Fate of Chemicals in the Environment. Compartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Release of Chemicals into the Environment......Page 9
Human Activities That Cause Releases......Page 10
Form of Substances Released......Page 12
Source Characteristics......Page 13
Approaches to Estimating Releases......Page 16
Example of an Ad-Hoc Approach: Benzene......Page 19
Research Opportunities......Page 26
Literature Cited......Page 27
2 Fate of Chemicals in Aquatic Systems: Process Models and Computer Codes......Page 28
Transport and Transfer Processes......Page 29
Transformation Processes......Page 32
Logical and Data Structures of Aquatic Fate Codes......Page 35
Available Aquatic Fate Codes......Page 38
Literature Cited......Page 41
1.0 INTRODUCTION......Page 44
2.0 SOURCES AND EMISSIONS......Page 46
3.2 Physical Processes......Page 49
Sorption/lon-Cation Exchange......Page 50
Ionization......Page 51
3.4 Biological Processes......Page 52
4.1 General Overview......Page 53
4.2.1 TDE Modeling......Page 54
4.2.2 Compartmental Modeling......Page 56
4.2.4 Physical, Chemical, Biological Processes Modeled......Page 58
4.3 Saturated Soil Zone (Groundwater) Modeling......Page 59
4.5 Aquatic Equilibria Models......Page 60
5.0 SELECTED MODELS AND ISSUES......Page 61
LITERATURE CITED......Page 66
4 Modeling of Human Exposure to Airborne Toxic Materials......Page 69
Elements of Atmospheric Risk Analysis......Page 70
Modeling Approaches in Use......Page 74
Human Exposure Analysis at Systems Applications, Inc.......Page 75
Concentration Patterns......Page 77
General Point Sources Represented by Prototype......Page 78
Area Sources......Page 79
Results......Page 81
Regional Grid Model of Exposure/Dosage......Page 82
Literature Cited......Page 87
5 The Role of Multimedia Fate Models in Chemical Risk Assessment......Page 88
Some Regulatory Background......Page 89
Chronic vs. Acute Risk Analysis......Page 90
Components of a Chronic Risk Assessment......Page 92
Multimedia Model Characteristics......Page 95
Selection and Application of Model Components......Page 98
Concluding Remarks......Page 101
Literature Cited......Page 102
6 Partition Models for Equilibrium Distribution of Chemicals in Environmental Compartments......Page 104
Partitioning Models......Page 105
Environmental Partition Coefficients......Page 106
Partitioning In Model Ecosystems......Page 108
Applications of The Model......Page 112
Advancement of Equilibrium Models......Page 117
Advantages and Disadvantages of Equilibrium Models......Page 120
Literature Cited......Page 121
7 A New Mathematical Modeling System......Page 123
Basic Principles of HSPF......Page 124
The Pervious Land-segment (PERLND) Module......Page 126
The Reach/reservoir (RCHRES) Module......Page 132
Software Design Considerations......Page 138
Operation of the Model......Page 140
Literature Cited......Page 144
8 Model Predictions vs. Field Observations: The Model Validation/Testing Process......Page 146
Recent Model Validation Workshops......Page 147
The Model Testing/Validation Process......Page 149
Model Testing and Error Analysis......Page 152
Current Status of Field Testing......Page 159
Procedures and Measures for Model Validation......Page 162
Future Needs......Page 164
Literature Cited......Page 165
9 Application of Fugacity Models to the Estimation of Chemical Distribution and Persistence in the Environment......Page 167
Fugacity Models......Page 169
Illustrative Application......Page 173
Literature Cited......Page 187
10 Environmental Fate and Transport at the Terrestrial-Atmospheric Interface......Page 189
Method......Page 190
Summary......Page 204
Literature Cited......Page 205
11 Interactions Between Dissolved Humic and Fulvic Acids and Pollutants in Aquatic Environments......Page 207
Methods Available for Quantitatively Measuring the Extent of Binding of Organic Pollutants to Dissolved Humic Materials......Page 209
Comparisons Between Methods......Page 210
Quantitative Binding Measurements......Page 213
Binding of DDT By Various Humic Materials......Page 216
Conclusions......Page 219
Literature Cited......Page 220
12 A Comparative Study of the Relationships Between the Mobility of Alachlor, Butylate, and Metolachlor in Soil and Their Physicochemical Properties......Page 222
Materials and Methods......Page 223
Results......Page 226
Discussion......Page 233
Conclusions......Page 235
Literature Cited......Page 237
13 Mathematical Modeling Application to Environmental Risk Assessments......Page 239
Description of the Runoff SWRRB and the EXAMS Models......Page 240
SWRBB-EXAMS Interconnections - Calculation for Load Input into EXAMS Pond......Page 244
Use of EXAMS Ponds and Lakes to Determine Environmental Fate of CGA-72662......Page 245
Limitations of SWRRB and EXAMS Models......Page 247
EXAMS Limitations and Pitfalls......Page 248
Summary......Page 251
Literature Cited......Page 252
14 Application of the Preliminary Pollutant Limit Value (PPLV) Environmental Risk Assessment Approach to Selected Land Uses......Page 253
Acceptable Daily Doses (DT)......Page 258
Scenarios, Single Pathway PPLVs (SPPPLVs), and PPLVs......Page 261
Alabama Army Ammunition Plant (4)......Page 262
Savanna Army Depot Activity (5)......Page 266
Gratiot County Landfill (6)......Page 270
Bangor Naval Submarine Base......Page 271
Literature Cited......Page 272
15 Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments Using Outputs of Environmental Fate Models......Page 275
Pollutant Concentration Estimation: Use of Fate Models......Page 278
Exposure Route and Receptor Analysis......Page 280
Human Exposure Estimation......Page 283
Risk Estimation......Page 285
Limitations of Risk Assessment......Page 292
Literature Cited......Page 295
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W......Page 305