"In chemistry, speciation refers to the distribution of an element amongst chemical species in a system. The five chapters of this book each bring a unique perspective on this type of speciation as it pertains to marine biota, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and other areas of interest. Chapter One investigates the bioaccumulation of cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, in marine biota in the Egyptian coastal zones. Chapter Two scrutinizes the applications of energy and wavelength dispersive spectroscopic techniques in various materials. Chapter Three explains the phenomenon of thermoluminescence and the effect of varying readout heating rates on the dosimetric properties of TLD-100 (LiF: Mg, Ti) irradiated with 6 MV X-ray. Chapter Four focuses on the applications of different X-ray spectroscopy techniques and their use in the elemental analysis of water, coal, fly ash, and fertilizer samples. Finally, Chapter Five describes how to select the best speciation model from studies based on potentiometric measurements"--
Author(s): David D. Clark
Series: Chemistry Research and Applications
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 247
City: New York
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Exploring Cadmium Speciation in the Aquatic Ecosystem: A Case Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Speciation of CD in the Aquatic Environment in Egyptian Coast, Case Study
2.1. An Overview of the Metal Pollution in the Marine Environment in Egyptian Coast
2.2. Speciation of Cadmium in Aquatic Environment
2.2.1. Cadmium in Sediment
2.2.1.1. Marine Sediment (Mediterranean and Red Sea)
2.2.1.1.1. The Egyptian Coast of the Mediterranean Sea
2.2.1.1.2. The Egyptian Coast of the Red Sea
2.2.2. Fresh Water Sediment
2.2.2.1. Nile River Sediments
2.2.2.2. Nile River Branches Sediment
2.2.2.3. Nile Lakes Sediments
2.2.2.3.1. Nasser Lake
2.2.2.3.2. Qarun Lake
2.2.3. Brackish Water Sediments (Four Nile Delta Lakes)
2.2.3.1. Lake Bardawil (Northern Egypt)
2.3. Cadmium in Aquatic Biota
2.3.1. Marine Environment
2.3.1.1. Fish
2.3.1.2. Marine Organisms
2.3.1.3. Marine Seaweed
2.3.2. Fresh Water Environment
2.3.2.1. Fresh Water Fish
2.3.2.2. Freshwater Organisms
2.3.2.3. Brackish Water Fish (Four Nile Delta Lakes)
2.3.2.3.1. Burullus
2.3.2.3.2. Edku
2.3.2.3.3. Manzalah
2.3.2.3.4. Maryout
2.3.2.4. The Extent of Cadmium Pollution of Marine Organisms on Egyptian Coasts
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 2
Investigation of Photon Atom Interactions in Various Chemical Materials Employing X-Ray Spectroscopic Techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Photon-Atom Interaction Processes
Atomic Inner-Shell Photoionization
Inner-Shell Vacancy Decay and Subsequent Processes
Non-Radiative Transitions
Radiative Transitions
Physical Parameters Associated with Inner-Shell Vacancy Decay
Mass Attenuation Coefficients
Fluorescence, Auger, and Coster-Kronig Yields
Vacancy Transfer Probabilities
Fractional X-Ray Emission Rates
X-Ray Production Cross-Sections
Near-Edge Processes Contributing to the Absorption of Incident Photons
Resonant Raman Scattering
X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Process
Single Scattering
Multiple Scattering
Elastic Scattering
Form Factor Formalism
S-Matrix Calculations
Inelastic Scattering
Compton Scattering from Free Electrons
Compton Scattering from Bound Electrons
Compton Profile and Relativistic Impulse Approximation
Effect of magnetic Field on the X-Ray Line Spectra
Application of X-Ray Spectroscopy: A Possible Probe to Examine the Chemical Effect in Distinct Materials
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Effect of Readout Heating Rate and Correction for Temperature Lag, Effective Heating Rate and Thermal Quenching to the Response of TLD-100 (LiF: Mg, Ti)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Thermoluminescence Dosimeter Readout System
2.1. Sample Detector Housing
3. Experimental Details
3.1. TLD Measurements Using Photon Beam
3.2. TLD Sorting and Calibration
3.3. Effect of Heating Rate on TLD-100
3.4. The General Order Kinetics (May and Partridge Model)
4. Correction for Temperature Lag, Effective Heating Rate and Thermal Quenching
4.1. Corrections for the Temperature Lag in TL Glow-Curve Measurements
4.2. The Effective Rate of Heating (βeff)
4.3. Thermal Quenching
5. Results and Discussion
6. Summary
References
Chapter 4
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Rapid Tool for the Assessment of Elemental Composition in Various Environmental Samples
Abstract
Introduction
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
Excitation Sources
X-Ray Tube-Based Excitation Sources
Radioisotope-Based Excitation Sources
Various Experimental Setups
Geometrical Setups
EDXRF Experimental Setup
WDXRF Experimental Setup
Relationship between Fluorescent X-Ray Intensity and Mass of Element in the Target
The Self-Absorption Correction Factor (β)
Calculations of the Area under the X-Ray Fluorescent Peak
The Efficiency of the Detector
Evaluation Procedure
WDXRF Setup
Environmental Applications of XRF Technique
Elemental Analysis of Water Samples
Elemental Analysis of Coal and Fly Ash Samples
Elemental Analysis of Fertilizer Samples
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Speciation: How to Propose Models and Select the Best of Them
Abstract
Introduction
Model Development Approach
Selection of the Best Model
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Index
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