This book is written to introduce experimental magnetism in a comprehensive manner to advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral students pursuing studies in physics, material sciences, and engineering. It is an excellent resource providing an overview of the various experimental techniques in magnetism and magnetic materials. The text is partitioned into three parts. Part I deals with a brief history of magnetism and magnetic materials along with their role in modern society. A concise account of their current technological applications is also provided. Part II focusses on the basic phenomena of magnetism. Part III consists of chapters discussing a variety of experimental practices needed to study the microscopic as well as macroscopic aspects of different kinds of magnetic phenomena and materials.
Author(s): S. B. Roy
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 359
City: Cambridge
Cover
Experimental Techniques in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Part I Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1 A Short History of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Bibliography
2 Role of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials in Modern Society
Bibliography
Part II Basic Phenomenology of Magnetism
3 Magnetic Moment and the Effect of Crystal Environment
3.1 Magnetic Moment and Magnetization
3.1.1 Magnetic Moment
3.1.2 Magnetization
3.2 Classical Electromagnetism, Magnetic Moment, and Angular Momentum
3.3 Precession of Magnetic Moment
3.4 Magnetization, Magnetic Field, and Magnetic Susceptibility
3.5 Orbital and Spin Angular Momentum of Electron and Magnetic Moment
3.6 Magnetism of Isolated Atoms and Ions
3.7 Diamagnetism
3.8 Paramagnetism
3.8.1 Classical theory of paramagnetism
3.8.2 Quantum theory of paramagnetism
3.8.3 van Vleck paramagnetism
3.9 Ground State of Ions and Hund’s Rules
3.9.1 Fine structure
3.9.2 Hund’s rules
3.9.3 Russel–Saunders coupling versus j – j coupling
3.10 Effect of Crystal Environment on Magnetic Ions
3.10.1 Crystal fields and their origin
3.10.2 Quenching of orbitals
3.10.3 Jahn–Teller effect
4 Exchange Interactions and Magnetism in Solids
4.1 Coupling between Spins
4.2 Origin of Exchange Interactions
4.3 Physical Meaning of Exchange Energy
4.4 Direct Exchange
4.5 Indirect Exchange in Insulating Solids
4.5.1 Superexchange
4.5.2 Double exchange
4.5.3 Anisotropic exchange interaction: Dzyaloshinski–Moriya interaction
4.6 Indirect Exchange in Metals
5 Magnetically Ordered States in Solids
5.1 Ferromagnetism
5.1.1 Magnetic susceptibility in a ferromagnet
5.2 Antiferromagnetism
5.2.1 Magnetic susceptibility in an antiferromagnet
5.3 Ferrimagnetism
5.4 Helical Magnetic Order
5.5 Spin-Glass Order
5.6 Spin Waves in Ferromagnets
5.7 Domains and Domain Wall
5.8 Magnetic Skyrmion
5.9 Magnetic Anisotropy
5.10 Magnetization Process in Ferromagnets
Bibliography
Part III Experimental Techniques in Magnetism
6 Conventional Magnetometry
6.1 Force Method
6.1.1 Gouy and Faraday balance
6.1.2 Alternating gradient magnetometer
6.1.3 Cantilever beam magnetometer
6.2 Induction Method
6.2.1 Vibrating sample magnetometer
6.2.2 Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer
6.2.3 SQUID-VSM
6.2.4 Extraction magnetometer
6.3 AC Susceptibility
6.4 Summary
Bibliography
7 Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation
7.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Experimental details of NMR
Experimental techniques to measure spin–spin relaxation time
Experimental techniques to measure spin–lattice relaxation time
Information obtained from NMR experiments
7.2 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Principles of EPR and experimental details
EPR lineshape and relaxation phenomena
Spin-Hamiltonian in EPR experiments
7.3 Ferromagnetic Resonance
Principles of FMR and experimental details
FMR lineshape and relaxation phenomena
7.4 Muon Spin Rotation
Muon spin rotation (μSR) experiment
Muons and the study of magnetism
7.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
7.6 Summary
Bibliography
8 Optical Methods
8.1 Magneto-optical Effects
8.1.1 Principles of magneto-optical effects
8.1.2 Experimental methods
8.2 Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy
8.2.1 Principle of scanning near-field optical microscope
8.2.2 Magneto-optical measurement using scanning near-field optical microscope
8.3 Brillouin Light Scattering
8.3.1 Principles of Brillouin light scattering
8.3.2 Experimental method for Brillouin light scattering
8.4 Summary
Bibliography
9 Neutron Scattering
9.1 Neutron Sources and Neutron Scattering Facilities
Reactor-based neutron source
Spallation neutron source
9.2 Basics of Neutron Scattering
9.2.1 Neutron cross sections
9.2.2 Conservation of energy and momentum
9.2.3 Master formula for neutron scattering
9.2.4 Nuclear scattering
9.2.5 Magnetic scattering
9.2.6 Classification of magnetic structures
Commensurate magnetic structures
Incommensurate magnetic structures
9.3 Neutron Scattering Experiments
Identification of the signal of magnetic origin
9.3.1 Neutron powder diffraction
9.4 Single-Crystal Experiments
9.5 Polarized Neutron Scattering
9.6 Magnetic Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
9.7 Inelastic Neutron Scattering
Direct geometry time-of-flight technique
Backscattering crystal analyzer
The Energy Range 0–1000 meV and Magnetic Excitations
Spectrometers for coherent spectroscopy
Spectrometers for incoherent spectroscopy
9.8 Polarized Neutron Reflectometry
9.9 Summary
Bibliography
10 X-ray Scattering
10.1 Magnetic and Resonant X-ray Diffraction
10.1.1 Classical formalism of magnetic X-ray scattering
10.1.2 Quantum mechanical theory of magnetic and resonant X-ray scattering
Non-resonant X-ray scattering
10.1.3 Resonant X-ray scattering
10.1.4 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray magnetic linear dichroism
10.2 Summary
Bibliography
11 Microscopic Magnetic Imaging Techniques
11.1 Electron-Optical Methods
11.1.1 Scanning electron microscopy
Spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy
Spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy
11.1.2 Transmission electron microscopy
Magnetic structure imaging by TEM
Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
Fresnel and Foucault modes of imaging
Low angle electron diffraction
Differential phase contrast microscopy
Electron holography
11.2 Imaging with Scanning Probes
11.2.1 Magnetic force microscopy
11.2.2 Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
11.2.3 Scanning Hall probe and scanning SQUID microscopy
11.3 Magnetic Imaging Using Synchrotron Radiation Sources
11.3.1 Scanning X-ray microscopy
11.3.2 Transmission X-ray microscopy
11.3.3 X-ray photoelectron microscopy
11.4 Summary
Bibliography
12 Nano-Scale Magnetometry with Nitrogen Vacancy Centre
12.1 Physics of the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) Centre in Diamond
12.2 A Brief Introduction to the Principle of NV Magnetometry
12.3 Diamond Materials and Microscopy
12.4 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance
12.5 NV Magnetometers
12.5.1 Samples for NV Magnetometry
12.5.2 DC magnetometer
12.5.3 AC Magnetometer
12.5.4 Sensitivity of NV magnetometers
12.5.5 Some experimental results
12.6 Summary
Bibliography
Appendix A Magnetic Fields and Their Generation
A.1 Steady Field
A.2 Pulsed-Field
Bibliography
Appendix B Units in Magnetism
Magnetization
Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic polarization
Magnetization hysteresis
Bibliography
Appendix C Demagnetization Field and Demagnetization Factor
C.1 Phenomenology
C.2 Experimental aspects
Bibliography
Index
