Fault Analysis and its Impact on Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems Performance

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1 Overview and Impact of Faults in Grid‐Connected Photovoltaic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Grid‐Connected PV System
1.2.1 Inverter Control
1.2.1.1 Grid‐Connected Inverter Control
1.2.1.2 Standalone Inverter Control
1.3 Overview of Module Faults
1.3.1 External Issue
1.3.2 Failure Due to Manufacturing Issue
1.3.2.1 Silicon Wafer‐based PV Fault
1.3.2.2 Thin Film Module Fault
1.4 Overview of Converter Faults
1.4.1 Wearout Failure
1.4.2 Catastrophic Failure
1.4.3 IGBT Thermal Modeling
1.4.4 Measurement for Cooling
1.4.5 Failure of DC‐Link Capacitor
1.4.6 Failure of Power Diode
1.4.7 Power Semiconductors' Failure Mechanisms
1.5 Detection Strategies for PV System
1.6 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Aging Detection for Capacitors in Power Electronic Converters
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Capacitors for PV Applications
2.1.2 Basic Characteristics of Capacitors
2.2 Laws of Aging for Capacitors
2.2.1 Aging Mechanisms and Indicators of Capacitors
2.2.2 Aging Laws of Capacitors Based on Electrical Parameters
2.2.3 Aging Laws of Capacitors Based on Nonelectrical Parameters
2.2.4 Aging Detection Procedure
2.3 Physical Model‐based Condition Monitoring
2.3.1 Parameter Estimation Principles
2.3.2 Examples of Derived CM Methods
2.3.3 Case Studies
2.3.3.1 CM for Cpv and Cdc in Double‐Stage Converter Systems
2.3.3.2 CM for Cpv in Single‐Stage Inverter
2.4 Data‐Driven‐based Condition Monitoring
2.4.1 Concept of Data‐Driven‐based CM
2.4.2 Case Studies
2.4.2.1 Capacitor Health Status Detection Based on Classification Algorithms
2.4.2.2 Capacitance Estimation Based on Intelligent Algorithms
2.4.2.3 RUL Prediction Based on Intelligent Algorithms
2.5 Results and Analysis
2.6 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Photovoltaic Module Fault. Part 1: Detection with Image Processing Approaches
3.1 Overview
3.2 Background Information
3.3 Fault Classification Approach
3.3.1 Algorithm Development
3.3.2 Training of Classifier
3.3.3 Algorithm Testing
3.4 Panel Area Degradation Analysis
3.4.1 Data Preparation
3.4.1.1 Segmentation Process
3.4.1.2 Localization of Solar Panel
3.4.2 Feature Extraction
3.4.3 Degradation Effect Analysis
3.4.3.1 Effect of Degradation Rate on Module Characteristics
3.4.4 Effect of Degradation Rate on System Output
3.4.5 Experimental Testing for Degradation Analysis
3.4.5.1 Experimental Setup
3.4.5.2 Degradation Algorithm
3.4.5.3 Relation Between Image Features and Performance Degradation
3.4.5.4 Relation Between Module Performance Degradation and PV System Output
3.4.5.5 Sensitivity Analysis
3.5 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Photovoltaic Module Fault. Part 2: Detection with Quantitative‐Model Approach
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Photovoltaic System Characteristics
4.2.1 Topologies of PV Systems
4.2.2 Faults in PV Systems
4.2.3 Monitoring of PV Systems
4.3 Solar Cell Characterization and Modelling
4.3.1 Experimental Analysis of a Solar Cell
4.3.2 Error Computation
4.3.3 Current‐Voltage Characteristics
4.3.3.1 Healthy Cell I–V Curves
4.3.3.2 Broken Glass but Healthy Cell I–V Curves
4.3.3.3 Broken Glass and Damaged Cell I–V Curves
4.3.4 Simulation of I–V curves
4.3.4.1 PV Cell Simulation Model
4.3.4.2 Simulation Model with SAM Parameters
4.4 Power Variations
4.4.1 Power Variation with Temperature
4.4.2 Manufacturing Process Power Variation
4.5 Fault Detection Zone Evaluation
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Power Semiconductors in a Grid‐Connected Converter
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Power Electronics Converters
5.2.1 Components in PECs
5.2.2 Integrated Application Environment
5.2.3 Power Semiconductor Devices
5.2.3.1 Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistor
5.2.3.2 Insulated‐Gate Bipolar Transistor
5.2.4 Power Semiconductor Packaging
5.2.4.1 Electronic Packaging
5.2.4.2 Module Packaging
5.3 Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Power Semiconductors
5.3.1 Failure Mode Effect Analysis
5.3.2 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis
5.3.3 Failure Mechanisms of Power Semiconductor Devices
5.3.3.1 Failure Mechanism due to Bond‐Wire Degradation
5.3.3.2 Failure Mechanism Causing Aluminum Degradation
5.3.3.3 Failure Mechanisms Degrading Die‐Attach
5.3.3.4 Failure Mechanisms due to Breakdown
5.3.3.5 Failure Mechanisms with the Packaging
5.3.3.6 Other Failure Mechanisms
5.4 Failure Analysis
5.4.1 Failure Mechanism Detection Approach
5.4.2 Failure Mechanism Criticality Analysis
5.4.3 Failure Mechanism Severity Analysis
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Fault Classification Approach for Grid‐Tied Photovoltaic Plant
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Solar Power Plants
6.2.1 Types of Solar Power Plants
6.2.1.1 Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plants
6.2.1.2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants
6.2.2 Major Components of PV Plants
6.2.2.1 Solar PV Modules
6.2.2.2 Inverters
6.2.2.3 Batteries and Charge Controllers
6.2.2.4 System and Environment Monitoring Units
6.2.2.5 Maximum Power Point Tracking
6.2.3 Topologies of Solar PV Plants
6.2.3.1 Standalone PV Plants
6.2.3.2 Bi‐Modal PV Plants
6.2.3.3 Grid‐Connected PV Plants
6.3 Modeling of PV Power Plant and FC System
6.3.1 Reference Solar PV Power Plant
6.3.2 Faults in DC Side of PV Power Plant
6.3.3 System Modelling
6.3.3.1 PV Modelling
6.3.3.2 Inverter Unit
6.3.3.3 Fault Injection
6.3.4 Fault Classification Mechanism
6.3.4.1 Statistical Tools
6.3.4.2 Boundary Conditions
6.3.4.3 Algorithm and Flowchart of FC System
6.4 Result Evaluation and Discussion
6.4.1 Simulation of Modeled Grid‐tied PV Plant
6.4.2 Results Evaluation
6.5 Summary
References
Chapter 7 System‐Level Condition Monitoring Approach for Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Aging and Degradation Effects of Components on PV System Operation
7.2.1 PV Cells Modeling
7.2.2 Impact of PV Materials on the Degradation of PV Cells
7.2.2.1 Encapsulant
7.2.2.2 Backsheet
7.3 Temperature Impact on PV System Operation
7.4 Irradiance Impact on PV System Operation
7.5 Capacitor ESR Impact on PV System Operation
7.6 Data Acquisition for Failure Modes in PV System
7.7 Fault Classifier Development and Monitoring
7.7.1 Types of PV System Faults
7.7.1.1 Ground Faults
7.7.1.2 Line‐Line Faults
7.7.1.3 Arc Faults
7.7.1.4 Shading Faults
7.7.2 Failure Detection and Classification in PV Systems
7.7.2.1 Signature Analysis Approaches
7.7.2.2 Numerical Methods
7.7.2.3 Statistical Analysis
7.7.3 Monitoring System for Failure Detection in PV Systems
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Fault‐Tolerant Converter Design for Photovoltaic System
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fault Signature Identification and Fault Diagnosis
8.2.1 Model‐based Fault‐Diagnostic Techniques
8.2.2 Model‐free Fault Diagnostic Techniques
8.3 Fault Isolation Strategies
8.4 Post‐Fault Reconfiguration Techniques
8.4.1 Switch‐based Reconfiguration Strategies
8.4.2 Switch‐leg‐based Reconfiguration Strategies
8.4.3 Module‐based Reconfiguration Strategies
8.4.4 System‐based Reconfiguration Strategies
8.5 Summary
References
Chapter 9 IoT‐Based Monitoring and Management for Photovoltaic System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background Information
9.2.1 General Description
9.2.2 Factors Influencing Optimum PV Yield
9.2.3 Methodologies to Determine the Factors Affecting the PV Performance
9.3 Research Methodology
9.3.1 Architecture of IoT‐based Solar Monitoring System
9.3.2 IoT Components for Photovoltaic Systems
9.3.2.1 Sensor Devices
9.3.2.2 Other Components
9.4 Remote PV Monitoring and Controlling
9.4.1 IoT in Monitoring and Maximizing PV Output
9.4.2 IoT in Distributing Renewable Energy Harnessed
9.4.3 Benefits of IoT in Distributed Energy Resources
9.4.4 AI Analytics of the IoT System
9.5 Summary
References
Index
EULA