Exploring Base Politics: How Host Countries Shape the Network of U.S. Overseas Bases

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
List of Contributors
Introduction
Note
Reference
1 What questions does the study of military bases pose?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 An examination of the thrust force
1.2.1 The Cold War era: What is the function of military bases?
1.2.2 After the Cold War: What leads to the maintenance and expansion of bases?
1.3 An examination of the drag force
1.3.1 An inclination toward the analysis of internal politics
1.3.2 The Base Politics Theory (BPT)
1) Making bases invisible
2) Pathways of influence
3) Reversal of power
1.4 Since the BPT
1.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
2 Rethinking the politics surrounding the U.S. military base in Greenland with a focus on non-material factors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 From the viewpoint of defense agreements
2.3 Denmark’s choice
2.4 Greenland’s legal status
2.5 With a focus on the political climate and conventions in Denmark
2.6 Closing remarks
Notes
References
3 U.S. bases in Italy: From a Cold War frontier to a hub for power projection
3.1 Introduction
3.2 U.S. bases in Italy during the Cold War
3.3 U.S. bases in the Italian domestic politics during the Cold War
3.4 SOFA agreements and legal framework
3.5 Evolution of strategic purpose and structure of U.S. bases in the post-Cold War era
3.6 U.S. bases in the contemporary Italian political debates
3.7 SOFA agreements and legal framework after the Cold War
3.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
4 Defending NATO’s southern flank: Spain’s democratization, the ending of the Cold War and the U.S. military presence
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background to the base contestation led by democratization
4.2.1 Overview of U.S.–Spain security relations
4.2.2 Spanish democratization and base contestation
4.2.3 The role and function of Torrejón Air Base
4.3 The U.S. view of international and domestic situations
4.3.1 U.S. security assessment in southern Europe
4.3.2 Importance of the Torrejón base for the United States
4.3.3 U.S. domestic constraints
4.4 Solving the problem through a regional security framework
4.4.1 The jeopardized U.S. presence in Spain
4.4.2 In search of a replacement of Torrejón
4.4.3 Narrowing it down to Italy
4.4.4 Relying on NATO’s funds
4.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Domestic environmental policy and Status of Forces Agreement: U.S. military presence and new water pollution risk ...
5.1 Purpose and scope
5.1.1 Regulation process of organic fluorine compounds
5.1.2 Administrative involvement in the regulatory process at the federal level
5.1.3 Past research, issues with it, and the positioning of the present study
5.1.4 Method and chapter structure
5.2 Regulation of PFOA/PFOS on the EU and German federal levels
5.2.1 Overview of PFAS production history
5.2.2 PFOS/PFOA regulations in the EU—from the early 2000s
5.2.3 Regulatory process in Rhineland-Palatinate, 2007–Present
5.2.4 Federal government’s response to PFAS pollution and its legal basis
5.3 Overlap between PFOS/PFOA pollution and SOFA
5.3.1 Opinion of the Federal Parliament Bureau of Investigation: The case of the contamination of U.S. Spangdahlem Air Base
5.3.2 Issues related to the damages to “third parties,” i.e., parties other than the signatory countries
5.3.3 Dealing with damage in the military base facility areas and the intervention by German legislative and ...
5.3.3 Measures by the federal administration and its delayed response
5.3.4 Response by state and local governments 2017–present
5.4 Discussion
5.5 Conclusion and challenges ahead
Notes
References
6 Why do anti-base movements occur and/or activate?: An analysis of the Turkish case
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Review of previous research and hypotheses
6.2.1 Previous research relating to the Turkish hosting of U.S. military bases
6.2.2 Previous research relating to anti-base movements
6.2.3 Statement of hypotheses
6.3 Anti-base movements from the 1960s to 1970s
6.3.1 Rising anti-U.S. sentiment
6.3.2 The Johnson letter and the intensification of anti-Americanism
6.3.3 The second Cyprus conflict and U.S. arms embargo
6.4 The Iraq War in 2003 and anti-base movements
6.4.1 Anti-base movements during the Iraq War
6.4.2 Anti-base movements after the Iraq War
6.5 Anti-base movements in the 2010s
6.5.1 Deployment of Patriot missiles and demonstrations
6.5.2 Coup d’état attempt of 2016 and demonstrations
6.5.3 The Armenian issue
6.6 Analysis of hypotheses
6.7 Conclusion
Notes
References
7 Strategic asset or political burden?: U.S. military bases and base politics in Saudi Arabia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 An overview of U.S. military bases in gulf countries and recent trends
7.2.1 An overview of the U.S. military forces in the Gulf
7.2.1.1 Saudi Arabia
7.2.1.2 Qatar
7.2.1.3 Bahrain
7.2.1.4 Kuwait
7.2.1.5 UAE
7.2.1.6 Oman
7.2.2 Research question
7.3 U.S. military bases and base politics in Saudi Arabia
7.3.1 The origin: Dhahran Airfield Agreement (1945)
7.3.2 The “Arab Cold War”: From the 1950s to 1960s
7.3.3 The rise of anti-Americanism: From the 1990s to 2000s
7.4 Conclusion
Notes
References
8 Singapore’s distinctive “quasi-bases”: Regional security environment, national discourse and path-dependence
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theoretical framework: Quasi-bases, international environment and path-dependence
8.3 International strategic environment: Historical development of regional autonomy
8.4 Singapore’s domestic environment: Non-existence of “base issues”
8.4.1 Diversification of military training
8.4.2 Effective land management
8.4.3 Institutionalization of defense education
8.5 Conclusion: Quasi-bases, institutionalization and path-dependence
Notes
References
9 Base politics within the framework of the U.S.–ROK alliance management scheme
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The background of the talks: Search for a role of the alliance that would exceed the defense of Korea
9.2.1 The Roh administration’s view of national security and the U.S.–ROK Alliance
9.2.2 The Bush administration’s global posture review (GPR) and the U.S.–ROK alliance
9.3 Negotiations about the distribution of alliance resources: The realignment of the U.S. military in Korea
9.3.1 The return of the Yongsan Garrison and the transfer of the 2nd Infantry Division to the rear
9.3.2 Review of U.S. troop levels in Korea
9.4 Negotiations about power relations within the alliance
9.4.1 Korean military’s authority for wartime operational control
9.4.2 Strategic flexibility of U.S. Forces Korea
9.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
Conclusion
10.1 The discovery of local base issues
10.2 Future development of the base politics theory (BPT)
10.2.1 Supplement: How to view base politics in Okinawa
10.2.1.1 The problem of military bases in Okinawa
10.2.1.2 Self-reinforcement
10.2.1.2.1 Fixed costs
10.2.1.2.2 Learning effects
10.2.1.2.3 Coordination effects
10.2.1.2.4 Adaptive expectations
10.3 Path dependence
Notes
References
Index