Now fully revised and up-to-date, Expert DDx: Brain and Spine, second edition, quickly guides you to the most likely differential diagnoses based on key imaging findings and clinical information. It presents more than 250 of the top differential diagnoses across a broad spectrum of central nervous system diseases, encompassing specific anatomic locations, generic imaging findings, modality-specific findings, and clinically based indications. Every reader will have expert guidance for defining and reporting useful, actionable differential diagnoses that lead to definitive findings in every area of the brain and spine.
New to this edition
Includes expanded differential considerations, new cases, and new images throughout
Covers hot topics such as different variants of medulloblastoma, convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and hyperdense basal ganglia
Expert Consult™ eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Key Features
Presents at least eight clear, sharp, succinctly annotated images for each diagnosis; a list of diagnostic possibilities sorted as common, less common, and rare but important; and brief, bulleted text offering helpful diagnostic clues
Separates adult and pediatric DDx lists for even faster reference
Author Information
By Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, Associate Professor, Division Head, Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Karen L. Salzman, MD, Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Neuroradiology Section Chief and Fellowship Director, Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah ; Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Senior Associate Consultant, Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Professor of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona ; Kevin R. Moore, MD, Pediatric Radiologist and Neuroradiologist, Vice Chair, Department of Medical Imaging, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah ; Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, University Distinguished Professor and Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, William H. and Patricia W. Child Presidential Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah and Chang Yueh Ho, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Neuroradiology, Division Chief, Neuroradiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Director, Pediatric Neuroimaging, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
Front Cover.
Expertddx: Brain and Spine
Copyright Page
Dedications
Preface
Contributing Authors
Acknowledgments
Sections
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
SECTION 1:Scalp, Skull
Chapter 1. Skull Normal Variants
Chapter 2. Scalp Mass, Child
Chapter 3. Scalp Mass, Adult
Chapter 4. Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base
Chapter 5. "Hair on End"
Chapter 6. Thick Skull, Generalized
Chapter 7. Thick Skull, Localized
Chapter 8. Thin Skull, Generalized
Chapter 9. Thin Skull, Localized
Chapter 10. Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary
Chapter 11. Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions
Chapter 12. Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary
Chapter 13. Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple
Chapter 14. Macrocephaly
Chapter 15. Microcephaly
SECTION 2: Meninges
Chapter 16. Dural Calcification(s)
Chapter 17. Dural-Based Mass, Solitary
Chapter 18. Dural-Based Masses, Multiple
Chapter 19. Falx Lesions
Chapter 20. Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized
Chapter 21. Pial Enhancement
Chapter 22. Dural Tail Sign
SECTION 3:Ventricles, Periventricular Regions
Chapter 23. Ventricles, Normal Variants
Chapter 24. Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child
Chapter 25. Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult
Chapter 26. Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions
Chapter 27. Lateral Ventricle Mass
Chapter 28. Thick Septum Pellucidum
Chapter 29. Foramen of Monro Mass
Chapter 30. 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior
Chapter 31. 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior
Chapter 32. Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion
Chapter 33. 4th Ventricle Mass, Child
Chapter 34. 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult
Chapter 35. Bubbly Appearing Intraventricular Mass
Chapter 36. Ependymal Enhancement
Chapter 37. Large Ventricles
Chapter 38. Small Ventricles
Chapter 39. Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
Chapter 40. Irregular Lateral Ventricles
Chapter 41. Periventricular Enhancing Lesions
Chapter 42. Intraventricular Calcification(s)
Chapter 43. Periventricular Calcification(s)
Chapter 44. Periventricular T2/FLAIR Hyperintense Lesions
SECTION 4:Extraaxial Spaces and Subarachnoid Cisterns
Chapter 45. Cistern, Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants
Chapter 46. Epidural Mass
Chapter 47. Enlarged Sulci, Generalized
Chapter 48. Effaced Sulci, Generalized
Chapter 49. Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts
Chapter 50. CPA Mass, Adult
Chapter 51. Cystic CPA Mass
Chapter 52. Prepontine Cistern Mass
Chapter 53. Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass
Chapter 54. Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass
Chapter 55. Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve
Chapter 56. Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves
Chapter 57. CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection
Chapter 58. Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Chapter 59. CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass
Chapter 60. Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement
Chapter 61. Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles
Chapter 62. Pneumocephalus
Chapter 63. Extraaxial Flow Voids
Chapter 64. T1 Hyperintense CSF
Chapter 65. FLAIR Hyperintense Sulci
Chapter 66. T2 Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions
Chapter 67. Hyperdense CSF
Chapter 68. Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)
Chapter 69. Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)
SECTION 5:Brain Parenchyma, General
Chapter 70. Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General
Chapter 71. Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary
Chapter 72. Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple
Chapter 73. Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General
Chapter 74. CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)
Chapter 75. Cyst With Nodule
Chapter 76. Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)
Chapter 77. Solitary Parenchymal Calcification
Chapter 78. Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications
Chapter 79. Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion
Chapter 80. Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions
Chapter 81. Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion
Chapter 82. Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions
Chapter 83. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common
Chapter 84. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common
Chapter 85. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important
Chapter 86. Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2
Chapter 87. Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI
Chapter 88. T1/T2 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
Chapter 89. T1 Hypointense, T2 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
Chapter 90. T1/T2 Isointense Parenchymal Lesions
Chapter 91. Restricted Diffusion, General
Chapter 92. Restricted Diffusion, Cortex
Chapter 93. Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia
Chapter 94. T1 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)
Chapter 95. Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant
Chapter 96. Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year
Chapter Chapter 97. Epilepsy, Child
Chapter 98. Epilepsy, Adult
SECTION 6:Supratentorial Brain Parenchyma
Chapter 99. Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres
Chapter 100. Thick Cortex
Chapter 101. Thin Cortex
Chapter 102. Focal Cortical Mass
Chapter 103. Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR
Chapter 104. Cortical Enhancement
Chapter 105. Solitary White Matter Lesion
Chapter 106. Confluent White Matter Lesions
Chapter 107. Thin Corpus Callosum
Chapter 108. Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum
Chapter 109. Corpus Callosum Holes
Chapter 110. Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect
Chapter 111. Corpus Callosum Mass
Chapter 112. Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion
Chapter 113. Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion
Chapter 114. Hippocampal Lesion
Chapter 115. Basal Ganglia Calcification
Chapter 116. Hyperdense Basal Ganglia
Chapter 117. Hypodense Basal Ganglia
Chapter 118. T1 Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
Chapter 119. T2 Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
Chapter 120. Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Chapter 121. Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions
Chapter 122. Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions
Chapter 123. Putamen Lesion(s)
Chapter 124. Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)
Chapter 125. Unilateral Thalamic Lesion
Chapter 126. Bithalamic Lesions
Chapter 127. Pulvinar Sign
Chapter 128. Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion
SECTION 7:Infratentorial Brain Parenchyma
Chapter 129. Large Brainstem
Chapter 130. Small Brainstem
Chapter 131. T2 Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal
Chapter 132. T2 Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse
Chapter 133. Midbrain Lesion
Chapter 134. Pontine Lesion
Chapter 135. Medulla Lesion
Chapter 136. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)
Chapter 137. Cerebellar Atrophy
Chapter 138. Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass
Chapter 139. Vermis Mass
Chapter 140. Low Cerebellar Tonsils
Chapter 141. Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion
Chapter 142. Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult
Chapter 143. Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric
SECTION 8:Sella/Juxtasellar, Pineal Region
Chapter 144. Pineal Region Mass, General
Chapter 145. Pineal Gland Mass
Chapter 146. Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass
Chapter 147. Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions
Chapter 148. Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants
Chapter 149. Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification
Chapter 150. Enlarged Pituitary Gland
Chapter 151. Intrasellar Lesion
Chapter 152. Cystic Intrasellar Mass
Chapter 153. Suprasellar Mass, Child
Chapter 154. Suprasellar Mass, Adult
Chapter 155. Suprasellar Cystic Mass
Chapter 156. Calcified Suprasellar Mass
Chapter 157. Enhancing Suprasellar Mass
Chapter 158. Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion
Chapter 159. Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk
Chapter 160. Thick Infundibular Stalk
Chapter 161. Hypothalamus Lesion
Chapter 162. Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass
Chapter 163. T1 Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass
SECTION 9: Arteries
Chapter 164. Multifocal Arterial Narrowing
Chapter 165. Vessel Wall Abnormalities
Chapter 166. Fusiform Arterial Enlargement
Chapter 167. Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery
SECTION 10:Veins, Venous Sinuses
Chapter 168. Dural Sinus Lesion, General
Chapter 169. Enlarged Cortical Veins
Chapter 170. Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins
Chapter 171. Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass
Chapter 172. Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
Chapter 173. Meckel Cave Lesion
Chapter 174. Hyperdense Dural Sinus
Chapter 175. GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities
SECTION 11:Cranial Nerves
Chapter 176. Hemifacial Spasm
Chapter 177. Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult
Chapter 178. Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child
Chapter 179. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia
Chapter 180. Homonymous Hemianopsia
Chapter 181. Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy
Chapter 182. Trigeminal Neuralgia
Chapter 183. Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy
Chapter 184. Horner Syndrome
PART II
SECTION 1: Transspatial
Chapter 185. Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality
Chapter 186. Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality
Chapter 187. Thoracic Bony Trauma
Chapter 188. Lumbar Bony Trauma
Chapter 189. Scoliosis
Chapter 190. Kyphosis
Chapter 191. Kyphoscoliosis, Child
Chapter 192. Platyspondyly, Diffuse
Chapter 193 Sacral Mass, Adult
Chapter 194. Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric
Chapter 195. Sacral Deformity
Chapter 196. Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
Chapter 197. Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
Chapter 198. Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness
Chapter 199. Lower Extremity Pain
Chapter 200. Back Pain, Adult
Chapter 201. Back Pain, Pediatric
SECTION 2:Craniovertebral Junction
Chapter 202. Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury
Chapter 203. Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General
Chapter 204. Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality
Chapter 205. C1-C2 Instability
Chapter 206. Odontoid Deformity
SECTION 3:Vertebral Body, Posterior Elements
Chapter 207. Congenital Vertebral Anomalies
Chapter 208. Cervical Bony Fusion
Chapter 209. Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary
Chapter 210. Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple
Chapter 211. Dysmorphic Vertebral Body
Chapter 212. Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element
Chapter 213. Enlarged Neural Foramen
Chapter 214. Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal
Chapter 215. Spondylolisthesis
Chapter 216. Bony Lesion, Aggressive
Chapter 217. Fracture, Vertebral Body
Chapter 218. Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic
Chapter 219. Fracture, Posterior Element
Chapter 220. Pedicle Abnormality
Chapter 221. Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion
Chapter 222. Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal
Chapter 223. Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse
Chapter 224. Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae
Chapter 225. Vertebral Body, T1 Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse
Chapter 226. Vertebral Body, T1 Hyperintense Signal, Focal
Chapter 227. Vertebral Body, T1 Hypointense Signal, Diffuse
Chapter 228. Vertebral Body, T1 Hypointense Signal, Focal
SECTION 4:Intervertebral Disc, Endplate
Chapter 229. Disc Contour Abnormality
Chapter 230. Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity
Chapter 231. Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality
Chapter 232. Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense
Chapter 233. Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense
Chapter 234. Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality
SECTION 5: Extradural
Chapter 235. Epidural Mass, Spine
Chapter 236. Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass
Chapter 237. Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality
Chapter 238. Extradural Lesions, Multiple
Chapter 239. Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement
Chapter 240. Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Chapter 241. Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal
Chapter 242. Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal
Chapter 243. Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal
Chapter 244. Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Chapter 245. Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Chapter 246. Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Chapter 247. Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense
Chapter 248. Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric
SECTION 6:Intradural Extramedullary
Chapter 249. Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse
Chapter 250. Subarachnoid Space Narrowing
Chapter 251. Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement
Chapter 252. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
Chapter 253. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Chapter 254. Intradural Lesion, Serpentine
Chapter 255. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple
Chapter 256. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
Chapter 257. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Chapter 258. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Chapter 259. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
Chapter 260. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Chapter 261. Cauda Equina Syndrome
SECTION 7: Intramedullary
Chapter 262. Intramedullary Mass
Chapter 263. Conus Abnormality
Chapter 264. Cord, Small/Atrophic
Chapter 265. Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple
Chapter 266. Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Chapter 267. Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
Chapter 268. Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement
Chapter 269. Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
Chapter 270. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
Chapter 271. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Chapter 272. Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Chapter 273. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Chapter 274. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral
Chapter 275. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal
Chapter 276. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central
Chapter 277. Myelopathy
INDEX
SKULL AND BRAIN
Scalp, Skull
Anatomically Based Differentials
Skull Normal Variants
Scalp Mass, Child
Scalp Mass, Adult
Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base
Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion
Generic Imaging Patterns
"Hair on End"
Thick Skull, Generalized
Thick Skull, Localized
Thin Skull, Generalized
Thin Skull, Localized
Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary
Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions
Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary
Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple
Clinically Based Differentials
Macrocephaly
Microcephaly
Meninges
Anatomically Based Differentials
Dural Calcification(s)
Dural-Based Mass, Solitary
Dural-Based Masses, Multiple
Falx Lesions
Generic Imaging Patterns
Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized
Pial Enhancement
Dural Tail Sign
Ventricles, Periventricular Regions
Anatomically Based Differentials
Ventricles, Normal Variants
Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child
Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult
Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions
Lateral Ventricle Mass
Thick Septum Pellucidum
Foramen of Monro Mass
3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior
3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior
Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion
4th Ventricle Mass, Child
4th Ventricle Mass, Adult
Generic Imaging Patterns
Bubbly Appearing Intraventricular Mass
Ependymal Enhancement
Large Ventricles
Small Ventricles
Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
Irregular Lateral Ventricles
Periventricular Enhancing Lesions
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Intraventricular Calcification(s)
Periventricular Calcification(s)
Periventricular T2/FLAIR Hyperintense Lesions
Extraaxial Spaces and Subarachnoid Cisterns
Anatomically Based Differentials
Cistern, Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants
Epidural Mass
Enlarged Sulci, Generalized
Effaced Sulci, Generalized
Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts
CPA Mass, Adult
Cystic CPA Mass
Prepontine Cistern Mass
Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass
Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass
Generic Imaging Patterns
Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve
Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves
CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection
Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass
Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement
Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles
Pneumocephalus
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Extraaxial Flow Voids
T1 Hyperintense CSF
FLAIR Hyperintense Sulci
T2 Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions
Hyperdense CSF
Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)
Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)
Brain Parenchyma, General
Generic Imaging Patterns
Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General
Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary
Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple
Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General
CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)
Cyst With Nodule
Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Solitary Parenchymal Calcification
Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications
Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion
Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions
Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion
Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions
Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common
Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common
Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important
Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2
Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI
T1/T2 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
T1 Hypointense, T2 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
T1/T2 Isointense Parenchymal Lesions
Restricted Diffusion, General
Restricted Diffusion, Cortex
Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia
T1 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)
Clinically Based Differentials
Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant
Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year
Epilepsy, Child
Epilepsy, Adult
Supratentorial Brain Parenchyma
Anatomically Based Differentials
Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres
Thick Cortex
Thin Cortex
Focal Cortical Mass
Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR
Cortical Enhancement
Solitary White Matter Lesion
Confluent White Matter Lesions
Thin Corpus Callosum
Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum Holes
Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect
Corpus Callosum Mass
Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion
Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion
Hippocampal Lesion
Basal Ganglia Calcification
Hyperdense Basal Ganglia
Hypodense Basal Ganglia
T1 Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
T2 Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions
Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions
Putamen Lesion(s)
Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)
Unilateral Thalamic Lesion
Bithalamic Lesions
Pulvinar Sign
Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion
Infratentorial Brain Parenchyma
Anatomically Based Differentials
Large Brainstem
Small Brainstem
T2 Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal
T2 Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse
Midbrain Lesion
Pontine Lesion
Medulla Lesion
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)
Cerebellar Atrophy
Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass
Vermis Mass
Low Cerebellar Tonsils
Generic Imaging Patterns
Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion
Clinically Based Differentials
Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult
Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric
Sella/Juxtasellar, Pineal Region
Anatomically Based Differentials
Pineal Region Mass, General
Pineal Gland Mass
Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass
Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions
Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants
Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification
Enlarged Pituitary Gland
Intrasellar Lesion
Cystic Intrasellar Mass
Suprasellar Mass, Child
Suprasellar Mass, Adult
Suprasellar Cystic Mass
Calcified Suprasellar Mass
Enhancing Suprasellar Mass
Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk
Thick Infundibular Stalk
Hypothalamus Lesion
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass
T1 Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass
Arteries
Anatomically Based Differentials
Multifocal Arterial Narrowing
Vessel Wall Abnormalities
Fusiform Arterial Enlargement
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery
Veins, Venous Sinuses
Anatomically Based Differentials
Dural Sinus Lesion, General
Enlarged Cortical Veins
Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins
Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass
Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
Meckel Cave Lesion
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Hyperdense Dural Sinus
GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities
Cranial Nerves
Clinically Based Differentials
Hemifacial Spasm
Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult
Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child
Monocular Vision Loss
Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia
Homonymous Hemianopsia
Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy
Horner Syndrome
SPINE
Transspatial
Anatomically Based Differentials
Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality
Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality
Thoracic Bony Trauma
Lumbar Bony Trauma
Generic Imaging Patterns
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Kyphoscoliosis, Child
Platyspondyly, Diffuse
Sacral Mass, Adult
Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric
Sacral Deformity
Clinically Based Differentials
Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness
Lower Extremity Pain
Back Pain, Adult
Back Pain, Pediatric
Craniovertebral Junction
Anatomically Based Differentials
Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury
CVJ Abnormality, General
Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality
Generic Imaging Patterns
C1-C2 Instability
Odontoid Deformity
Vertebral Body, Posterior Elements
Anatomically Based Differentials
Congenital Vertebral Anomalies
Cervical Bony Fusion
Generic Imaging Patterns
Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary
Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple
Dysmorphic Vertebral Body
Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element
Enlarged Neural Foramen
Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal
Spondylolisthesis
Bony Lesion, Aggressive
Fracture, Vertebral Body
Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic
Fracture, Posterior Element
Pedicle Abnormality
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion
Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal
Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse
Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae
Vertebral Body, T1 Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse
Vertebral Body, T1 Hyperintense Signal, Focal
Vertebral Body, T1 Hypointense Signal, Diffuse
Vertebral Body, T1 Hypointense Signal, Focal
Intervertebral Disc, Endplate
Generic Imaging Patterns
Disc Contour Abnormality
Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity
Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense
Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense
Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality
Extradural
Anatomically Based Differentials
Epidural Mass, Spine
Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass
Generic Imaging Patterns
Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality
Extradural Lesions, Multiple
Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement
Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal
Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal
Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal
Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense
Clinically Based Differentials
Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric
Intradural Extramedullary
Anatomically Based Differentials
Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse
Subarachnoid Space Narrowing
Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement
Generic Imaging Patterns
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Intradural Lesion, Serpentine
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense"
Clinically Based Differentials
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Intramedullary
Anatomically Based Differentials
Intramedullary Mass
Conus Abnormality
Generic Imaging Patterns
Cord, Small/Atrophic
Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple
Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement
Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
Modality-Specific Imaging Findings
Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral
Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal
Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central
Clinically Based Differentials
Myelopathy
