel-Related Vaccines for Children
Yellow Fever
Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Rabies
Typhoid
Cholera
Prevention of Mosquito-Borne Illness
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika Virus
Personal Protection Methods
Antimalarial Medication
Prevention of Traveler’s Diarrhea in Children
Epidemiology of Traveler’s Diarrhea
Preventive Counseling for Traveler’s Diarrhea
Food and Beverage Precautions
Managing Traveler’s Diarrhea in Children
Antibiotics
Prevention of Other Infectious Diseases in Pediatric Travelers
General Travel Health Counseling for Children
Pediatric Traveler’s Health Kit
International Travel Information Resources
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 233: Infectious Disease Considerations in International Adoptees and Refugees
Overall Evaluation
Infectious Disease Screening
Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and 2 Infections
Bacterial Infections
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Enteric Bacterial Infections
Intestinal Parasites
Eosinophilia and Tissue Parasites
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
Malaria
Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
Other Testing
Other Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Dermatologic Infections and Infestations
Immunization Guidelines
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Part IV: Therapeutics
Chapter 234: Antibiotic Resistance
Resistance Genetics
Plasmids
Transposons and Integrative and Conjugative Elements
Integrons
Insertion Sequences
Summary
Resistance to Specific Antibiotics
β-Lactam Antibiotics
β-Lactamase Production
Clinical relevance.
Mechanisms of resistance.
Bush-Jacoby group 1 (Ambler class C) AmpC β-lactamases.
Bush-Jacoby group 2 (Ambler class A and D) β-lactamases.
Early group 2 β-lactamases.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases.
Group 2 carbapenemases.
Bush-Jacoby group 3 (Ambler class B) metallo-β-lactamases.
Alteration of Penicillin-Binding Proteins
Clinical relevance.
Mechanism of resistance.
Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramins
Clinical Relevance
Mechanism of Resistance
Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole
Clinical Relevance
Respiratory tract infections: otitis media and pneumonia.
Shigellosis.
Urinary tract infections.
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Mechanisms of Resistance
Aminoglycosides
Clinical Relevance
Mechanism of Resistance
Glycopeptides
Clinical Relevance
Mechanisms of Resistance
Resistance to oxazolidinone daptomycin, and ceftaroline.
Oxazolidinones.
Daptomycin.
Ceftaroline.
Quinolones
Clinical Relevance
Bacterial enteritis.
Urinary tract infections.
Community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Nosocomial infections.
Mechanisms of Resistance
Mutations of topoisomerase.
Altered outer-membrane porin.
Efflux.
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.
Qnr proteins.
AAC(6′)-Ib-cr gene.
OqxAB and QepA efflux pumps.
Polymyxins
Clinical Significance
Mechanisms of Resistance
Chloramphenicol
Clinical Relevance
Mechanisms of Resistance
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 235: The Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Interface
Pharmacokinetic Determinants of Exposure
Basic Terms
Impact of Ontogeny on Pharmacokinetics
Drug Absorption
Distribution
Renal Excretion
Metabolism
Phase I Pathways
Phase II Pathways
Pharmacokinetic Determinants of Effect
Pharmacodynamic Determinants of Effect
Effects Described by Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Conventional Susceptibility End Points
Time Above the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Concentration Above the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Total Body Exposure Above the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Optimal Surrogates for Drugs in Combination
Effect of Suprainhibitory Antimicrobial Concentrations (Eagle Effect, Paradoxical Zone Phenomenon, Concentration Quenching)
Effects of Subinhibitory Antimicrobial Concentration
Effects That Persist After Antimicrobial Exposure (Postantibiotic Effect, Postantibiotic Leukocyte Enhancement, and Post–β-Lactamase Inhibitor Effect)
Impact of Inoculum Size on the Concentration-Effect Relationship
Concentration-Dependent Combination Effects (Synergy and Antagonism)
Pharmacogenetic-Pharmacogenomic Determinants of Effect
Conclusion
Practicing Precision Medicine in Infectious Disease
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 236: Antibacterial Therapeutic Agents
Clinical Pharmacology
Agents That Target the Cell Wall
β-Lactams
Biochemical Structure
Mechanism of Action
Penicillins
Natural Penicillins: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
Aminopenicillins
β-Lactam–β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
Ampicillin-sulbactam.
Piperacillin-tazobactam.
Adverse Effects and Sensitization
Cephalosporins
Pharmacokinetics
First-Generation Cephalosporins
Second-Generation Cephalosporins
Cefaclor.
Cefoxitin.
Cefprozil.
Cefuroxime.
Cefuroxime axetil.
Third-Generation Cephalosporins
Cefotaxime.
Ceftriaxone.
Ceftazidime.
Cefixime.
Cefpodoxime proxetil.
Ceftibuten.
Cefdinir.
Cefditoren pivoxil.
Third-Generation Cephalosporin, β-Lactamase Combinations
Ceftazidime-avibactam.
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
In vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Ceftolozane-tazobactam.
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
In vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
Cefepime.
Fifth-Generation Cephalosporins
Ceftaroline.
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
In vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Adverse effects associated with cephalosporins in general.
Monobactams
Carbapenems
Imipenem-Cilastatin
Meropenem
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
In vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Ertapenem
Doripenem
Mechanisms of Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
In Vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Glycopeptides
Telavancin
Dalbavancin
Mechanisms of action.
In vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Daptomycin
Colistin (Colistimethate Sodium: Polymyxin E)
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Agents That Target Protein Synthesis
Aminoglycosides
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Macrolides
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Chloramphenicol
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Tetracyclines
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Lincosamides
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Linezolid
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Tedizolid
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Rifamycins
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Antibiotics Interfering With Protein Synthesis Not Approved for Use in Children
Agents That Target Nucleic Acid
Fluoroquinolones
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
In Vitro Activity
Pharmacokinetics
Indications for Use
Adverse Effects
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
In vitro activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate–Sulfisoxazole Acetyl
Metronidazole
Mechanisms of action.
Mechanisms of resistance.
Pharmacokinetics.
Indications for use.
Adverse effects.
Selected Aspects of the Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Dosage Schedules for Infants and Children
Dosage Schedules for Newborn Infants
Should Dosages Be Determined by Weight or by Surface Area?
Use of Oral Preparations for Serious Infections
Food Interference With the Absorption of Some Oral Antibiotics
Intravenous Versus Intramuscular Administration
“Push” Versus “Steady” or “Continuous Drip” Intravenous Administration
Diffusion of Antimicrobial Agents Across Biologic Membranes
Duration of Therapy
Dosage Schedules in Children With Renal or Hepatic Insufficiency
Topical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
Current Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Prophylaxis
Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Children in School or Group Daycare
Restriction on Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Infants and Children
Home Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy
Drug-Drug Interactions
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 237: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
General Principles of Prophylaxis
Bacterial Pathogen
Disease
Antimicrobial Agent
Prophylaxis in Neonates
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Group B Streptococcal Infections
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Intravascular Catheter Insertion
Disease-Targeted Prophylaxis
Rheumatic Fever
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Bacterial Endocarditis
Recurrent Otitis Media
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Pertussis
Meningococcal Infections
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Infections
Tuberculosis
Host-Targeted Prophylaxis
Human and Animal Bites
Asplenia
Hemoglobinopathies
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
Surgical Prophylaxis
General Surgical Procedures
Neurosurgical Procedures
Cardiovascular Surgery
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 238: Outpatient Intravenous Antimicrobial Therapy for Serious Infections
Evaluating a Child and Parents for Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Program
Infections Suitable for Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
Delivery of Antimicrobial Therapy
Selection of an Antimicrobial Agent
Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents
Outcome Analysis
Summary
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 239: Antiviral Agents
Antiviral Agents Active Against RNA Viruses
Amantadine and Rimantadine
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Zanamivir, Oseltamivir, Peramivir, and Laninamivir)
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Ribavirin
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Pleconaril and Pocapavir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Antiviral Agents Active Against DNA Viruses
Acyclovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Valacyclovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Penciclovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Famciclovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Ganciclovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Valganciclovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Foscarnet
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Cidofovir and Brincidofovir
Spectrum of Activity
Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
Maribavir and Letermovir
Spectrum of Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Adverse Effects
Clinical indications.
Dosage.
Adverse effects.
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 240: Antifungal Agents
Agents for Treatment of Invasive Mycoses
Polyene Antibiotics
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate
Mechanism of action.
Antifungal activity.
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Therapeutic monitoring.
Drug interactions.
Indications.
Amphotericin B Lipid Formulations
Physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics.
Safety and antifungal efficacy.
Experience in pediatric patients.
ABCD.
ABLC.
L-AmB.
Indications.
Flucytosine
Antifungal activity.
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical indications.
Antifungal Triazoles
Mechanism of action.
Antifungal activity.
Resistance.
Fluconazole
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical indications.
Itraconazole
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical indications.
Posaconazole
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical efficacy.
Approval status and dosing.
Voriconazole
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical efficacy.
Approval status and dosing.
Isavuconazole
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical efficacy.
Approval status and dosing.
Echinocandin Lipopeptides
Mechanism of action.
Antifungal activity.
Resistance.
Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Caspofungin
Clinical efficacy.
Approval status and dosing.
Anidulafungin
Clinical efficacy.
Approval status and dosing.
Micafungin
Clinical efficacy.
Approval status and dosing.
Agents for Systemic Treatment of Mycoses of the Skin and Its Appendages
Griseofulvin
Mechanism of action.
Antifungal activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Indications.
Terbinafine
Antifungal activity.
Pharmacokinetics.
Adverse effects.
Drug interactions.
Clinical indications.
Topical Antifungal Agents
Topical Therapeutics for Superficial Skin Infections
Topical Therapeutics for Mucosal Candidiasis
Future Directions
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 241: Drugs for Parasitic Infections*
Principal Adverse Effects of Antiparasitic Drugs
Chapter 242: Immunomodulating Agents
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibody Preparations in Sepsis and Bacterial Infections
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Viral Infections
Cytokines
Lymphokines and Monokines
Colony-Stimulating Factors
Interferons
Interferon-α and Interferon-β
Interferon-γ
Toll-Like Receptors
Neutrophils and Complement
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Factor and Defensins
Platelet-Activating Factor
Nitric Oxide
Nanotechonology and Other Novel Techniques
Conclusion
New References Since the Seventh Editions
References
Chapter 243: Probiotics
Definitions
Probiotic Microorganisms
Prebiotics and Synbiotics
Mechanism of Action
Probiotics and Prebiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Clinical Conditions
Acute Infectious Diarrhea
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Nosocomial Diarrhea
Persistent Diarrhea
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Liver Disease
Allergic and Atopic Diseases
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Neonatal Sepsis
Safety of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Infants and Children
Infectious Diseases Related to Probiotic Use
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Part V: Prevention of Infectious Diseases
Chapter 244: Health Care–Associated Infections
Historical Background
Spread of Communicable Infections in Health Care Facilities
General Principles
Modes of Transmission
Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions
Respiratory Viruses
Pertussis
Gastrointestinal Viruses
Clostridium Difficile
Other Gastrointestinal Bacteria
Varicella Zoster Virus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses
Parvovirus B19
Hepatitis A Virus
Enteroviruses
Tuberculosis
Invasive Bacterial Infections
Ectoparasites
Intestinal Helminths
Health Care–Associated Infections Due to Invasive Devices and Procedures
Infections Related to Intravascular Catheters and Infusions
Infections Related to Respiratory Therapy
Infections Related to Instrumentation of the Urinary Tract
Infections Related to Surgical Procedures
Health Care–Associated Infections Caused by Special Pathogens
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli
Clostridium Difficile
Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens
Health Care–Associated Infections in Special Populations
Neonates
Immunocompromised Children
Children With Burns
Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Children Undergoing Dialysis
Children in Long-Term Care Facilities
Infection Prevention and Control Programs in Health Care Facilities
Organization and Activities of Health Care Infection Control Programs
Surveillance Strategies
Outbreak Investigation
Policies and Procedures
Hand Hygiene
Isolation Precautions
Standard Precautions
Transmission-Based Precautions
Visitors
Occupational Health
Evaluation of Ill Health Care Workers
Postexposure Evaluation and Management of Health Care Workers
Prevention of Occupationally Acquired Infections by Health Care Workers
Reprocessing of Reusable Patient Care Items
Education and Training of Heath Care Workers
Product Evaluation
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Health Care Facilities
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 245: Active Immunizing Agents
Active Immunoprophylaxis: Considerations and Recommendations
Vaccines
Immunization Schedules
Route of Administration
Vaccine Dose
Lapsed Immunizations
Simultaneous Administration of Multiple Vaccines
Record Keeping, Patient Information, Informed Consent, and Reporting
Vaccine Recommendations and Schedules
Implementation of Vaccine Programs
Vaccine Contraindications, Precautions, and Use in Special Circumstances
Misconceptions
International Travel
Vaccine Safety
Reference Sources
Vaccines Recommended for Routine Administration
Diphtheria Toxoid
Preparations
Immunogenicity
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Hepatitis A Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Precautions and Contraindications
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Contraindications
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Contraindications and Precautions
Influenza Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Measles Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Meningococcal Vaccine
Preparations
MenACWY vaccines.
MenB vaccines.
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
MenACWY vaccines.
MenB vaccine.
Adverse Events
MenACWY vaccines.
MenB vaccine.
Indications
Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines.
MenB vaccines.
Postexposure Immunoprophylaxis
Precautions and Contraindications
Mumps Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Pertussis Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity
Efficacy
Adverse Events
Serious Neurologic Illness
Indications
Contraindications and Precautions
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Contraindications
Poliovirus Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Rotavirus Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Contraindications and Precautions
Rubella Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Tetanus Toxoid
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Preexposure indications.
Antepartum indications.
Postexposure wound management.
Precautions and Contraindications
Varicella Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Postexposure prophylaxis.
Precautions and Contraindications
Diseases for Which Combination Vaccines Are Available
Vaccines With Selective Indications for Children and Adolescents
Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Skin Test Reactivity
Precautions and Contraindications
Cholera Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Reactions
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Rabies Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications and Precautions
Postexposure prophylaxis.
Preexposure prophylaxis.
Precautions and Contraindications
Typhoid Vaccine
Preparations
Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Contraindications
Yellow Fever Vaccine
Preparations
Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Adverse Events
Indications
Precautions and Contraindications
Vaccines Related to Bioterrorism
Investigational Vaccines
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 246: Passive Immunization
Principles of Passive Immunity
Definition
Animal Sera and Antitoxins
Sensitivity Tests for Animal Serum
Administration of Animal Serum
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Animal Serum
Treatment of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Animal Serum
Human Immune Serum Globulin
Intramuscular Immunoglobulin
Pharmacology.
Intramuscular immunoglobulin in antibody immunodeficiency.
Intramuscular immunoglobulin and special intramuscular immunoglobulins for prevention of infectious diseases.
Adverse effects of intramuscular immunoglobulin.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Pharmacology.
Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin.
Side effects of intravenous immunoglobulins.
Severe immediate reactions.
Immediate reactions in immunoglobulin A–deficient patients.
Aseptic meningitis.
Renal complications.
Thrombotic complications.
Rare side effects.
Transmission of pathogens, including hepatitis C, by intravenous immunoglobulin.
Intravenous immunoglobulin and intramuscular immunoglobulin inhibition of vaccine antibody responses.
Intravenous immunoglobulin in primary immunodeficiencies.
Special uses of intravenous immunoglobulin in antibody deficiencies.
Subcutaneous Human Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin Administration by Oral, Intrathecal, Aerosol, and Local Routes
Oral immunoglobulin.
Rotavirus infection.
Necrotizing enterocolitis.
Cryptosporidial infection.
Other diarrheas.
Aerosolized and intratracheal immunoglobulin.
Intrathecal immunoglobulin.
Other administration routes.
Immunoglobulin in Secondary Immunodeficiencies
Hematologic and Oncologic Diseases
Protein-Losing States: Enteropathy, Nephrotic Syndrome, and Plastic Bronchitis
Intensive Care Patients: Trauma, Surgery, and Septic Shock
Prematurity
Transplantation
Burns
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Intravenous Immune Globulin in Immunoregulatory and Neurologic Disorders
Monoclonal Antibodies
Nomenclature and Structure
Uses of monoclonal antibodies.
Passive Immunity in Bacterial Diseases
Anthrax
Recommendations
Botulism, Botulinum Antitoxin, and Botulism Immunoglobulin
Recommendations
Other Clostridial Infections
Clostridium difficile Infections
Recommendations.
Gas Gangrene (Clostridium Perfringens)
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Diphtheria and Diphtheria Antitoxin
Recommendations
Pertussis
Recommendations
Respiratory and Other Bacterial Infections
Otitis Media
Sinusitis
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Cystic Fibrosis
Burn Infections
Gram-Negative Infections
Newborn Sepsis
Staphylococcal Infections
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
Neonatal Staphylococcal Infections
Refractory Staphylococcal Infections
Recommendations
Streptococcal Infections
Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
PANDAS Syndrome and Sydenham Chorea
Recommendations
Tetanus, Tetanus Antitoxin, and Tetanus Immunoglobulin
Recommendations
Prophylaxis.
Treatment.
Passive Immunity in Viral Infections
Enteroviruses
Poliovirus
Recommendations.
Other Enteroviruses
Meningoencephalitis.
Neonatal enteroviral infection.
Recommendations.
Hepatitis A
Recommendations
Household and sexual contacts.
School exposure.
Institutional outbreaks.
Hospital and clinic exposure.
Common source exposure.
Community outbreaks.
Foreign travel.
Primate exposure.
Needle exposure.
Newborn infants of infected mothers.
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin
Immune Globulin Use in Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin
Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin in Liver Transplantation
Recommendations.
Prophylaxis.
Exposure to blood that contains or may contain hepatitis B surface antigen.
Perinatal exposure.
Infants born to mothers who are HbsAg positive.
Term infants born to mothers not tested for HBsAg.
Premature infants.
Sexual exposure to hepatitis B or a carrier of hepatitis B.
Possible exposure.
Liver transplantation.
Hepatitis C
Experimental Hepatitis C Immunoglobulin
Recommendations.
Herpesviruses
Cytomegalovirus
Use of cytomegalovirus intravenous immunoglobulin or intravenous immunoglobulin in transplantation.
Use of cytomegalovirus intravenous immunoglobulin in perinatal cytomegalovirus infection.
Recommendations.
Epstein-Barr Virus
Recommendations.
Herpes Simplex Infections
Recommendations.
Varicella-Zoster Virus and Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin for varicella.
Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin for varicella.
Intravenous immunoglobulin for varicella prophylaxis.
Recommendations.
Determination of susceptibility.
Type of exposure.
Candidates for varicella-zoster immunoglobulin or intravenous immunoglobulin.
Normal adults, children, and adolescents.
Immunocompromised children and adults.
Term and premature newborns.
Dosage.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Recommendations.
Measles
Recommendations.
Mumps
Parvovirus
Recommendations.
Rabies and Rabies Immunoglobulin
Recommendations.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Palivizumab
Passive Immunity in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Treatment
Recommendations.
Candidates for prophylaxis.
Possible indications.
Dosage and administration.
Rotavirus
Recommendations.
Rubella
Recommendations.
Vaccinia, Variola, and Vaccinia Immunoglobulin
Intramuscular Vaccinia Immunoglobulin and Intravenous Vaccinia Immunoglobulin
Recommendations.
Regional Viruses
Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola Infection
Recommendations.
Tickborne Encephalitis
Acknowledgments
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Section 24: Other Preventative Considerations
Chapter 247: Public Health Aspects of Infectious Disease Control
Public Health and Infectious Disease Clinicians
Public Health
Infectious Disease Surveillance
How Public Health Can Assist Clinicians
Outbreak Investigation
Prepare for Fieldwork
Public Health Prevention and Control Measures
Isolation
Quarantine
Preexposure and Postexposure Prophylaxis
Common Patterns of Disease Spread
Animal-to-Person Spread
Person-to-Person Spread
Examples of Exposure Sources
Contaminated Food
Recreational Water
Unpasteurized Milk
Vectorborne Disease
Bioterrorism and Natural Disasters
Common Disease Transmission Settings
Households
Child Care Centers
Schools
Health Information for International Travel
Summary
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 248: Infections in Out-of-Home Child Care
Factors Affecting Transmission of Infectious Agents
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases in Out-of-Home Child Care
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Skin to Skin
Blood, Urine, and Saliva
Prevention and Control of Infections in Out-of-Home Child Care
Written Policies
Hand Hygiene
Environment and Physical Plant Standards
Food Preparation
Immunization and Screening of Children and Staff
Exclusion Policy
Prophylaxis of Close Contacts
Education
Infectious Agents in Child Care
Infections Spread by the Respiratory Route
Upper Respiratory Infections
Systemic Viral Infections
Parvovirus B19.
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
Local Bacterial Infections
Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus.
Invasive Bacterial Disease
Kingella kingae.
Neisseria meningitidis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Parasitic Infections
Giardia lamblia.
Cryptosporidium.
Bacterial Pathogens
Shigella.
Salmonella.
Clostridium difficile.
Shiga toxin−producing strains of Escherichia coli.
Viral Gastrointestinal Pathogens
Infections Spread by Skin Contact
Staphylococcus aureus
Scabies
Head Lice
Infections Spread by Contact With Blood, Urine, or Saliva
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Diphtheria
Haemophilus influenzae Type B
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Influenza
Varicella
Measles
Rubella
Pertussis
Poliomyelitis
Mumps
Rotavirus
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
New References Since Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 249: Animal and Human Bites
Historical Aspects
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Reptile Bites
Prevention
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 250: Bioterrorism
History
Epidemiology
Critical Biologic Agents
Anthrax
Smallpox
Plague
Tularemia
Botulism
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Preparedness and Response
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Part VI: Approach to the Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Chapter 251: Bacterial Laboratory Diagnosis
Culture-Based Detection
Specimen-Specific Collection and Cultivation Requirements
Bloodstream Infection
Respiratory Tract Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Urinary Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal Infections
Non–Culture-Based Detection Methods
Microscopy
Mass Spectrometry
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Molecular Methods for Atypical Organisms
Bordetella pertussis
Tuberculosis
Clostridium difficile
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
Sequence-Based Technologies
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 252: Fungal Laboratory Analysis
Specimen Collection
Direct Detection
Primary Isolation Media
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References
Chapter 253: Viral Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen Collection and Transport
Specimen Collection Sites
Collection of Specimens
Throat
Nose and Nasopharynx
Other Respiratory Specimens (Sputum, Tracheal Aspirates, Bronchial Washings, Bronchoalveolar Lavage)
Eye
Body Fluids Other Than Blood
Lesions
Stool and Rectal Specimens
Blood
Bone Marrow
Biopsy Specimens
Autopsy Specimens
Transport to the Laboratory
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections
Virus Isolation
Traditional Culture
Modified Culture
Direct Detection
Cytology
Antigen Detection
Immunofluorescence
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
Nucleic Acid Detection
CLIA-Waived Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Single-Analyte Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Multiplexed Assays
Highly Multiplexed Assays
Viral Nucleic Acid Quantitation Assays
Summary
New References Since The Seventh Edition
Reference
Chapter 254: Parasitic Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Specimens for Detection of Intestinal Parasites
Other Specimens for DeteCtion of Intestinal Parasites
Stool Processing and Examination for Parasites
Blood Parasites
Blood Processing and Examination for Parasites
Urogenital Specimens
Serology
Other Specimens
New References Since the Seventh Edition
References