This book provides readers with expert knowledge on the design of fast charging infrastructures and their planning in smart cities and communities to support autonomous transportation. The recent development of fast charging infrastructures using hybrid energy systems is examined, along with aspects of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) and their integration within transportation networks and city infrastructures. The book looks at challenges and opportunities for autonomous transportation, including connected and autonomous vehicles, shuttles, and their technology development and deployment within smart communities. Intelligent control strategies, architectures, and systems are also covered, along with intelligent data centers that ensure effective transportation networks during normal and emergency situations. Planning strategies are presented to demonstrate the resilient transportation infrastructures, and optimized performance is discussed in view of performance indicators and requirements specifications, as well as regulations and standards.
Author(s): Hossam A. Gabbar
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 294
City: Cham
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Mobility
1.2 Transitioning of Transportation Technologies
1.3 Transportation Electrification and Charging Technologies
1.4 Challenges of Fast-Charging Station Development
1.5 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Requirement Analysis of Fast-Charging Stations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Requirement Analysis of Fast-Charging Station
2.3 FCS Design Requirements
2.3.1 [A1] Energy Management System Design
2.3.2 [A2] Protection System Design
2.3.3 [A3] Design FCS Simulation Models
2.3.4 [A4] Charging Unit Design
2.3.5 [A5] FCS Layout Design
2.3.6 [A6] Design Optimization
2.3.7 [A7] Design Grid Interface
2.3.8 [A8] Filter Design
2.3.9 [A9] AC-DC Converter Design
2.3.10 [A10] Transformer Design
2.3.11 [A11] DC-DC Converter Design
2.3.12 [A12] Control System Design
2.4 FCS Facility
2.4.1 [B1] Manage Incoming Vehicles
2.4.2 [B2] Manage Financial Model
2.4.3 [B3] Manage Standards
2.4.4 [B4] Manage FCS Risks
2.4.5 [B5] Manage FCS Facility Operation
2.4.6 [B6] Manage Charging Requests
2.5 Manage Energy System in FCS
2.5.1 [C1] Manage Power from Grid
2.5.2 [C2] Manage Energy Storage
2.5.3 [C3] Manage Energy Sources
2.5.4 [C4] Manage Energy to Grid
2.5.5 [C5] Manage Energy to Units
2.5.6 [C6] Manage MEG
2.6 Manage Charging in FCS
2.6.1 [D1] Manage Fast Charging
2.6.2 [D2] Manage Ultrafast Charging
2.6.3 [D3] Manage Wireless Charging
2.6.4 [D4] Manage Regular Charging
2.6.5 [D5] Manage Charge Batteries
2.6.6 [D6] Manage V2G
2.7 Analysis of Best Practice Charging Stations
2.7.1 European Distribution System Operators (DSO)
2.7.2 Next-Generation Vehicle Promotion Center: Japan
2.7.3 US Transport Electrification
2.7.4 Smart City Sweden
2.7.5 Electrification of Public Bus in Singapore
2.8 Charging Technology Specifications
2.9 Analysis of Mobility Requirements
2.10 Automotive Cybersecurity
2.11 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Fast-Charging Station Design
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptual Design of Fast-Charging Models
3.2.1 Functional Modeling of Fast-Charging Station
3.2.2 Fast Charging from the Grid
3.2.3 Fast Charging from Grid with Flywheel and Battery
3.2.4 Fast Charging with Micro Energy Grid
3.2.5 Fast Charging from Grid with Supercapacitor and Battery
3.2.6 Powering Charging Station
3.2.7 FCS Cyber Physical System Modeling
3.2.8 Physical System Modeling for Maritime and Charging Station
3.3 Detailed Design of Fast-Charging Station
3.3.1 Fast-Charging Station Design
3.3.2 Fast-Charging Station Detailed Design
3.3.3 Detailed Design of Multi-Input Converter for Fast-Charging Station
3.3.4 The Operation Modes of the Converter
3.3.4.1 Mode 1: Battery to DC Link
3.3.4.2 Mode 2: Supercapacitor to DC Link
3.3.4.3 Mode 3: Battery and Supercapacitor
3.3.4.4 Mode 4: Battery and Supercapacitor to DC Link
3.3.4.5 Mode 5: DC Link to Battery and Supercapacitor
3.4 Control System Design
3.4.1 Control Design for Charging Unit
3.4.1.1 Model Reference Adaptive Control
3.4.1.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
3.4.2 Integrated Control Design for the Charging Station
3.4.3 Energy Management System (EMS)
3.5 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Analysis of Transportation Electrification and Fast Charging
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis of Electric Buses
4.2.1 e-Bus Opportunities
4.2.2 e-Bus Challenges
4.2.3 Battery Technologies
4.2.3.1 Battery Size and Range
4.2.3.2 Battery Aging
4.2.4 Depot for Bus Charging
4.2.5 On-Route Charging
4.2.6 Conductive On-Route Charging
4.2.7 Inductive On-Route Charging
4.2.8 Battery Swapping On-Route Charging
4.3 Analysis of Electric Trucks
4.3.1 Fast-Charging System of HDT
4.3.2 Depot Charging Electrical Distribution System
4.3.3 Charging Scheduling Algorithm
4.3.4 Electric Truck Opportunities and Challenges
4.3.5 HDT Fast Charging in the Market
4.4 EV Charging Technologies
4.4.1 AC Charging Station
4.4.1.1 Level 1 Charging
4.4.1.2 Level 2 Charging
4.4.2 DC Charging Station
4.4.3 EV Charging Standards
4.4.4 EV Fast-Charging Applications and Their Challenges
4.5 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Transit Buses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electric Bus Charging Models
5.3 Performance Measures
5.4 Case Study
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6: A Robust Decoupled Microgrid Charging Scheme Using a DC Green Plug-Switched Filter Compensator
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Proposed Efficient PV-Powered Schemes
6.3 The Controller Design Steps and Structure
6.4 Digital Simulation Results
6.5 Conclusions
Appendices
Appendix A: Designed GPFC System Parameters
Appendix B: Controller Gain Parameters
References
Chapter 7: Fast Charging for Railways
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Chapter Outlines
7.2 Railway Electrification Infrastructure
7.3 Voltage Standardization for Railway Electrification
7.4 Resilient Interconnected Microgrid (RIMG)
7.5 Requirements of the Utility
7.6 The Criteria of the Control System
7.7 Design Concepts of Multiple Interconnected Resilient Microgrids
7.8 Design of IMGs
7.9 Detailed Design of IMGs
7.10 Energy Storage Technologies for the Railway
7.10.1 Flywheel
7.10.2 ESS in Railway Systems
References
Chapter 8: Hybrid Charging Stations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hybrid Charging Station
8.3 Operation of Hybrid Charging Station
8.4 Data Analysis of Hybrid Charging Station
8.4.1 EV Charging Station Data
8.4.2 Gas Refueling Station Data
8.4.3 FCV Refueling Station Data
8.5 Optimization of Hybrid Station Operation
8.5.1 Objective Functions
8.5.2 Constraints
8.5.3 Assumptions
8.6 Optimization Algorithm
8.7 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Fast Charging for Marine Transportation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Functional Modeling of Hybrid Energy System for Maritime and Waterfront Applications
9.3 Energy System Design for Maritime and Waterfront
9.3.1 Energy System Design Scenarios
9.3.2 Performance Measures
9.3.3 Ship Route
9.3.4 System Design
9.3.5 Optimization
9.3.6 Cargo and Propulsion Modules for Nuclear-Powered Ships
9.4 Advances in Research and Innovation
9.4.1 Research on Energy Systems for Marine Transportation and Waterfront Infrastructures
9.4.2 Research Areas
9.4.3 Research and Test Facility
9.4.4 Research Impacts
9.4.5 Target Industries
9.5 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Resilient Charging Stations for Harsh Environment and Emergencies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Charging Infrastructures
10.3 Charging in Harsh Environment
10.4 Resiliency Analysis of Charging Infrastructures
10.5 Emergency Analysis of Charging Stations
10.6 Priority Analysis of Charging Stations
10.7 Vehicle Energy Management in Emergencies
10.8 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Autonomous Transportation
11.1 Autonomous Transportation
11.2 Charging Requirements for Autonomous Transportation
11.3 Case Study
11.4 Base Scenario
11.5 The Scenario of Fixed Pick-Up and Drop-Off Points
11.6 Mapping CAV Routes to Charging Infrastructure
11.7 Summary
References
Chapter 12: Transportation with Electric Wheel
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Regenerative Braking System
12.3 Electric Wheel
12.4 EV with Electric Wheel
12.5 Summary
References
Chapter 13: Fast-Charging Infrastructure Planning
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Charging Load Analysis
13.3 Load Profiles of EVs
13.4 Load Profiles of e-Buses
13.5 Load Profiles of e-Trucks
13.6 Load Profiles of Electric Marine
13.7 Load Profiles for Power Substations
13.8 Load Profiles for Industrial Facilities
13.9 Integrated Load Profiles
13.10 Development of Fast-Charging Station for Industrial Facilities and e-Trucks
13.10.1 Deployment Impacts
13.11 Summary
References
Chapter 14: Techno-economic Analysis of Fast-Charging Infrastructure
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Integrated Deployment Model of Fast-Charging Stations
14.3 Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Charging Station
14.3.1 Cost Calculation
14.4 Techno-economic Analysis
14.5 Summary
References
Chapter 15: Advances in Charging Infrastructures
15.1 Introduction
15.2 V2G Charging
15.2.1 V2G System Design
15.2.2 V2G Deployment
15.2.3 Benefits
15.3 Control Strategy
15.4 V2G Installation
15.5 Case Study V2G System Design
15.6 Flywheel-Based Fast Charging
15.7 Case Study V2G with Commercial Building
15.8 Wireless Charging
15.9 V2V Charging
15.10 Next-Generation Transportation Infrastructure
15.11 Summary
References
Chapter 16: Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems with Charging Stations for Transportation Electrification
16.1 Introduction
16.2 System Description
16.3 Case Study
16.4 Results
16.5 Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems with Fast-Charging Station
16.6 Fast-Charging Station Design
16.6.1 Charging Mode
16.6.2 Discharging Mode
16.7 Summary
References
Chapter 17: Transactive Energy for Charging Infrastructures
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Transactive Energy for Charging Station
17.2.1 Condition to Start Searching for Charging Station
17.3 Management of Transactive Charging
17.3.1 Grid
17.4 Transactive Mobility
17.5 Summary
References
Index
