Extracellular Matrix and Egg Coats

Copyright
Contributors
Preface
The Physical and Biochemical Properties of the Extracellular Matrix Regulate Cell Fate
Introduction
ECM Composition
Collagens
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Elastin
The Dynamic Nature of the ECM
ECM Regulates Development and Modulates Stem Cell Fate
The ECM Regulates Development
ECM-Directed Cell Migration in Development
ECM as a Critical Component of the Stem Cell Niche
Cell-ECM Signaling
ECM-Integrin Binding
Nonintegrin Receptors
ECM-Dependent Modulation of Growth Factor and Morphogen Function
ECM-Transforming Growth Factor Beta Superfamily Interactions
ECM-Growth Factor Collaboration
ECM-Dependent Spatial-Mechanical Regulation of Cell Phenotype
Control of Cell Shape
ECM Stiffness and Cell Fate
ECM Stiffness Modulates Morphogen Activity
ECM Stiffness Modulates Cell Behavior by Regulating Mechanosensitive IonChannels
ECM Stiffness Modulates Yes-Associated Protein and Transcriptional Coactivator With PDZ-Binding Motif
Summary and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Matricellular Proteins: Functional Insights From Non-mammalian Animal Models
General Introduction
An Introduction to Matricellular Proteins
CCN Proteins
SPARC/Osteonectin and Relatives
Tenascins
Thrombospondins
Matricellular Proteins in Early Diverging Metazoans and Protostomes
CCN
SPARC and Relatives
Thrombospondin
Matricellular Proteins in Invertebrate Deuterostomes
Matricellular Proteins in Cyclostoma (Jawless Vertebrates)
Matricellular Proteins in Nonmammalian Vertebrate Model Animals
Bony Fish
CCNs
SPARC and Relatives
Tenascins
Thrombospondins
Amphibia
CCNs
SPARC and Relatives
Tenascins
Thrombospondins
Reptiles
Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Collagen Fibril Assembly and Function
Introduction
Collagens Are Triple Helical Molecules
Fibrillar Collagens
Fibrils Are Molecular Complexes
Fibril Structural Hierarchy—From Molecules to Fibril Arrays
Collagen Fibril Formation as a Self-Assembly Process
To What Extent Is the Reconstitution of Collagen Fibril From Purified Solutions Representative of Fibril Assembly In ...
Unipolar and Bipolar Fibrils
Type II Collagen Fibrils Have Also Been Reconstituted In Vitro
Collagen Fibril Growth Regulation Models
Molecular Accretion
Fibril Fusion
Lessons From Echinoderms
Collagen Fibril Formation In Vivo: Extrinsic Control of Fibril Formation
Site of Fibril Assembly
Regulation of Collagen Fibril Number
Fibril Length Regulation
Fibril Diameter Regulation
Collagen Fibril Structure
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Basement Membranes in Development and Disease
Introduction
Functions
Tissue Separation and Barrier
Cell Adhesion and Migration
Polarity
Tissue Shaping
Signaling
Composition
Collagen IV
Laminin
Nidogen
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Perlecan
FRAS/FREM
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Basement Membrane Thickness and Composition
Spatial Variations in Mammary Gland Basement Membrane Composition and Density
Variations in Laminin Expression in Development and Sjogren´s Syndrome
Variations in Glomerular and Retinal Capillary Basement Membrane Thickness
Temporal Variations in Glomerular Basement Membrane Composition
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Dental Basement Membrane Composition
Differences in Basement Membranes in Tissues Surrounding Teeth
Basement Membrane Microperforations
Basement Membrane Transmigration and Invasion
Basement Membrane Transmigration
Basement Membrane Invasion During Tumor Progression
Perspectives and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Extracellular Determinants of Arterial Morphogenesis, Growth, and Homeostasis
Introduction
Evolution of the Cardiovascular System
Invertebrate Vessels
Vertebrate Vessels
ECM Composition and Mechanical Signaling During Arterial Development
ECM Composition and Elastic Vessel Architecture
ECM Composition and Elastic Vessel Biomechanics
ECM and Arterial Tissue Organization and Function
Medial Elastogenesis and SMC Differentiation
ECM and the Vascular Stem-Cell Niche
Concluding Remarks
References
Structure, Function, and Development of the Tectorial Membrane: An Extracellular Matrix Essential for Hearing
Introduction
The Cochlea and the Mammalian TM
Proteins of the Mammalian TM
Structure/Ultrastructure of the Mammalian TM
Function of the Mammalian TM
Avian Basilar Papilla and TM
Proteins of the Avian TM
Structure and Attachment of the Avian TM
Function of the Avian TM
Chick TM Development
Mammalian TM Development
Collagen Fibrils: Orientation and Alignment
Hensen´s Stripe and the Minor TM
Marginal Pillars
Crowns, Imprints, STRC, and Hair-Bundle Attachment
Striated-Sheet Matrix
Evolution of the TM
Acknowledgments
References
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and the Sculpting of Embryonic Tissues
Introduction
The Role of ECM in Resisting and Constraining Tissues
Drosophila Egg Chamber Elongation
Epithelial Bud Expansion
Lumen Elongation
Notochord Extension
Drosophila Tracheal Tube Morphogenesis
Coordination and Coupling of Forces Across and Between Tissues
Xenopus Gastrulation
Eyelid Closure
Zebrafish Trunk Elongation
Avian Somite Morphogenesis
Drosophila Dorsal Closure
Subdivision of Tissues by ECM
Somitogenesis
Branching Morphogenesis
Acknowledgments
References
The Fish Egg’s Zona Pellucida
Introduction to the Fish Egg’s Zona Pellucida
Hagfish and Lamprey Eggs
Cartilaginous Fish Eggs
``Modern” Fish Eggs
Sturgeon Eggs
Rainbow Trout Zona Pellucida Proteins
Postfertilization Changes in the Zona Pellucida
Antifreeze Protection by Zona Pellucida Proteins
Zona Pellucida Fibrils and Desiccation
ZP1 and Amyloid Fibrils
ZP1 Amino-Terminal Domains
Acknowledgments
References
Egg-Coat and Zona Pellucida Proteins of Chicken as a Typical Species of Aves
Egg Development and the Egg-Coat of Birds
Structure of Chicken Egg-Coat and the Constituting ZP Proteins
The Crystal Structure of ZP3 Homodimer and Furin Cleavage-Induced Dimerization
Expression of ZP Genes at Developmental Stages of Growing Oocyte
Secretion, Transport, and Assembly for Matrix Formation Around the Oocyte
Interaction of Egg-Coat With Sperm at Fertilization
Lytic Degradation of the Egg-Coat and ZP Protein Fragmentation During Sperm Penetration
The Robust and Elastomeric Egg-Coat for Birds' Eggs With Mass of Egg Yolk
References
The Mouse Egg’s Zona Pellucida
Introduction to the Zona Pellucida
Oogenesis in Mice
Zona Pellucida Proteins
Zona Pellucida Domain Proteins
Zona Pellucida Protein Synthesis
Zona Pellucida-Knockout Mice
Zona Pellucida Protein Secretion and Assembly
Zona Pellucida and Fertilization
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Conceptus Coats of Marsupials and Monotremes
Introduction
Preovulatory Coats
The Zona Pellucida
Glycoproteins Constituting the Zona Pellucida
Postovulatory Coats
Monotreme Mucoid Coat (Albumen Layer)
Monotreme Shell Coat
Marsupial Mucoid Coat
Marsupial Shell Coat
Identification of Components of Marsupial Postovulatory Coats
Uterine-Secreted Microprotein 1
Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 4 (CAB45)
Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1 (endocan)
Nephronectin
Lysozyme G1 (LYG1)
Conceptus Coat Mucin
Summary and Conclusions
References
The Human Egg’s Zona Pellucida
Structure of Human Zona Pellucida
Biochemical Characteristics of the Human ZP Matrix
Genomic Organization and Amino Acid Sequence of the Human ZP Glycoproteins
Signal Peptide
ZP Domain
Trefoil Domain
Consensus Furin Cleavage Site
Transmembrane-Like Domain
Short Cytoplasmic Tail
Expression of ZP Glycoproteins in Human Ovaries
Role of Human ZP Glycoproteins in Sperm Binding and Induction of Acrosome Reaction
Human ZP1
Human ZP2
Human ZP3
Human ZP4
In Humans More Than One Zona Protein Is Involved in Binding of Sperm to the Oocyte and Induction of Acrosome Reaction
Relevance of Glycosylation of Human Zona Proteins in Fertilization
Signaling Events Associated With Human ZP Glycoproteins-Mediated Acrosome Reaction
Relevance of ZP Matrix in Avoidance of Polyspermy During Fertilization
ZP Defects and Female Factor Infertility: Clinical Significance
Significance of ZP Autoantibodies in Women With ``Unexplained Infertility”
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Structure of Zona Pellucida Module Proteins
Introduction: The ZP ``Domain” Module
Structures of The ZP-N Domain
First Structure of a ZP-N Domain: Murine ZP3
Other ZP-N Domain Structures
Structures of the ZP-C Domain
Structure of Avian ZP3 ZP-C
Other ZP-C Domain Structures
ZP-N and ZP-C Compared to Ig-Like Domains
Structures of Complete ZP Modules: Insights Into Polymerization
How Life Begins: Egg ZP-N Domain Recognition by Sperm
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Egg Coat Proteins Across Metazoan Evolution
Introduction
Egg Coat Proteins
ZP Gene Losses Among Vertebrates
Structure of ZP Proteins
The ZP Module
Other Roles for ZP Module-Containing Proteins
Not All Egg Coat Proteins Are ZP Proteins
Synthesis and Polymerization of ZP Proteins
Egg Coat Structure
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Teleost Fish
Mollusks
Sea Urchin
Insects
Cephalochordates and Urochordates
ZP Proteins in Fertilization
ZP-N Repeats in Sperm Binding
Evolution of Egg Coat Proteins
Reproductive Proteins as Species Barriers
Final Comments
Acknowledgments
References