Exploring Anatomy & Physiology in the Laboratory

front cover......Page 1
title page......Page 2
copyright page......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Pronunciation Guide......Page 12
UNIT 1: Introduction to Anatomical Terms......Page 26
Pre-Lab Exercise 1-1: Key Terms......Page 28
Pre-Lab Exercise 1-2: Body Cavities......Page 29
Exercise 1-1: Anatomical Position......Page 30
Exercise 1-2: Directional Terms......Page 31
Exercise 1-3: Regional Terms......Page 34
Exercise 1-4: Body Cavities and Membranes......Page 38
Exercise 1-5: Planes of Section......Page 46
Exercise 1-6: Organs and Organ Systems......Page 49
Check Your Recall......Page 54
Check Your Understanding......Page 58
UNIT 2: Chemistry......Page 62
Pre-Lab Exercise 2-1: Key Terms......Page 63
Pre-Lab Exercise 2-2: The pH Scale and –logarithms......Page 64
Pre-Lab Exercise 2-3: Chemical Bonding......Page 65
Exercise 2-1: pH, Acids, and Bases......Page 68
Exercise 2-2: Buffers......Page 71
Exercise 2-3: Enzymes and Chemical Reactions......Page 72
Exercise 2-4: Chemical Solubilities......Page 74
Exercise 2-5: DNA Extraction......Page 78
Check Your Recall......Page 80
Check Your Understanding......Page 82
UNIT 3: Introduction to the Microscope......Page 84
Exercise 3-1: Introduction to the Microscope......Page 85
UNIT 4: Cytology......Page 94
Pre-Lab Exercise 4-1: Key Terms......Page 95
Pre-Lab Exercise 4-2: The Plasma Membrane......Page 97
Pre-Lab Exercise 4-3: The Parts of the Cell......Page 98
Pre-Lab Exercise 4-4: The Cell Cycle......Page 99
Exercise 4-1: Organelles and Cell Structures......Page 100
Exercise 4-2: Diffusion......Page 106
Exercise 4-3: Osmosis and Tonicity......Page 109
Exercise 4-4: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle......Page 113
Check Your Recall......Page 118
Check Your Understanding......Page 120
UNIT 5: Histology......Page 122
Pre-Lab Exercise 5-1: Key Terms......Page 124
Exercise 5-1: Epithelial Tissue......Page 128
Exercise 5-2: Connective Tissue......Page 136
Exercise 5-3: Muscle Tissue......Page 146
Exercise 5-4: Nervous Tissue......Page 150
Exercise 5-5: Organology......Page 151
Check Your Recall......Page 152
Check Your Understanding......Page 156
UNIT 6: Integumentary System......Page 158
Pre-Lab Exercise 6-1: Key Terms......Page 159
Pre-Lab Exercise 6-2: Skin Anatomy......Page 160
Pre-Lab Exercise 6-3: Hair and Nail Anatomy......Page 161
Exercise 6-1: Skin Anatomy and Accessory Structures......Page 162
Exercise 6-2: Histology of Integument......Page 167
Exercise 6-3: Touch Receptor Distribution......Page 170
Exercise 6-4: Fingerprinting......Page 171
Check Your Recall......Page 174
Check Your Understanding......Page 176
UNIT 7: Introduction to the Skeletal System......Page 178
Pre-Lab Exercise 7-1: Key Terms......Page 180
Pre-Lab Exercise 7-2: Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone......Page 182
Pre-Lab Exercise 7-3: Structure of a Long Bone......Page 183
Exercise 7-1: Histology of Osseous Tissue......Page 184
Exercise 7-2: Chemical Components of Bone Tissue......Page 188
Exercise 7-3: Bone Markings and Bone Shapes......Page 189
Exercise 7-4: Anatomy of Long Bones......Page 191
Check Your Recall......Page 194
Check Your Understanding......Page 196
UNIT 8: Skeletal System......Page 198
Pre-Lab Exercise 8-1: Key Terms......Page 199
Pre-Lab Exercise 8-2: Bones of the Skull......Page 200
Pre-Lab Exercise 8-3: Whole Skeleton......Page 202
Exercise 8-1: The Skull......Page 205
Exercise 8-2: Remainder of the Axial Skeleton......Page 216
Exercise 8-3: The Appendicular Skeleton......Page 221
Exercise 8-4: More Practice......Page 232
Check Your Recall......Page 238
Check Your Understanding......Page 248
UNIT 9: Articulations......Page 250
Pre-Lab Exercise 9-1: Key Terms......Page 251
Pre-Lab Exercise 9-2: Anatomy of Synovial Joints......Page 253
Pre-Lab Exercise 9-3: The Knee Joint......Page 254
Pre-Lab Exercise 9-4: The Shoulder Joint......Page 255
Exercise 9-1: Classification of Joints......Page 256
Exercise 9-2: Synovial Joints......Page 260
Exercise 9-3: Knee Joint......Page 263
Exercise 9-4: Shoulder Joint......Page 266
Exercise 9-5: Motions of Synovial and Cartilaginous Joints......Page 268
Check Your Recall......Page 272
Check Your Understanding......Page 276
UNIT 10: Muscular System: The Gross Anatomy of Muscles......Page 278
Pre-Lab Exercise 10-1: Key Terms......Page 279
Pre-Lab Exercise 10-2: Skeletal Muscle Anatomy......Page 280
Pre-Lab Exercise 10-3: Muscle Origins, Insertions, and Actions......Page 284
Exercise 10-1: Skeletal Muscles......Page 286
Exercise 10-2: Muscle Origins, Insertions, and Actions......Page 301
Check Your Recall......Page 306
Check Your Understanding......Page 312
UNIT 11: Muscle Tissue......Page 314
Pre-Lab Exercise 11-1: Key Terms......Page 315
Pre-Lab Exercise 11-2: Basic Skeletal Muscle Anatomy......Page 317
Pre-Lab Exercise 11-3: Muscle Fiber Microanatomy......Page 318
Pre-Lab Exercise 11-4: Types of Muscle Tissue......Page 319
Exercise 11-1: Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue......Page 320
Exercise 11-2: Muscle Physiology......Page 326
Exercise 11-3: Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Tissues......Page 330
Check Your Recall......Page 332
Check Your Understanding......Page 336
UNIT 12: Introduction to the Nervous System......Page 338
Pre-Lab Exercise 12-1: Key Terms......Page 340
Pre-Lab Exercise 12-2: Nervous Tissue Microanatomy......Page 341
Exercise 12-1: Neurons and Neuroglia......Page 342
Exercise 12-2: Nervous Tissue Physiology......Page 349
Check Your Recall......Page 352
Check Your Understanding......Page 356
UNIT 13: Central Nervous System......Page 358
Pre-Lab Exercise 13-1: Key Terms......Page 359
Pre-Lab Exercise 13-2: Brain Anatomy......Page 361
Pre-Lab Exercise 13-3: Spinal Cord Anatomy......Page 363
Exercise 13-1: Anatomy of the Brain......Page 364
Exercise 13-2: The Spinal Cord......Page 374
Check Your Recall......Page 378
Check Your Understanding......Page 382
UNIT 14: Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System......Page 384
Pre-Lab Exercise 14-1: Key Terms......Page 386
Pre-Lab Exercise 14-2: Peripheral Nerve Anatomy......Page 387
Pre-Lab Exercise 14-3: Cranial Nerve Functions......Page 388
Pre-Lab Exercise 14-4: Spinal Nerve Plexuses and the Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves......Page 389
Pre-Lab Exercise 14-5: Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves: Locations and Functions......Page 390
Pre-Lab Exercise 14-6: Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 391
Exercise 14-1: Peripheral Nerve Anatomy......Page 392
Exercise 14-2: The Cranial Nerves......Page 394
Exercise 14-3: Spinal Nerves and Reflexes......Page 400
Exercise 14-4: The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 406
Check Your Recall......Page 408
Check Your Understanding......Page 412
UNIT 15: General and Special Senses......Page 414
Pre-Lab Exercise 15-1: Key Terms......Page 415
Pre-Lab Exercise 15-2: Anatomy of the Eye......Page 417
Pre-Lab Exercise 15-3: Extrinsic Eye Muscles......Page 418
Pre-Lab Exercise 15-4: Anatomy of the Ear......Page 419
Exercise 15-1: Anatomy of the Eye and Vision......Page 420
Exercise 15-2: Anatomy of the Ear, Hearing, and Equilibrium......Page 428
Exercise 15-3: Olfactory and Taste Senses......Page 433
Exercise 15-4: The General Senses: Cutaneous Sensation......Page 435
Check Your Recall......Page 438
Check Your Understanding......Page 442
UNIT 16: Endocrine System......Page 444
Pre-Lab Exercise 16-1: Key Terms......Page 445
Pre-Lab Exercise 16-2: Endocrine System Anatomy......Page 447
Pre-Lab Exercise 16-3: Hormones: Target Tissues and Effects......Page 448
Exercise 16-1: Endocrine System Anatomy......Page 450
Exercise 16-2: Endocrine Organ Histology......Page 455
Exercise 16-3: Time to Trace! Negative Feedback Loops......Page 458
Exercise 16-4: Endocrine “Mystery Cases”......Page 460
Check Your Recall......Page 464
Check Your Understanding......Page 468
UNIT 17: Cardiovascular System—Part I: The Heart......Page 470
Pre-Lab Exercise 17-1: Key Terms......Page 471
Pre-Lab Exercise 17-2: Anatomy of the Thoracic Cavity......Page 472
Pre-Lab Exercise 17-3: Anatomy of the Heart......Page 473
Pre-Lab Exercise 17-4: Pathway of Blood Flow through the Heart......Page 475
Exercise 17-1: Anatomy of the Heart......Page 476
Exercise 17-2: Cardiac Muscle Histology......Page 487
Check Your Recall......Page 488
Check Your Understanding......Page 492
UNIT 18: Cardiovascular System—Part II: Blood Vessel Anatomy......Page 494
Pre-Lab Exercise 18-1: Arterial Anatomy......Page 496
Pre-Lab Exercise 18-2: Venous Anatomy......Page 497
Exercise 18-1: Major Arteries of the Body......Page 498
Exercise 18-2: Major Veins of the Body......Page 503
Exercise 18-3: Time to Trace!......Page 511
Exercise 18-4: Histology of the Blood Vessel Wall......Page 516
Exercise 18-5: Clinical Applications......Page 519
Check Your Recall......Page 522
Check Your Understanding......Page 528
UNIT 19: Cardiovascular System—Part III: Cardiovascular Physiology......Page 530
Pre-Lab Exercise 19-1: Key Terms......Page 531
Pre-Lab Exercise 19-2: Autonomic Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System......Page 533
Exercise 19-1: Heart Auscultation......Page 534
Exercise 19-2: Vascular Examination......Page 536
Exercise 19-3: Blood Pressure......Page 538
Exercise 19-4: The Ankle–Brachial Index......Page 541
Exercise 19-5: The Electrocardiogram......Page 543
Check Your Recall......Page 548
Check Your Understanding......Page 552
UNIT 20: Blood......Page 554
Pre-Lab Exercise 20-1: Key Terms......Page 555
Pre-Lab Exercise 20-2: Formed Elements......Page 557
Exercise 20-1: Formed Elements (Cells) of Blood......Page 558
Exercise 20-2: ABO and Rh Blood Groups......Page 562
Exercise 20-3: Murder Mystery Game......Page 565
Exercise 20-4: Blood Donation......Page 568
Exercise 20-5: Typing and Examining Your Own Blood......Page 571
Check Your Recall......Page 574
Check Your Understanding......Page 576
UNIT 21: Lymphatics and Immunity......Page 578
Pre-Lab Exercise 21-1: Key Terms......Page 579
Pre-Lab Exercise 21-2: Anatomy of the Lymphatic System......Page 581
Exercise 21-1: Lymphatic System Anatomy......Page 582
Exercise 21-2: Lymphatic Organ Histology......Page 588
Exercise 21-3: The Immune Response......Page 592
Exercise 21-4: ELISA Test for Antigens......Page 595
Check Your Recall......Page 598
Check Your Understanding......Page 602
UNIT 22: Respiratory System Anatomy......Page 604
Pre-Lab Exercise 22-1: Key Terms......Page 605
Pre-Lab Exercise 22-2: Respiratory System Anatomy......Page 607
Exercise 22-1: Respiratory System Anatomy......Page 610
Exercise 22-2: Histology of the Respiratory Tract......Page 618
Exercise 22-3: Lung Inflation......Page 622
Check Your Recall......Page 624
Check Your Understanding......Page 628
UNIT 23: Respiratory System Physiology......Page 630
Pre-Lab Exercise 23-1: Key Terms......Page 631
Pre-Lab Exercise 23-2: Defining Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 632
Pre-Lab Exercise 23-3: Labeling Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 633
Exercise 23-1: Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs......Page 634
Exercise 23-2: Measuring Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 636
Exercise 23-3: pH and Ventilation......Page 640
Check Your Recall......Page 642
Check Your Understanding......Page 644
UNIT 24: Digestive System......Page 646
Pre-Lab Exercise 24-1: Key Terms......Page 647
Pre-Lab Exercise 24-2: Anatomy of the Digestive System......Page 649
Pre-Lab Exercise 24-3: Digestive Enzymes......Page 653
Exercise 24-1: Digestive System Anatomy......Page 654
Exercise 24-2: Digestive System Histology......Page 666
Exercise 24-3: Digestion......Page 674
Exercise 24-4: Time to Trace!......Page 680
Check Your Recall......Page 682
Check Your Understanding......Page 686
UNIT 25: Urinary System Anatomy......Page 688
Pre-Lab Exercise 25-1: Key Terms......Page 689
Pre-Lab Exercise 25-2: Structures of the Urinary System......Page 691
Pre-Lab Exercise 25-3: Microanatomy of the Kidney......Page 693
Exercise 25-1: Urinary System Anatomy......Page 694
Exercise 25-2: Urinary Organ Histology......Page 705
Check Your Recall......Page 708
Check Your Understanding......Page 712
UNIT 26: Urinary System Physiology......Page 714
Pre-Lab Exercise 26-1: Key Terms......Page 715
Pre-Lab Exercise 26-2: Nephron Structure and Function......Page 716
Pre-Lab Exercise 26-3: Glomerular Filtration and Tubular Reabsorption......Page 717
Exercise 26-1: The Model Kidney......Page 720
Exercise 26-2: Urinalysis......Page 722
Exercise 26-3: Time to Trace!......Page 725
Check Your Recall......Page 728
Check Your Understanding......Page 730
UNIT 27: Reproductive System......Page 732
Pre-Lab Exercise 27-1: Key Terms......Page 733
Pre-Lab Exercise 27-2: Male Reproductive Anatomy......Page 735
Pre-Lab Exercise 27-3: Female Reproductive Anatomy......Page 736
Pre-Lab Exercise 27-4: Stages of Mitosis......Page 737
Exercise 27-1: Male Reproductive Anatomy......Page 738
Exercise 27-2: Female Reproductive Anatomy......Page 742
Exercise 27-3: Meiosis......Page 745
Exercise 27-4: Histology of the Reproductive System......Page 748
Check Your Recall......Page 756
Check Your Understanding......Page 760
UNIT 28: Human Development and Heredity......Page 762
Pre-Lab Exercise 28-1: Key Terms......Page 763
Pre-Lab Exercise 28-2: Fetal Membranes......Page 764
Pre-Lab Exercise 28-3: Fetal Cardiovascular Anatomy......Page 765
Exercise 28-1: Fertilization and Implantation......Page 766
Exercise 28-2: Embryogenesis, Fetal Development, and Fetal Cardiovascular Anatomy......Page 768
Exercise 28-3: Heredity......Page 771
Check Your Recall......Page 778
Check Your Understanding......Page 782
UNIT 29: The Big Picture of Human Anatomy and Physiology......Page 784
Exercise 29-1: Physiological Connections......Page 785
Exercise 29-2: Tracing—The Big Picture......Page 788
Photo Credits......Page 792
Index......Page 794