Extra-Cranial Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
1.2 Diffusion NMR physics......Page 13
Echo-planar imaging (EPI)......Page 17
GRASE and STEAM......Page 19
1.4 Data analysis......Page 20
Common entities (Table 1.1)......Page 21
Kidney......Page 22
Prostate......Page 24
References
......Page 25
DWI acquisition techniques......Page 30
Choice of b-values and sequence optimization......Page 31
Qualitative visual assessment......Page 32
Liver lesion detection and characterization......Page 33
Diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis with DWI......Page 35
Assessment of tumor response to treatment......Page 37
Future directions......Page 39
References
......Page 41
Acquisition parameters......Page 44
Respiration and pulsation effects......Page 45
Scanner and coil selection......Page 46
Standard diffusion vs. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)......Page 47
ADC values of healthy native kidneys......Page 49
Renal artery stenosis (RAS)......Page 50
Acute and chronic renal failure......Page 51
Ureteral obstruction......Page 52
DWI in transplanted kidneys......Page 53
References
......Page 56
Acquisition parameters for DWI of the kidneys......Page 58
Applications of DWI for the characterization of focal renal masses......Page 59
Limitations of DWI......Page 63
References
......Page 65
DWI acquisition and processing applied to the pancreas......Page 67
DWI results in acute and chronic pancreatitis......Page 69
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma......Page 71
Neuroendocrine tumors......Page 73
Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm......Page 75
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm......Page 76
Mucinous cystic neoplasms......Page 79
Serous cystadenomas......Page 80
References
......Page 81
Normal anatomy of the prostate......Page 84
The need for imaging in prostate cancer......Page 85
Choice of field strength......Page 86
Choice of sequence......Page 87
Selection of b-values......Page 88
Monoexponential and biexponential fitting of data......Page 89
Histological correlates......Page 90
Value in tumor detection......Page 91
Hormonotherapy......Page 92
Artifacts and limitations......Page 93
Summary and conclusions......Page 94
References
......Page 95
Introduction......Page 98
Breast diffusion acquisition and processing......Page 99
Lesion detection......Page 100
Lesion characterization......Page 102
Comparison and combination with conventional sequences and mammography......Page 103
Treatment response......Page 105
Future directions......Page 110
References
......Page 111
Importance of lymph node assessment in oncology......Page 115
From anatomical to functional lymph node imaging......Page 116
Development of ``volumetric´´ whole-body DWI: diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS)......Page 117
Diagnosis of lymphadenopathy......Page 119
Nodal staging......Page 121
Normalization of ADC......Page 124
Short inversion time inversion recovery and single-axis DWI......Page 126
Conclusion......Page 127
References
......Page 128
Introduction......Page 131
Clinical protocol......Page 132
Image interpretation guidelines......Page 133
Appearance of the normal female pelvis......Page 138
Tumor cellularity and grade......Page 140
Cervical tumors......Page 141
Myometrial tumors......Page 142
Adnexal tumors......Page 145
Depth of tumor invasion......Page 147
Detection of peritoneal tumor......Page 148
Nodal assessment......Page 150
Conclusions......Page 152
References
......Page 153
Techniques for DWI of bone marrow......Page 156
Spin-echo and stimulated-echo sequences......Page 157
Echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences......Page 158
Fast-spin-echo or turbo-spin-echo sequences......Page 159
The optimal diffusion weighting for DWI of the bone marrow......Page 160
Non-quantitative DWI of vertebral bone marrow and fractures......Page 161
DWI of bone marrow outside the spine......Page 165
Limitations, recommendations, and future directions......Page 168
Conclusions......Page 169
References
......Page 170
Diffusion acquisition and processing for assessment of soft tissue tumors......Page 174
Diffusivity and cellularity of tumors......Page 175
Influence of myxoid matrix of soft tissue tumors on diffusivity......Page 176
Treatment response......Page 178
Limitations of DWI for assessment of soft tissue tumors......Page 179
Future directions......Page 180
References
......Page 182
Introduction......Page 184
Fibrosarcomas and myosarcomas......Page 186
Breast cancer......Page 190
Liver, prostate, and other tumors......Page 193
Tumor tissue water ADC and 23Na MRI signal intensity reflects structural post-treatment changes......Page 194
Water ADC measurement in liver: applications and challenges......Page 197
Summary: Monitoring of the treatment response in animal tumors......Page 198
Breast......Page 199
Uterine fibroids......Page 201
Rectal carcinoma......Page 202
Predicting treatment response......Page 203
Limitations of DWI......Page 204
References
......Page 205
Introduction......Page 210
DWI techniques......Page 211
Diffusion tensor imaging......Page 212
Measurement reproducibility......Page 214
Data analysis......Page 216
Workstations for image analysis......Page 217
Data and image interpretation......Page 218
References
......Page 220
Index......Page 223